• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.153-162
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome risk factors for adults in the general population, understand the relationship of each factor with the obesity indicators, and examine the relevance and validity for predicting the metabolic syndrome in obese indicators. The study subjects were 1,051 adults aged 20 years and over, who underwent a health package check-up at the Korea Association of Health Promotion, D-branch from Feb. to Nov. 2014. As a result, the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome of the study subjects were 21.5%, and the prevalence rates of the metabolic risk factors were as follows: 31.8% of men and 41.6% of women for abdominal obesity; 35.6% of men and 17.3% of women for TG; 17.6% of men and 34.2% of women for HDL-C; 53.5% of men and 35.9% of women for blood pressure; and 14.9% of men and 6.8% of women for FBS. The prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome were significantly higher in the older age group, in the group with the higher BMI, and in the group of higher level of drinking frequency. In the predictive indicators of obesity on metabolic syndrome risk factors, the waist / height ratio was higher than other indicators. Conclusively, WHtR appeared to be a useful indicator to show abdominal obesity and is better in selecting metabolic syndrome patients compared to other obesity indicators.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.97-106
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• 2015

Thermal deformation of packaging materials was observed in some ready-to-eat food products for microwave use. Therefore, the deformation patterns depending on packaging types and shapes of 9 domestic and 11 foreign products after microwave heating were investigated. Among the domestic and foreign products, thermal deformations of packaging material were observed in 5 and 8 samples, respectively. Besides, thermal deformation occurred on the lid and cup body of tray filled with a spicy chicken sauce after having microwaved where previously no deformation had been observed with other food types. No consistent results of thermal deformation were obtained by the analysis of salinity, brix, pH and viscosity of RTE products for microwave heating. However, thermal deformations of packages were less found in the packages used for the RTE foods contained very high or low viscosity than those with medium viscosity. Furthermore, the degree of thermal deformations was dependent on the food composition and shape as well as package type. In order to prevent the thermal deformation of packaging materials, therefore, technological advances and further studies are required to develop the heat-resistant packaging system and to improve the non-uniformity during microwave heating of RTE foods.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.10003-10008
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• 2014

Background: Cervical cancer has been a leading female cancer in Thailand for decades, and has been second to breast cancer after 2007. The Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) has provided opportunistic screening with Pap smears for more than 30 years. In 2002, the MoPH and the National Health Security Office provided countrywide systematic screening of cervical cancer to all Thai women aged 35-60 years under universal health care coverage insurance scheme at 5-year intervals. Objectives: This study characterized the cervical cancer incidence trends in Songkhla in southern Thailand using joinpoint and age period cohort (APC) analysis to observe the effect of cervical cancer screening activities in the past decades, and to project cervical cancer rates in the province, to 2030. Materials and Methods: Invasive and in situ cervical cancer cases were extracted from the Songkhla Cancer Registry from 1990 through 2010. Age standardized incidence rates were estimated. Trends in incidences were evaluated by joinpoint and APC regression models. The Norpred package was modified for R and was used to project the future trends to 2030 using the power of 5 function and cut trend method. Results: Cervical cancer incidence in Songkhla peaked around 1998-2000 and then dropped by -4.7% per year. APC analysis demonstrated that in situ tumors caused an increase in incidence in early ages, younger cohorts, and in later years of diagnosis. Conclusions: Both joinpoint and APC analysis give the same conclusion in continuation of a declining trend of cervical cancer to 2030 but with different rates and the predicted goal of ASR below 10 or even 5 per 100,000 women by 2030 would be achieved. Thus, maintenance and improvement of the screening program should be continued. Other population based cancer registries in Thailand should analyze their data to confirm the success of cervical cancer screening policy of Thailand.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.173-185
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• 2003

This study mainly intends to determine the factors for which dental technicians are satisfied with their jobs and how much the resulting job transfer rate is and thus to identify the correlation between them. For these purpose, 200 subjects were sampled out of dental technicians in Seoul and Incheon, and the survey was performed from July 19, 2002 to August 15 (for 25 days) with self-administered questionnaire. Out of all collected questionnaires, 131 pieces(65.5%) were addressed for this study. As for the tools for this study, the structured questionnaire was used with its proven reliability and feasibility, and the contents of questionnaire consisted of 32 questions on the basis of related references. The contents of questionnaire were categorized into 3 sections: General attribute of subjects; Factors for which dental technicians are satisfied with their jobs; and their intention of job transfer. The questionnaire consisted of total 32 questions which included general attribute of subjects(10 questions), factors of their satisfaction with jobs(17 questions) and intention of job transfer(5 questions). The data analysis was processed by computerized system with SPSS(Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Statistical analysis techniques included frequency, percentage, T-test, F-test analysis and regression analysis. As a result of those analyses, the conclusion can be summarized as follows: 1. As a result of analyzing the factors for which the subjects were satisfied with their jobs, it was found that there were significant differences in career and job title out of question items(P<0.001). It was also shown that the factors of subjects' satisfaction averaged 3.43, which was considerably higher value than I expected. It was found that job and management factors were major job satisfaction factors. 2. As a result of analyzing the intention of subjects to decide their job transfer, it was found that there were significant differences in job title and marital status out of question items(P<0.001). It was shown that the total average of the intention of their job transfer amounted to 3.06. It was shown that dental technicians have relatively higher intention of job transfer from their current work place. 3. It was found that there was inverse correlation between the factors of subjects' satisfaction with their jobs and their intention of job transfer(r=-0.490, P<0.05). Likewise, it was also found that there was inverse correlation mostly between the evaluation value for each independent variable region in term of each factor of job satisfaction and the value for the intention of job transfer. In view of these correlations, it was concluded that higher job satisfaction likely led to lower job transfer. 4. As a result of regression analysis so as to determine the influences of job satisfaction factors on the intention of job transfer, it was found that the highest influential factor was management factor. And it was shown that the test values of model were statistically significant and its explanatory power amounted to 54.6%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup3
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• pp.113-117
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• 2016

Quantile regression is an efficient method for predicting and estimating the relationship between explanatory variables and percentile points of the response distribution, particularly for extreme percentiles of the distribution. To study the relationship between urbanization and cancer morbidity, we here applied quantile regression. This cross-sectional study was conducted for 9 cancers in 345 cities in 2007 in Iran. Data were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the relationship between urbanization and cancer morbidity was investigated using quantile regression and least square regression. Fitting models were compared using AIC criteria. R (3.0.1) software and the Quantreg package were used for statistical analysis. With the quantile regression model all percentiles for breast, colorectal, prostate, lung and pancreas cancers demonstrated increasing incidence rate with urbanization. The maximum increase for breast cancer was in the 90th percentile (${\beta}$=0.13, p-value<0.001), for colorectal cancer was in the 75th percentile (${\beta}$=0.048, p-value<0.001), for prostate cancer the 95th percentile (${\beta}$=0.55, p-value<0.001), for lung cancer was in 95th percentile (${\beta}$=0.52, p-value=0.006), for pancreas cancer was in 10th percentile (${\beta}$=0.011, p-value<0.001). For gastric, esophageal and skin cancers, with increasing urbanization, the incidence rate was decreased. The maximum decrease for gastric cancer was in the 90th percentile(${\beta}$=0.003, p-value<0.001), for esophageal cancer the 95th (${\beta}$=0.04, p-value=0.4) and for skin cancer also the 95th (${\beta}$=0.145, p-value=0.071). The AIC showed that for upper percentiles, the fitting of quantile regression was better than least square regression. According to the results of this study, the significant impact of urbanization on cancer morbidity requirs more effort and planning by policymakers and administrators in order to reduce risk factors such as pollution in urban areas and ensure proper nutrition recommendations are made.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1550-1556
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• 2017

Objective: This study estimated the genetic parameters for productive and reproductive traits. Methods: The data included production and reproduction records of animals that have calved between 1979 and 2013. The genetic parameters were estimated using multivariate mixed models (DMU) package, fitting univariate and multivariate mixed models with average information restricted maximum likelihood algorithm. Results: The estimates of heritability for milk production traits from the first three lactation records were $0.03{\pm}0.03$ for lactation length (LL), $0.17{\pm}0.04$ for lactation milk yield (LMY), and $0.15{\pm}0.04$ for 305 days milk yield (305-d MY). For reproductive traits the heritability estimates were, $0.09{\pm}0.03$ for days open (DO), $0.11{\pm}0.04$ for calving interval (CI), and $0.47{\pm}0.06$ for age at first calving (AFC). The repeatability estimates for production traits were $0.12{\pm}0.02$, for LL, $0.39{\pm}0.02$ for LMY, and $0.25{\pm}0.02$ for 305-d MY. For reproductive traits the estimates of repeatability were $0.19{\pm}0.02$ for DO, and to $0.23{\pm}0.02$ for CI. The phenotypic correlations between production and reproduction traits ranged from $0.08{\pm}0.04$ for LL and AFC to $0.42{\pm}0.02$ for LL and DO. The genetic correlation among production traits were generally high (>0.7) and between reproductive traits the estimates ranged from $0.06{\pm}0.13$ for AFC and DO to $0.99{\pm}0.01$ between CI and DO. Genetic correlations of productive traits with reproductive traits were ranged from -0.02 to 0.99. Conclusion: The high heritability estimates observed for AFC indicated that reasonable genetic improvement for this trait might be possible through selection. The $h^2$ and r estimates for reproductive traits were slightly different from single versus multi-trait analyses of reproductive traits with production traits. As single-trait method is biased due to selection on milk yield, a multi-trait evaluation of fertility with milk yield is recommended.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.26
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• pp.27-60
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• 2008

Researches on the introduction of ERP system kept on examining the critical successful factors (CSFs) that focus on factors to achieve effectively successful projects, and trying to measuring the actual effectiveness of the introduction of ERP system. However, most of the preceding researches on the effectiveness of the introduction of ERP system that was searching devoted effects has been ceased, and actually even researches on the economical results have just done the basic cognitive evaluation of result indicators by many questionnaires instead of objective measuring values, because of the difficulty of measuring the evaluation of the result. Moreover, researches on positive effects of the introduction of ERP on enterprise results and researches that failed to give advantageous effects showed different results each other. And a part of researches reported that only a part of result indicators were partially affected. In this research, we investigated Korean large enterprises or middle-sized enterprises in manufacture industry that introduces SAP R/3 and Oracle package to compare their quantitative financial results after the introduction of ERP system, in order to measure the effects of the ERP system. First, we evaluated the difference of the quantitative financial results before and after the introduction of the ERP system. Second, we evaluated the opportunities shown by the effects after the introduction of the ERP system. Third, we removed the sample of the exchange crisis (IMF) and executed the additional analysis to reflect the average increasing and decreasing rate in the industry, so that pure evaluation can be achieved. Inherent limits of precedent researches are removed and practical effects of the pure introduction of the ERP system are evaluated, so the research of this research is significant. The result of this research is as follows. Because of the introduction of ERP, the rate of turnover of inventory property has increased and sales of preparation inventory property have decreased so that more effective inventory property management has been achieved. Moreover, preparation sales of labor costs and preparation sales of the number of employees have decreased to show the effect of the reduction of labor costs. However, it could no be concluded that we could increase the profit due to the introduction of ERP system. Due to the introduction of ERP, although we concluded that the return on assets (ROA) and the additional value of one-person employee statistically showed obvious differences and increased, the return on equity failed to show obvious differences after the process of introduction of ERP.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.215-226
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• 2018

In this paper, to estimate the dynamic behavior of a submerged floating tunnel(SFT) by underwater explosion(UE), the SFT is modeled and analyzed by the explicit structural analysis package LS-DYNA. The section of SFT near to explosion point is modeled to shell and solid elements using elasto-plasticity material model for concrete tubular section and steel lining. And the other parts of the SFT are modeled to elastic beam elements. Also, mooring lines are modeled as tension-only cable elements. Total mass of SFT is including an added mass by hydrodynamic effect. The buoyancy on the SFT is considered in its initial condition using a dynamic relaxation method. The accuracy and the feasibility of the analysis model aree verified by the results of series of free field analysis for UE. And buoyancy ratio(B/W) of SFT, the distance between SFT and an explosion point and the arrangement of mooring line aree considered as main parameters of the explosion analysis. As results of the explosion analysis, the dynamic responses such as the dent deformation by the shock pressure are responded less as more distance between SFT and an explosion point. However, the mooring angle of the diagonal mooring system can not affect the responses such as the horizontal displacement of SFT by the shock pressure.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.380-390
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• 2015

In this study, the major 38 tributaries in Nakdong River were monitored for flow rate and water quality in order to understand the characteristics of the watershed and to find improvement plan. The flow rate and water quality for each target tributary were evaluated based on the monitoring data in 2013~2014 using a statistical package SPSS-22.0. In addition, the tributary grouping method was conducted using a $BOD_5$ concentration/flowrate and TP concentration/flowrate monitoring data. The average values of $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, TP and TOC concentrations in Gumicheon, Gyeonghocheon, Jincheoncheon, Gisegokcheon, Yonghacheon and Yonghocheon located at Nakdong Waegwan and Nakdong Goryung watershed were high and in the grade of III or IV (5~8 mg/L). The Pearson correlation coefficients of TOC with $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, and TP were greater (r=0.8, p<0.01) than those of the other water quality parameters (12 species). The tributaries with high values of water quality parameters ($BOD_5$ > 3.0 mg/L, TP > 0.1 mg/L) and flowrate (Q > $0.1m^3/sec$) were selected for improving water quality according to the stream grouping method. Five tributaries (Gumicheon, Gisegokcheon, Yonghacheon, Yeongsancheon, Mijeoncheon and Yonghocheon) were classified as Group I, which require polices and plans for water quality improvement.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.750-760
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• 2002

In this study, three solders, Sn-37Pb, Sn-3.5Ag, and Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu were screen printed on both electroless Ni/Au and OSP metal finished micro-via PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards). The interfacial reaction between PCB metal pad finish materials and solder materials, and its effects on the solder bump joint mechanical reliability were investigated. The lead free solders formed a large amount of intermetallic compounds (IMC) than Sn-37Pb on both electroless Ni/Au and OSP (Organic Solderabilty Preservatives) finished PCBs during solder reflows because of the higher Sn content and higher reflow temperature. For OSP finish, scallop-like $Cu_{6}$ /$Sn_{5}$ and planar $Cu_3$Sn intermetallic compounds (IMC) were formed, and fracture occurred 100% within the solder regardless of reflow numbers and solder materials. Bump shear strength of lead free solders showed higher value than that of Sn-37Pb solder, because lead free solders are usually harder than eutectic Sn-37Pb solder. For Ni/Au finish, polygonal shaped $Ni_3$$Sn_4$ IMC and P-rich Ni layer were formed, and a brittle fracture at the Ni-Sn IMC layer or the interface between Ni-Sn intermetallic and P-rich Ni layer was observed after several reflows. Therefore, bump shear strength values of the Ni/Au finish are relatively lower than those of OSP finish. Especially, spalled IMCs at Sn-3.5Ag interface was observed after several reflow times. And, for the Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu solder case, the ternary Sn-Ni-Cu IMCs were observed. As a result, it was found that OSP finished PCB was a better choice for solders on PCB in terms of flip chip mechanical reliability.