• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.565-577
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• 2020

This study empirically examined how a firm size affects the determinants of innovative activities using the data of the Korean Innovation Survey (KIS) 2016. With data from 2,003 firms in the manufacturing sector, we performed logistic regression analysis and zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis. R&D expenditure and patent applications were used as proxies for innovative activity. The independent variables included the firm's characteristics variables such as the firm's age, tech-level industry, RDemp (R&D employee ratio), venture, export, and industrial characteristics variables such as networking, appropriability, and spillovers. The empirical findings are that there are some differences in firms' innovative activity determinants among the firms' size groups. Next, strategic appropriability has negative impacts on small firms' R&D expenditure and medium-firms' patents. Networking is an important determinant of innovative activity for all firms, except for large firms. Furthermore, in deciding R&D activities, small and medium-sized firms were significantly influenced by industrial characteristics as compared to that of large firms. Our findings suggest some R&D promotion policies. Policies fostering firms' technological interaction would allow firms to take advantage of technological spillovers and thus raise the probability of investing in R&D.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.22 no.4 s.106
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• pp.183-191
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 최근에 빠르게 성장하고 있는 R&D 관련 산업의 국민경제적 위치와 타산업과의 연관관계를 파악함으로써, R&D 관련 산업의 중요성과 앞으로의 방향을 제시하기 위하여 최근 한국은행에서 발행한 2000년도와 2003년도의 산업연관분석자료를 이용하여, R&D 관련 산업구조와 정보통신산업과의 연관관계를 파악하였다. 연구결과 2000년도에 비하여 2003년도의 산업연관분석에 따를 경우에 R&D 관련 산업의 생산활동 증가는 정보통신산업의 생산 및 부가가치활동에 보다 낮은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 정보통신산업에 대한 R&D 관련 산업의 영향력이 약간 낮아지는 산업구조를 보여주기 때문에 정보통신산업 안에서 R&D 정책과 정보통신산업 밖에서 실시하는 R&D 정책에 대한 고려 및 효과측정이 동시에 이루어져야 할 필요성을 제시하는 것으로, 보다 국가 전체적이고 체계적인 R&D 정책적 고려가 필요함을 보여 주었다.

• Korean small business review
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-33
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• 2021

This study explores differential value implications of R&D expenditure across firms, especially in terms of growth potential of small businesses. Analyzing Korean listed firms for the period from 1982 to 2014, we document the followings. First, large firms, defined as the top quintile group based on market capitalization, have spent higher R&D expenditure compared to small (bottom quintile group) and medium (middle quintile groups) firms and the difference between groups has enlarged over time. Relatedly, the persistence of R&D spending, measured by the association between current R&D expenditure and cumulative future R&D expenditure over the next five years, is lowest in small firms. Second, R&D of large (small) firms are more (less) likely to generate operating profits over the next five years. Additional analyses suggest that the relation between R&D and gross margin is strongest in large firms, suggesting that R&D underlies their competitiveness in the product market. Third, small firms have borne the highest uncertainty related to R&D investment proxied by the association between current R&D and volatility of future earnings. As a result, the likelihood of R&D leading to future patents is also lowest in small firms. Fourth, the probability of moving up to the next size group within the next five years is significantly lower in small firms than others. Finally, we find that the divergence in R&D expenditure between large and small firms is positively associated with product market concentration. Overall, our findings confirm the small business growth trap in relation to R&D investment.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.310-333
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• 2007

This paper introduces a relative comparative advantage index and a composite concentration index of university research activity in science and technology. Three hypotheses were tested regarding differences of degree of concentration based on the size of government R&D fund, location of university, and source of foundation, respectively. T-test results imply that there are significant differences of concentration based on the size of R&D fund and source of foundation, while location of university does not show a significant difference. The paper generally suggests that the lesser size of government R&D fund would lead higher level of concentration, and public funded universities tend to maintain far higher concentration ratio. The paper contributes by introducing relevant indexes for analyzing university research competence, concentration and competitiveness, and hence by proposing policy direction and implication for university competitiveness policy.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.199-233
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• 2014

This paper attempts to investigate how and why the additionality effects occur in the case when a firm receives government subsidy as opposed to counterfactual situation. To demonstrate this, we selected 12 SMEs(small and medium enterprises) firms in Daejeon area and have conducted multiple case studies. In order to analyse the multiple cases of firms, we classified firms innovative activities into three stages which are composed of input, behaviour and output stages and related various factors. Furthermore, we investigated the differences according to types of firms and stages of firm growth. Empirical results show that various input, behaviour and output additionality effects exist when firms receive public subsidies. Compared to companies in the growth and mature stages, startup phase companies depend on government subsidy extensively and they use public subsidies strategically to develop new product and to change their strategic direction. The attitude of firms to use government subsidies is different according to their types and stage of growth as well.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.43-63
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• 2015

This study empirically analyzes the relationship between market structure and R&D activities. Especially, the outcome of R&D activities could be imitated or plagiarized by nearby competitors before it is protected legally through patenting, it would work as a club good and its market structure need to be defined at the geographic level of city, county or ward rather than the whole nation. According to the regression results of this study using Survey on Technology Statistics of Small- and Medium-Sized Firms, individual firms' R&D investment is more active when market structure of area(city, county, or ward)-industry(two-digit industry) is monopolistic or oligopolistic rather than competitive. However, as the variable representing market structure is redefined over a geographic scope of 16 metropolitan areas or provinces, 6 regions, or the whole nation, the relationship between market structure and R&D activities seems to become weak. Moreover, when the R&D expenditure is divided by its source, more active R&D spending in a less competitive market is observed as long as it is procured by internal fund of the firm in question.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2002.05b
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• pp.221-228
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• 2002

In viewing R&D as a series of activities of problem solving in the course of technological learning in developing countries, national R&D is very likely to play an pivotal role in incubating and improving industrial technology and competitiveness, especially for S&T-intensive industries, such as nuclear fuel industry. To this end, the national R&D needs to be primarily designed to reinforce technological capabilities of the country including government research institutes (GRIs), industrial firms, etc., from the initial stage of absorption as well as at the innovation stage. Based on this strategic role, national R&D performed by GRIs should provide scientific knowledge and core technologies which are required for the absorbption of foreign technology and development of indigenous technological capabilities with which domestic technological efforts are made to successfully achieve not only technological imitation but also innovation in global sense.

• Information and Communications Magazine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2016

소프트웨어에 이어 하드웨어에서도 오픈소스시대가 열리고 있다, 소프트웨어와 하드웨어 분야에서의 오픈소스의 폭넓은 확산은 ICT 분야의 R&D 활동에서 새로운 연구 방법과 연구 분야의 확장을 가능케 할 것으로 생각된다. 오픈소스 생태계 하에서는 개별 연구조직의 크기나 연구 규모에 따른 장점은 줄어드는 반면 개인의 창의력이나 협업 능력이 연구경쟁력의 원천이 된다. 이에 따라 과거에는 시도하지 않았던 창의적인 선행연구나 시스템적인 융합연구도 가능해질 것이다. R&D는 단지 구현결과물을 얻는 것에 한정되는 것이 아니라, 개념 도출, 이에 따른 설계, 소프트웨어 및 하드웨어 구현, 적합성 및 상호운용성시험, 대규모 실증사업까지의 단계적이고 체계적인 추진과 이에 대한 문서화, 규격화 및 표준화 작업들을 포함한다. 이러한 작업은 순차적이 아니라 동시적으로 수행될 때 상호연계 검증에 따른 완성도 제고와 전주기 활동에 있어 총 시간 단축을 꾀할 수 있다. 본 고에서는 오픈소스 생태계에서 연구자들이 이러한 활동의 효과적인 수행과 협력적 융합연구를 위한 저비용 오픈소스 R&D 동시개발 플랫폼 방안을 제시한다.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.179-204
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• 2009

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between R&D outsourcing ratio (external R&D expenditures out of total R&D expenditures) and firm characteristics. Four hypotheses are tested using firm-level data with Tobit regression method. The major findings of this paper are as follows. First, firms with high technological capabilities, which are measured by R&D expenditures per sale and the number of patents per employee, rely more on R&D outsourcing. Nonetheless, firms that own R&D centers tend to rely less on external outsourcing of R&D. Second, firms with high managerial innovation capabilities, which is measured by the introduction of IT solutions, show higher R&D outsourcing ratio. Third, bigger firms are likely to spend more in external R&D than in internal R&D. This paper also discusses implications on R&D policy of Korea.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.163-170
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of R&D learning organization activities of domestic small and medium-sized businesses on economic/technological results. This study, through investigation on preceding studies of domestic and foreign learning organization researchers, examined the definition, characteristics, and deteriorating factors of learning organization, and learned dependent variables, which are the definition of organizational performance, and relationship between learning organization and organizational performance. Then it performed a survey targeting small- and medium-sized businesses in Gumi and grasped the relationship between R&D capability (study planning, vision goal adequacy, project management, commercialization of technologies) and learning organization capability (creation of constant learning opportunities, knowledge sharing and utilizing system, strategic learning leadership) by classifying them to seven independent variables, using regression analysis. Because this study grasped the effect of R&D learning organization activities on organizational performance, it is expected to promote forming R&D learning organization for active R&D activities and contribute to enhancing small and medium-sized businesses' recognition on the need of R&D activities.