• Title/Summary/Keyword: Question Taxonomy

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Literature Review of Queston Taxonomy for Developing User-participatory Reference Service (이용자 참여형 참고 서비스 개발을 위한 질문 유형 구분에 대한 문헌적 고찰)

  • Park, Jong-Do
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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    • v.49 no.4
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    • pp.401-417
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    • 2015
  • Question taxonomy is one of main approaches to understand the questioner's information need so that we can assign relevant answerers to the question submitted by the user. The goal of this study is to investigate question taxonomy of question and answering services, which are available online and in libraries and understand the characteristics of question answering services by type. In order to achieve the goal, this study examines the types of questions appeared in literature, specifically focusing on social reference, question answering systems, and reference services, and then provides a summary of question taxonomy found in question answering services.

Restricting Answer Candidates Based on Taxonomic Relatedness of Integrated Lexical Knowledge Base in Question Answering

  • Heo, Jeong;Lee, Hyung-Jik;Wang, Ji-Hyun;Bae, Yong-Jin;Kim, Hyun-Ki;Ock, Cheol-Young
    • ETRI Journal
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    • v.39 no.2
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    • pp.191-201
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    • 2017
  • This paper proposes an approach using taxonomic relatedness for answer-type recognition and type coercion in a question-answering system. We introduce a question analysis method for a lexical answer type (LAT) and semantic answer type (SAT) and describe the construction of a taxonomy linking them. We also analyze the effectiveness of type coercion based on the taxonomic relatedness of both ATs. Compared with the rule-based approach of IBM's Watson, our LAT detector, which combines rule-based and machine-learning approaches, achieves an 11.04% recall improvement without a sharp decline in precision. Our SAT classifier with a relatedness-based validation method achieves a precision of 73.55%. For type coercion using the taxonomic relatedness between both ATs and answer candidates, we construct an answer-type taxonomy that has a semantic relationship between the two ATs. In this paper, we introduce how to link heterogeneous lexical knowledge bases. We propose three strategies for type coercion based on the relatedness between the two ATs and answer candidates in this taxonomy. Finally, we demonstrate that this combination of individual type coercion creates a synergistic effect.

Analysis of Summative Evaluation Objectives in Middle school Science Examination by Klopfer's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (중학교 과학과 총괄 지필평가 문항의 목표 분석)

  • Park, HyunJu
    • Journal of Science Education
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.293-302
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze of the science examination of middle school 7th grade by Klopfer's taxonomy of educational objectives. A total of 645 test items from 10 middle schools were analyzed for this study. The examination items were analyzed according to the objectives of science education, such as behavior and contents area, question types, and the degree of difficulty. It was shown that, when the distribution of behavioral objectives was considered, the items emphasized knowledge and comprehension, and were scientific knowledge oriented. The tests consisted of multiple choice questions at a relatively high rate, compared to short answer questions. Comparing the rate of teachers' expectations to the degree of difficulty, the ratio of "top" was low and that of "medium" was high. The results of this study suggested that using various types of question and multiple levels of content and behavior enabled more effective evaluation of the diverse thinking powers and learning of the students.

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Analysis of Summative Evaluation Objectives in Middle School Biology based on Bloom's Revised Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Bloom의 신 교육목표분류에 기초한 중학교 생물 영역 총괄 평가 문항의 목표 분석)

  • Kim, Yoon-Hee;Yoon, Ki-Soon;Kwon, Duck-Kee
    • Journal of Science Education
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.164-174
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study was to find out taxonomic characteristics of objectives infered from questions of summative evaluation by analyzing those objectives with Bloom's revised taxonomy of educational objectives. 1,711 questions of midterm and final examinations collected from 25 middle schools were analyzed to classify objective of each question. The major findings of the study were as follows: first, from the analysis of objectives in the knowledge dimension, the assessment of factual knowledge was most prevailing(67.6%) in the biology summative evaluation. In the cognitive process dimension, memory assessment was most dominant(76.1%). Thus, the main objectives of evaluation leaned toward particular classes in the Bloom's revised taxonomy, which was different from the findings of earlier studies on the weights of evaluation areas. Second, the level of the objectives should be determined in consideration of the grade of middle schoolers, as their cognitive level improves with grade. In fact, however, there was no difference among three grades in characteristics of objective taxonomy.

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Answer Extraction Using Named Entity Feedback in Question Answering System (질의 응답 시스템에서 개체 피드백을 이용한 정답 추출)

  • 나승훈;강인수;이상율;이종혁
    • Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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    • 2002.10d
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    • pp.676-678
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    • 2002
  • 질의 응답 시스템(Question Answering: QA)에서 정답 유형 부류(Answer Type Taxonomy: ATT)란 사용자 질문 분석을 위한 미 부류 체계를 의미하는 것으로, ATT의 크기가 클수록 시스템의 성능은 높아진다. ATT를 확장하기 위해서는, 개체(Named Entity)에 의미 범주를 결정하는 개체 분류기(Named Entity Tagger의 분류 체계가 세분되어야 하는데, 기존의 개체 분류기는 한문서 내에서 그 개체의 분류를 시도하기 때문에, 분류를 위한 문맥 정보의 양이 부족하여, 정확하고 상세한 분류를 기대하기 힘들다. 본 논문에서는 동일 개체에 대한 문맥 정보를 수집하기 위해, 그 개체가 나타나는 다른 문서들을 검색하는 개체 피드백 Named Enti쇼 Feedback)이라는 기법을 사용한다. 개체가 상세히 분류됨에 따라 ATT도 확장될 수 있었으며, 이렇게 확장된 ATT상에서의 정답 추출은 baseline보다 약 7%정도의 성능 향상을 보여, 개체 피드백의 효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

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Palynological contributions to the taxonomy of family Oleaceae, with special empahsis on genus Forsythia (tribe Forsytheae)

  • Lee, Sangtae
    • Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.175-181
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    • 2011
  • Traditionally, the Oleaceae has been divided into subfamilies Oleoideae and Jasminoideae. In the present paper, the taxonomical results so far made on the family were reviewed on the basis of palynology. The subfamilial classification is not well supported palynoligically, because both Myxopyrum of Jasminoideae and Comoranthus of Oleoideae having foveolate surface are well distinguished from the rest of the family having reticulate surface. The recent subfamily Nyctanthoideae (Takhtajan, 1977) including the monotypic Nyctanthus, was suggested to be included within the Jasminoideae although its closest relative on the palynological basis is different from that on the molecular basis. Tribal classification systems of the Jasminoideae are not well supported palynologically on the basis of surface character: presence or absence of bands on the mural ridge surface of the reticulum. On the basis of palynology, tribe Forsythiae including Abeliophyllum, Fontanesia, and Forsythia is monophyletic, and Fontanesia is well distinguished from the rest two. Korean species of Forsythia is divided into two: Forsythia koreana group and F. ovata-nakaii-saxatilis group. Recent discovery of F. saxatilis at a locality of F. ovata raised a question if the distinction between the two species on the basis of hairiness would be right. In the recent molecular studies, F. saxatilis var. lanceolata seems to be identified as F. saxatilis. Molecular studies showed that F. saxatilis (seemingly var. lanceolata or var. pilosa) is close to F. koreana. The fact in which the molecular result showed a close relationship between F. saxatilis varieties and F. koreana, is controversial to the result by floral and vegetative morphology. An intensive taxonomic study of these taxa would be needed.

An Analysis of the Foot and Ankle-related Questions on the Korean Orthopedic In-Training Examination (대한 정형외과 전공의 평가시험에서 족부-족관절 분야 문항 분석)

  • Kim, Hyeon Soo;Kim, Dong Hee;Shin, Sung Jin;Kang, Byoung Youl
    • Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.104-107
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    • 2017
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the questions pertaining to the foot and ankle on the Korean Orthopedic In-Training Examination (KOITE) between 2012 and 2016. Materials and Methods: Questions regarding the foot and ankle on KOITE during the five-year period (2012~2016) were analyzed. Number of foot and ankle questions, topics, taxonomic classification, imaging modalities, and cited references related to each question were analyzed. Results: The average number of foot and ankle questions was 35, accounting for 7.0% (35/500) of all KOITE questions. All questions were categorized into three topic areas: disease (51.4%, 18/35), trauma (31.4%, 11/35), and basics (17.1%, 6/35). Taxonomy 3 (decision-making type questions) was the most common (42.9%, 15/35). References that are commonly used for each question were Campbell's Operative Orthopedics (100%, 35/35) and the textbook of The Korean Orthopaedic Association (74.3%, 26/35). Conclusion: This analysis can be valuable to not only orthopaedic surgery residents to improve their knowledge of orthopedics, but also to instructors for optimizing their education programs.

Integrative Cognitive-Affective Learning in a Primary Science Lesson

  • Siang, Tan Kok;Santhanasamy, S. Nirmala Devi
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.1039-1049
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    • 2012
  • The first category of Affective Domain objectives in Bloom's Taxonomy is about "Receiving". In it, the first subdivision listed is "Awareness" (Krathwohl, Bloom & Masia, 1964). Since these categories are intended to be hierarchical in ascending order of internalization, it is important that young learners be given ample opportunities in their learning experiences in class to be aware of positive values and effective life skills. This paper reports a feasibility study on the adoption of an integrative cognitive-affective learning approach in a primary school science lesson. 37 primary six students in a Singapore primary school were taught the concept of centre of gravity, including a hands-on activity to find the centre of gravity of an irregularly shaped cardboard by using a plumbline. After reviewing how a plumbline works, their teacher then led them into a discussion on the question "Who is the plumbline in your life?" a reference to identifying positive role models in their lives. From the transcript of the students' in-class sharing and their written responses to the question, it is clear that the integrative cognitive-affective learning approach did enable students to present their ideas and learning experiences in the affective domain quite readily. This conclusion provides a valuable lead to a follow-up project on whether students who are exposed to such integrative learning approaches will be more capable and more aware of identifying important positive social habits or values. If so, then the teaching of values in schools could take on a whole new dimension, that of borrowing students' learning energy in the cognitive domain to learn values and life skills in the affective domain.

A Content Analysis of the test of the National Examination for Registration Nurses in Korea over 3 years (간호사 국가고시문제의 내용분석)

  • 서문자;윤순녕;유지수;송지호;최경숙
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.73-93
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    • 1996
  • This study aimed to analyse the test contents of the national examination for the registered nurses (NERN) over 3 years from 1991 to 1993 in Korea. In recent years in Korea, the MCQ(multiple choice question) has been showing to be a highly recognized method for assessing the qualification of registered nurses. Unfortunately, nursing faculties have found NERN had some bad MCQs through having evaluation workshop for Some MCQs often provide so many unwriting clues which become a bias of the results, and some items fell into the category of the lower level of educational taxonomy such as isolated recall a fact or data. Frequently the stems of the questions are ambigous, unclear, disputable, esoterical or trivial. Considering those fallacies of the national examination, it is very critical to review the test items to see whether it is of high quality, is more fair, reliable and objective in depth. Therefore, this study was done to provide data for the improvement of the test contents as well as the teachers's assessment skill. For this study, the ad hoc committee was composed of 16 members, including 5 education board members of Korean Academic Nurses Association and 11 nursing faculty members. This committee had one day panel discussion and filled the checklist for this study. The process of analysing data was held over 10 times during 1992-1994. The analysis focussed on educational taxonomy such as cognitive domain(knowledge), psychmotor domain (skill), affective domain(attitude) and the level of learning such as recall, understanding, problems solving, and learning area of theory and practice, and the learning content categorised by nursing process and disease process. The test analysed using difficulty index and the structure of the test items was analysed. The conclusions and suggestion as follows : 1. In learning area, the average ratio of the theory and practice was 1 : 1.1 which was less than 1 : 2 suggested by Korean National Health Institute, and the ratio was different by the 8 leaning subjects of nursing. 2. In category of the educational taxonomy, the knowledge domain was emphasized mostly(79. 7%), the skill domain was 14.9%, and the attitude domain was 5.4% only. 3. In the level of learning, generally, the test items of the level of recall(45.5%) and the understanding(46.3%) were covered almost and the problem solving was 8.1%. 4. In the learning contents, generally, the test items related to nursing process was 67.2% and that of disease process was 32.8%. However, this proportion was different by the 8 leaning subjects. Even though the nursing diagnosis has been emphasized in nursing curricula recently, the test items of this was identified very few. 5. In the structure of the test item, some were not clear, incorrect grammar, unclear description and some have clues to answer. 6. In the item analysis, the non-acceptable level of the difficulty index (means too easy) was 65.7%, and the acceptable level was 33.9%. Considering the results we would like to suggest the followings, 1. Since the test items of knowledge domain was dominant, the test items of the practice domain and attitude domain should be emphasized more. 2. The regular review and analysis of NERN should be arranged in order to improve the quality of the test items which will give influence to the nursing education positively.

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Seed collection strategies for plant restoration with the aid of neutral genetic diversity

  • CHUNG, Mi Yoon;SON, Sungwon;MAO, Kangshan;LOPEZ-PUJOL, Jordi;CHUNG, Myong Gi
    • Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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    • v.49 no.4
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    • pp.275-281
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    • 2019
  • One key step in the plant restoration process is the collection of seeds from the field. For the selection of source populations of target plant species for translocation purposes (reintroduction or reinforcements), several approaches are possible. A practical method involves the use of data from reciprocal transplant studies. If no direct data are available, knowledge of population genetics and the phylogeography of the target species can serve as an alternative. In this short review, we briefly propose guidelines for those collecting seeds for plant species restoration based on population genetics theory, focusing on two main questions: Where does the plant material come from and how are sources designated, and how are seeds efficiently collected from local populations? While genetic data on a larger scale (phylogeography and population genetics) are needed to form a reply to the first question, similar data on a smaller scale (fine-scale genetic structures within populations) are necessary to shed light on the second issue.