• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 2014

This study was conducted to identify wood species of 72 wooden parts (pillar, beam, jangyeo, purlin, judu, soro, bracket, deagong, ceiling panel, etc.) used for Daewungjeon Hall in the Woonsoosa Temple, Busan in Korea. Identified wood species were 67 Pinus spp. (Kesiya group), 4 Carpinus spp. and 1 Quercus spp. (Cerris group). In pillars, 14 red pines and 4 Carpinus and in purlins, 4 red pines and 1 Cerris were found. Other elements were red pines. Carpinus woods, which were used for the lower portions of three pillars (Dongbari), seemed repaired parts. A carved wood used for the stand of Buddhist statues was identified as Alnus spp. This study showed that Daewungjeon Hall of the Woonsoosa Temple was made mostly of red pines.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 1996

To investigate the plant community structure in Pinus densiflora forests of Odaesan National Park, fourty plots(each size was 100m$^{2}$) were set up in Sogumgang and Woljongsa area. The classification by the TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the survey area. Pinus densiflora forests were divided into five community types, which were Betula schmidtii-Acer pseudosieboldianum-Styrax obassia, Quercus variabilis-S. obassia, Q. serrata-Q. vareabilis, Q. mongolica, Abies holo[hylla. The successional trend of Pinus densiflora forests was seem to be seral stage from Pinus densiflora to Quercus spp.. And Abies holophylla was competition species with Pinus densiflora in Woljongsa area. So, management of Pinus densiflora forests requires to conserve for the diversity of mountain landscape resource and gene science.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.305-316
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• 1993

Stands profiles, yearly changes in growth of annual rings, age and diameter structure, and spatial distribution pattern of individuals in the Pinus densiflora stands around the Yeocheon industrial complex were investigated. Growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora, which survived when vegetation of this area was damaged by air pollutants, was suppressed for about 10 years since 1974 when factories in this area began to operate, but since then such suppressed growth tended to be recovered. It was supposed that the suppresed growth was originated from air pollution and that improvement of growth since the suppressed period was due to the release from competition with them by death of neighbouring trees and the resuction of the amount of air pollutants. Physiognomy of Pinus densiflora stands showed mosaic pattern composed of different patches. Spatial distribution pattern of individuals an stand profiles were similar to those of Pinus densiflora stands regenerated after natural and artificial disturbances. In an age distribution diagram, age of Pinus densiflora population ranged from 1 to 33 years, Among these individuals were recrited corresponded to the suppresed period of growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora survived when the vegetation was damaged by air pollution. On the other hand, from the result of analysis of frequency distribution diagram of diameter, it was postulated that even if whis Pinus densiflora community can be maintained as it is for the time being, it might be changed to Quercus community with the lapse of time.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.15-27
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to investigate vegetation structure and present management planning of mountain type green space using the green space changes during the 20 years, actual vegetation, and plant community structure in land area of Inchon, Korea. The actual vegetation area in survey sites was consisted of Quercus acutissima community, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Pinus rigida forest, Q. mongolica-Pinus rigida community, P. rigida-Q. mongolica community, Q. monogolica community and so on. According to the classification by TWINSPAN, 61 survey plots were divided into 9 groups; Q. mongolica-Alnus japonica-R. pseudoacacia-P. densiflora, R. pseudoacacia-Styrax japonica, P. rigida-R. pseudoacacia-Q. mongolica, R. pseudoacacia-P. rigida-Q. mongolica-A. hirusta, Q. mongolica-P. thunbergii, and prunus sargentii-Zelkova serrata community. From this result, ecological succession trend of vegetation seems to be change from artificial result, ecological succession trend of vegetation seems to be change from artificial planting forest to native plant community which was dominated by Quercus spp.. This study area need to manage for the increase of biodiversity through the restoration of naturalness by ecological management of artificial planting forest and ecological planting of injured green space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1990

This study was executed to investigate the vegetation structure and to propose the vegetation management proposals of the Sansung Nature Park at Cheonju City and the results were as fellows. 1. A damage of vegetation and soil surface around the Namgosa was taken place up to 100m by picnic 2. Pinus rigida forest covered 36.1% of the total area(152.6ha) and total afforested vegetation covered 43.5%, respectively. P. denstflora comm. covered 28.4% arid Carpinus laxiflora Comm. as a climax vegetation in temerate zone covered 0.3%, respectively. 3. 6, 7 and 8 of the degree of human disturbance of vegetation covered 45.3%, 26.6% and 21.4%, respectively and resulted in low quality of naturalness. 4. Physical and chemical properties of soil were pour at high elevation and were poor severely in and around the Namgosa due to human disturbance. 5. Plant community were under rapid succession and had unvalanced structure and heterogeneous composition of species. Rapid vegetational succession from Pinus densiflora and Pf. rigida to Carpinus laxifora, Quercus spp. and Robinina pseudo-acacia were taken place.6. The speeies of Raunkiaer's frequency class I as of high frequency class were Pinus dunsiflora, Carpinus alxiflora, Quercus mmongolica, Sorbus alnifolia, Prunrs sargintii, Rhododendron yedoense, Stephanandra incisa and Lespedeza maxinowiczii. 7. Vegetational management proposals were made for three vegetation zones ; Historic landscape restoration and preservation zone, Afforested vegetation zone, Native vegetation conservation zone and recommanded native species for landcape planting.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.103-113
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• 2006

To investigate the forest structure and to suggest basic data for forest management in the Mookdong area of the Weolchulsan National Park, thirty plots, each size is $100m^2$, were set up and surveyed. According to analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divided by five groups of Quercus variabilis-Q. mogolica(I), Q. variabilis(II), Q. variabilis-Pinus densiflora(III), P. densiflora(IV), Q. acutissima(V). The structure of communities were investigated using importance value. From the above results, it was anticipated that Quercus spp. will be dominance species instead of Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.269-279
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• 2021

This study was carried out to introduce the forest cover types of the Baekdudaegan inhabiting the number of native tree species. In order to understand the vegetation distribution characteristics of the Baekdudaegan, a vegetation survey was conducted on the major 20 mountains of the Baekdudaegan. The vegetation data were collected from 3,959 sample points by the point-centered quarter method. Each mountain was classified into 4-7 forests by using various multivariate statistical methods such as cluster analysis, indicator species analysis, multiple discriminant analysis, and species composition analysis. The forests were classified mainly according to the relative abundance of Quercus mongolica. There was a total of 111 classified forests and these forests were integrated into the following nine forest cover types using the percentage similarity index and by clustering according to vegetation type: 1) Mongolian oak, 2) Mongolian oak and other deciduous, 3) Oaks (Mixed Quercus spp.), 4) Korean red pine, 5) Korean red pine and oaks, 6) ash, 7) mixed mesophytic, 8) subalpine zone coniferous, and 9) miscellaneous forest. Forests grouped within the subalpine zone coniferous and miscellaneous classifications were characterized by similar environmental conditions and those forests that did not fit in any other category, respectively.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-88
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• 1990

The vegetation of Mt. Joghesan of a provincial park in Cheolanamdo was surveyed over twenty times from July, 1980 to December, 1981. The plants of Mt. Jonghesan consisted of 10 forma, 107 varieties, 597 species, 424 genera and 122 families, and among them were 204 species of esculent plants, 199 species of medicina plants and 30 species of the others oil plants and fiber plants. Evergreen herbs consisted of 12 species, including Coniogramme intermedia, Asplenium sarelii, and Asplenium incisum etc. And Evergreen broad-leaved trees consisted of 22 species, including Thea sinensis, Sasa borealis, and Quercus acuta etc. And evergreen needle-leaved trees consisted of 15 species, including Torreya nacitora, Pinus densiflora, Sciadopitys japonica, and Chamaecyparis obtusa etc. The community of broad-leaved consisted of Quercus spp, Carpinus laxiflora, Sasa borealis, including leading dominant species of Lespedeza maximowiczii, Viburnum erosum, Fraxius rhynchophylla, Viburnum dilatum, Rhus trichocarpa, Zelkova serrata, Miscanthus sinensis, Eragrostis ferrugina, Carex augustinowiczii persicaria filiforme var. neofiliforme, Vicia amoena, Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis, and Aster yomena etc. The vegetation of Seunamsa areas in Mt. Joghesan was favorable but the vegetations of the other areas in the mountain were negligible. The vegetation of Koolmokchi areas which had been much destroyed by forest fires was mostly covered with Quercus spp which are resistant to forest fires. Lindera sericea, Alangium platanifolium var. macrophyllum, Ilex macropoda, Corylopsis coreana, Albizzia julibrssin of old trees, Acer mono, the community of Thea sinensis, Stewartca koreana, Cornus alba, Dryopteris bisstiana, Asplenium incisum, Camptosorus, Lepisorus thunbergianus, gastrodia elata, Cymbidium goeringii, and the community of Persicaria filiforme var. neofiliforme etc. in Mt. Jonhesan are autochthonous flora, and their preservation is required. As the Pinus densiflora forest in Mt. Joghesan which was hewn down by human power has not been restored, Jeopchi areas and Koolmokchi areas in Mt. Joghesan have no Pinnus densiflora trees 700m above the sea level.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.715-724
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• 2014

Tongdosa, which is located in Gajisan(Mt.) Provincial Park of Yangsan City, is one of three representative temple in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate a relation between plants community and environmental factors in Tongdosa(Temple) District of Gajisan(Mt.) Provincial Park. In order to find out vegetation structure of Gajisan(Mt.) Provincial Park, thirty one plots(unit size: $200{\sim}300m^2$) were set up and surveyed. For environmental factors, it were surveyed and analyzed physical factors such as altitude, aspect etc. and soil characteristics such pH, organic content, total nitrogen content, exchangeable cation and so on. Using DCCA technique, a relation between plants community and environmental factors were analyzed. The surveyed plots were divided into five groups which are Pinus densiflora - Quercus aliena, Carpinus tschonoskii - Q. spp., P. densiflora - C. tschonoskii, P. densiflora - Q. variabilis, and Q. variabilis - Q. mongolica community. Vegetation succession was progressed from Pinus densiflora toward Carpinus tschonoskii and Quercus spp. It was found out that the distribution of vegetation was affected by altitude. Pinus densiflora - Quercus aliena community is located lower altitude and Q. variabilis - Q. mongolica community is located higher area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.573-588
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• 2020

The study investigated the forest vegetation structure of Kongju National University Forests in the vicinity of Seokjangri-dong to provide the information needed for efficient use and management. It conducted a Z-M phytosociological vegetation survey in 60 quadrate plots in August 2019 and generated the actual vegetation map by analyzing the physiognomic community classification and mean importance value. The physiognomic community classification showed five vegetation community types: Quercus acutissima community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, Pinus rigida community, and Quercus serrata community. The relative importance value in the Q. acutissima community was 31.4% for Q. acutissima, 9.6% for Prunus spp., and 9.0% for Q. variabilis. In the P. densiflora community, it was 24.9% for P. densiflora, 12.4% for Q. acutissima, and 11.5% for Q. serrata. In the Q. variabilis community, it was 25.3% for Q. variabilis, 9.8% for Prunus spp., and 8.5% for Q. acutissima. In the P. rigida community, it was 28.4% for P. rigida 28.4%, 10.0% for Q. acutissima, and 9.3% for P. densiflora. In the Q. serrata community, it was 27.0% for Q. serrata, 11.3% for Q. aliena, and 11.5% for Styrax japonica. The actual vegetation map based on the uppermost dominant species to identify the forest vegetation's spatial distribution characteristics indicated that the natural vegetation covered the most with 87.5%, the number of vegetation patches was 87, and the average area per patch was 1.46ha.