• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2006

This study was carried to investigate the effect of soil texture on the growth and the contents of quercetin-glycoside and lignans, and to improve the qualities of Saururus chinensis Baill. Soil texture resulted no significant effects on the number of nodes, the number of leaves, the number of branches and dry matter ratio. However, the shoot dry weight was higher in sandy loam, loam, silt loam and sand soil in that order. Although the weight of rhizomes of below 5 mm in diameter was not significantly different among soil textures, the weight of rhizomes between 5.1 and 10.9 mm and the weight of rhizomes of above 11 mm in diameter ranged $437{\sim}465\;g$ and was larger in clay loam than in other soil textures. No significance difference was showed in rhizome dry ratio ranging from 19.1 to 20.8%. The amount of quercetin-glycoside in leaves was higher in loam and sandy loam and ranged from 219.3 to 222.4 mg/100 g of quercetin-glycoside quercitrin, rutin, isoquercitrin and hyperin were higher in that order. On the other hand, quercetin-glycoside contents in stem were 14.8 mg/100 g and 12.4 mg/100 g in sandy and sandy loam, respectively, and were higher than in other soil textures of quercetin-glycoside constituents, the content of rutin was the highest. The content of lignans was increased in clay loam, loam, sandy loam, and sandy in that order of lignans, the manassatin B was the highest.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.61-71
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate chemotaxonomical correlation an d the chemical constituents of domestic Quercus sp. leaves. The leaves of Q. mongolica, Q. aliena, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima, Q. dentata and Q. variabilis were collected in the experimental forest of Kangwon National University. The combined extracts were successively fractionated with n -hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate using a separation funnel. A portion of the ethyl acetate and $H_2O$ soluble materials of each species were chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using various aqueous MeOH and EtOH-hexane as washing solvents. Spectrometric analysis such as NMR and MS, including TLC, were performed to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-gallocatechin, kaempferol, astragalin, astragalin-6"-O-gallate, isoquercitrin, isoquercitrin-6"-O-gallate and myricetin were isolated from Q. mongolic a leaves. Gallic acid, kaempferol and quercetin were characterized from Q. acutissima leaves. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, kaempferol, quercetin, guajaverin and tamarixin were identified from Q. dentata leaves. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, kaempferol, quercitrin, isoquercitrin and myricetin were purified from Q. serrata leaves. Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, astragalin, astragalin-6"-O-gallate and isoquercitrin were isolated from Q. variabilis leaves. Gallic acid was isolated from all the leaves and could be a taxonomic index on Quercus spp..

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.509-516
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• 2018

Five phenolic compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of leaves from Stewartia koreana, and their nitric-oxide (NO) inhibitory activities were measured to identify the major active constituents responsible for the efficacy of the extract against inflammatory reactions. These five compounds were quercetin (1), quercitrin (2), hyperin (3), quercetin-3-O-(6"-O-galloyl)-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside (4), and kaempferol 3-O-[2",6"-di-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)]-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (5). Among the separated compounds in the EtOAc fraction, compounds 4 and 5 were isolated for the first time, and no study has yet reported their anti-inflammatory effects. The compounds were identified by spectroscopic analysis, and the isolated compounds showed significant NO inhibitory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Compound 5 showed the most potent inhibitory effect (63.35% inhibition) against LPS-induced NO production compared to that of compound 1 (17.17%), compound 2 (5.0%), compound 3 (3.92%), and compound 4 (6.32%) at $10{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. NO production was inhibited by suppressing the protein expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results indicate that kaempferol 3-O-[2",6"-di-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)]-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside might be the major active compound responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of S. koreana.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.700-705
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• 2011

The physicochemical qualities, antioxidant activities, and polyphenols composition of eight kinds of cloud and clear apple juice products marketed in Korea were investigated. The acidities of eight kinds of cloud and clear apple juice products were in the range of 0.299~0.556 and showed no significant difference (p<0.05). The soluble solid contents of the cloud type were higher than those of the clear type which had higher reducing sugar contents. The color value and turbidity of the cloud type were also higher, but the vitamin c contents showed no significant differences. The total phenolic contents of the cloud type (1.13~1.42 g/L) were four fold to eight fold higher than the clear type (0.12~0.32 g/L). Nine polyphenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid (-)-epicatechin, quercitrin, phloridzin, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), were isolated by HPLC analysis, and the total amount of the cloud type (319.37~985.63 mg/L) was higher than that of the clear type (92.88~214.39 mg/L). The antioxidant activities, by DPPH and FRAP assays, of the cloud type showed stronger than those of the clear type. The antioxidant activity and the color value were highly correlated with total phenolic content and polyphenols content (r>0.95).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2014

In this study, the antioxidative effects and component analysis of Polygonum aviculare (P. aviculare) extracts were investigated. The ethyl acetate and the aglycone fraction from P. aviculare extracts were more active than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol and $\small{L}$-ascorbic acid, which are known as strong antioxidants for their antioxidative activity by the DPPH method and chemiluminescence assay. The cellular protective effects of fractions of P. aviculare on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes, increased in a concentration dependent manner ($1-10{\mu}l$). In particular, the ethyl acetate fraction at a concentration of $10{\mu}l$ showed the most prominent protective effect among all the extracts (${\tau}_{50}$, 314.70 min). TLC and HPLC chromatogram of the ethyl acetate fraction of P. aviculare extracts revealed 3 main bands (PA8, PA5, PA6) and peaks (peak 1, peak 2, peak 3), which were identified as myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (myricitrin, PA8, peak 1), quercetin-3-${\alpha}$-rhamnoside (quercitrin, PA6, peak 3) by LC/ESI-MS/MS and $^1H$-NMR respectively. These results indicate that fractions from P. aviculare could be applicable to new functional cosmetics as antioxidants.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.341-348
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• 2011

The nutritional components and antioxidative activities of jujube fruit and leaf were investigated and analyzed to provide basic data for functional food materialization and processing. The nitrogen-free extract contents of the fruit and leaf were 71.92% and 41.51%, respectively. The mineral components of the fruit and leaf were rich in Ca (72.14 and 3,252.09 mg/100 g), K (899.82 and 1,708.12 mg/100 g), and P (172.11 and 286.28 mg/100 g), respectively. The major free sugars of the fruit were glucose (13.01 %) and fructose (7.35%); and of the leaf, sucrose (3.94%) and fructose (0.75%). The ascorbic acid contents were higher in fruit (135.73 mg/100 g) than in the leaf (100.43 mg/100 g). The analysis of the component amino acid showed a relatively high ratio of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, and essential amino acids of leucine, but a low methionine and cystine content. The ABTS and FRAP assays indicated that the butanol fraction of the leaf was a more potent radical scavenger and reducing agent than the other five solvent fractions. The butanol fraction of the leaf also presented inhibitory effects against lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, this study verified that the butanol fraction of the leaf has strong antioxidative activities that are correlated with its high level of phenolics, particularly rutin and quercitrin. These phenolics of jujube leaf can be utilized as effective and safe functional food substances, i.e., natural antioxidants.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.129-138
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• 2024

This study was conducted to determine the differences in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity according to the ripening stage of tomato fruits with different skin colors. The tomato samples used three tomato cultivars distinguished by their skin colors as yellow, black, and red at the mature stage. Tomato samples were analyzed for soluble sugars, lycopene, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity after being harvested at green, breaker, turning, and mature. The major sugars in tomato fruits are fructose and glucose. The content of fructose and glucose in yellow tomatoes gradually increased during the ripening stages. However, red and black tomatoes, their levels exhibited an initial increase at the breaker points, followed by a period of relative constancy. The lycopene contents in fruits of all skin colors showed a significant increase during ripening stages. The highest content of lycopene was observed at the mature stage in red tomato fruits. Differential patterns in the accumulation of ascorbic acid between yellow and black or red tomato fruits were detected during the entire ripening stages. In yellow tomato fruit, the content of ascorbic acid remained consistently low throughout the ripening stages. Ascorbic acid content in black tomato fruits significantly increased to 2,249 mg·kg^-1 of tomato fruits at the mature stage, while in red tomato fruits, it gradually increased to 3,529 mg·kg^-1 of fruits at the mature stage. Quercitrin content in tomato fruits gradually decreased during the ripening stages. In yellow tomato fruits, the ABTS radical scavenging activity abruptly increased at the turning stages, while in black and red tomato fruits, it gradually increased according to the ripening stages. The DPPH radical scavenging activity in tomato fruits significantly increased at the turning stages.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2012

Flavonoids, which form a major component in Houttuynia cordata Thunb., display a wide range of pharmacological activities. The expression of plant flavonoids is partly regulated by fermentation. Therefore, we studied the effects of fermentation on H. cordata in order to identify the strains present during the fermentation process, and to determine whether fermented H. cordata could be used as a probiotic. Our results showed that all 6 of the bacterial strains isolated from fermented H. cordata (FHC) belonged to the genus Bacillus. As expected, fermenting H cordata also increased the flavonoid content as increases were observed in the levels of rutin, quercitrin, and quercetin. To test the effects of fermentation, we treated LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with non-fermented H. cordata extracts (HCE) or FHC extracts (FHCE). Compared to the HCE-treated cells, the FHCE-treated cells showed increased viability. No cytotoxic effects were detected in the FHCE-treated groups in the 2 cell lines used in the study, namely, RAW264.7 and RBL-2H3. FHCE-treated HepG2 cells showed decreased growth, compared to HCE-treated HepG2 cells. These results indicate that the fermented H. cordata predominantly contained Bacillus strains. Furthermore, FHCE are able to prevent LPS-induced inflammatory effects and inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.51-60
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• 2006

Juglans mandshurica barks were collected, extracted with acetone-$H_2O$ (7:3, v/v), fractionated with n -hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, and EtOAc, and freeze dried to give some dark brown powder. The EtOA cand $H_2O$ soluble fractions were chromatographe d on a Sephadex LH-20 column using $H_2O$-MeOH and EtOH-hexane mixture as eluents. Spectrometric analysis such as NMR and MS, including TLC,were performed to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds. From the EtOAc and $H_2O$ soluble fractions, three flavanols (1~3), three flavonols (4~6) and five flavonol glycosides (7~11) were isolated and elucidated.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.13-16
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• 2008

Five anthraquinones, emodin (1), ${\omega}$-hydroxyemodin (2), chrysophanol-8-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (3), emodin-8-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (4), and physcion-8-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (5), and five flavonoids, kaempferol-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (6), quercetin (7), quercitrin (8), isoquercitrin (9), and (+)-catechin (10), were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble extract of the fruits of Rumex japonicus. The structures of 1-10 were identified by spectroscopic methods including NMR studies. This is the first report on the isolation of compounds 3-5 from this plant. The isolates were subjected to in vitro bioassays to evaluate their inhibitory activities on the rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR), among which two anthraquinones (1 and 4), and five flavonols (5-9) showed significant activities on RLAR.