• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.112-121
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• 2013

Objectives This study analyze the correlation between iris markings and the obesity level shown in body composition indices. And It quantitatively evaluates iris markings according to the level of obesity to improve a clinical application plan for the iris analysis. Methods This study analyzed the iris and body composition through the quantization of iris markings for 28 female patients. It calculated descriptive statistics by using SPSS 13.0 and investigated correlation coefficients of non-parametric Spearman in order to analyze the relation between iris markings and body composition indices. Results Considering the correlation between iris markings and body composition indices, an area of the pupil had a significant positive correlation with height and with fat-free amount such as body water, protein, and minerals. BMI showed significant positive correlations with the length of the autonomic nerve wreath and the ratio of the autonomic nerve wreath, and the area of the autonomic nerve wreath. Moreover, the number of lacunas in the pancrea area had a significant positive correlation with weight and BMI. Conclusions This study objectifies the quantification of iris markings to identify the correlation between iris markings and the level of obesity. The study results will be used as a basic data to make standards for the diagnosis of obesity, the treatment of related diseases, and the diagnosis of iris markings for prevention.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.12C
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• pp.1165-1172
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• 2006

The rapid progress of the software has enabled individuals to copy and remark digital contents, which was only done by professionals. As a solution for the problems, contents producer needs to have certification and inspection of its contents and hold the proprietary right. A fragile watermarking method is able to detect the distortion and damage of watermarked image, but the watermark is also fragile on standardized image compression. That is the problem of fragile watermarking technique. We propose semi-fragile watermarking technique that is robust in the image processing such as JPEG compression used on computer, but it is fragile on the addition of noise and other attacks. In the proposed method, we can generate the watermarks of an image from the relationship between two block coefficients, also the generated watermark is inserted into insensible part of HVS(Human Visual System) after processing DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform) and using quantization. As a result, on the spatial domain, high detection of distortion has been possible even in slight changes, and could detect the corrupted blocks on image. Therefore, it is simple to judge the pixels at which some location has been changed in the space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.35S no.12
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• pp.46-54
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• 1998

In this paper we propose a fast adaptive image restoration filter using DCT-based block classification for reducing block artifacts in compressed images. In order to efficiently reduce block artifacts, edge direction of each block is classified by using the DCT coefficients, and the constrained least square (CLS) on the observation that the quantization operation in a series of coding process is a nonlinear and many-to-one mapping operator. And then we propose an approximated version of constrained optimization technique as a restoration process for removing the nonlinear and space-varying degradation operator. For real-time implementation, the proposed restoration filter can be realized in the form of a truncated FIR filter, which is suitable for postprocessing reconstructed images in HDTV, DVD, or video conference systems.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.1521-1530
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• 2004

In this paper, we present effective quantization noise reduction algorithm using signal adaptive filter and linear combination between blocks in multimedia system. In the proposed method, all of the blocks are classified into low frequency blocks, high frequency blocks, and midrange blocks according to DCT coefficients. Ringing artifacts are shown in high frequency blocks. So ringing artifact reduction algorithm is performed in high frequency blocks using a signal adaptive filter. And the blocking artifact reduction is performed by replacing the pixel value of blocky blocks using linear combination between blocky block and remote unblocky block. The simulation results shows better performance in respective of the subjective and objective image quality than the conventional method.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 1994

In this paper, we report on the development of a speaker independent continuous speech recognition system using continuous hidden Markov models. The continuous hidden Markov model consists of mean and covariance matrices and directly models speech signal parameters, therefore does not have quantization error. Filter bank coefficients with their 1st and 2nd-order derivatives are used as feature vectors to represent the dynamic features of speech signal. We use the segmental K-means algorithm as a training algorithm and triphone as a recognition unit to alleviate performance degradation due to coarticulation problems critical in continuous speech recognition. Also, we use the one-pass search algorithm that Is advantageous in speeding-up the recognition time. Experimental results show that the system attains the recognition accuracy of $83\%$ without grammar and $94\%$ with finite state networks in speaker-indepdent speech recognition.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1203-1212
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• 1994

This paper proposes a variable block size vector quantization based on a biorthogonal wavelet transform for image compression. An image is first decomposed with the biorthogonal wavelet transform into multiresolution image and the wavelet coefficients of the middle frequency bands are segmented using the quadtree sturcture to extract the perceptually important regions in the middle frequency bands. A sedges of middle frequency bands exist the corresponding position of high frequency bands, the complicated quadtree structure of middle frequency bands is equally applied to the high frequency bands. Therefore the overhaed information of the quadtree codes needed to segment the high frequency bands can be reduced. The segmented subblocks are encoded with the codebook designed at the each scales and directions. The simulation results showed that the proposed methods could reproduce higher quality image with bit rate reduced about 20(%) than of the preceding VQ method and sufficiently reduce the bolck effect and the edge degradation.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2002

This paper addresses an efficient loop filter algorithm to improve visual quality by simultaneously reducing blocking and ringing artifacts in H.26L video coder. H.26L video coding standard using the different coding mechanism to existing video coding standards has different distribution of blocking and ringing artifacts that is dependent on coding type, quantization step size, and motion vector. Therefore, the information is used to define the filter type and the filter coefficients. and a projection operator is defined to avoid the over-smoothness. In addition, in order to avoid over-smoothing coming from filtering processing, a constraint projection operator is defined. Since the above information is available both in encoder and in the decoder, a loop filter is used, and the algorithm is simplified to reduce the computational cost. Experimental results show the capability of the proposed algorithm.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2003

In this Paper. we Propose a digital watermarking scheme for digital images based on a perceptual model, the frequency masking, texture making, and luminance masking Properties of the human visual system(HVS), which have been developed in the context of image compression. We embed two types of watermark, one is pseudo random(PN) sequences, the other is a logo image. To embed the watermarks, original images are decomposed into $8\times8$ blocks, and the discrete cosine transform(DCT) is carried out for each block. Watermarks are casted in the low frequency components of DCT coefficients. The perceptual model adjusts adaptively scaling factors embedding watermarks according to the local image properties. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme presents better results than that of non-perceptual watermarking methods for image qualify without loss of robustness.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.4A
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• pp.336-344
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• 2005

Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) is the oncoming generation of compression technique that has been selected for MPEG4 and JEPG2000, because it has no blocking effects and efficiently determines frequency property of temporary time. In this paper, we propose an efficient bit-serial architecture for the low-power and low-complexity DWT filter, employing two-channel QMF(Qudracture Mirror Filter) PR(Perfect Reconstruction) lattice filter. The filter consists of four lattices(filter length=8) and we determine the quantization bit for the coefficients by the fixed-length PSNR(peak-signal-to-noise ratio) analysis and propose the architecture of the bit-serial multiplier with the fixed coefficient. The CSD encoding for the coefficients is adopted to minimize the number of non-zero bits, thus reduces the hardware complexity. The proposed folded 1D DWT architecture processes the other resolution levels during idle periods by decimations and its efficient scheduling is proposed. The proposed architecture requires only flip-flops and full-adders. The proposed architecture has been designed and verified by VerilogHDL and synthesized by Synopsys Design Compiler with a Hynix 0.35$\mu$m STD cell library. The maximum operating frequency is 200MHz and the throughput is 175Mbps with 16 clock latencies.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.66-79
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose a new adaptive intra coding technique using 1-D and 2-D integer transforms for improving coding efficiency of H.264/AVC. Proposed technique selects the most effective transform and prediction mode for each block after processing 1-D and 2-D transforms of all prediction modes. In case of using 1-D transform, $4{\times}4$ block is divided into four $1{\times}4$ or $4{\times}1$ subblocks and then each subblock is predicted and subtracted by using the decoded subblock located at the nearest position in the direction of prediction. After prediction error subblock is processed by 1-D transform and quantization, four subblocks are merged back into original $4{\times}4$ block and then, reordered as 1-D signal by a DC biased zigzag scanning pattern according to the prediction mode. Finally, comparing the coding efficiency between bitstreams based on 1-D transform and conventional 2-D transform, prediction mode and quantized coefficients for each block are decided and corresponding quantized coefficients are transmitted. Experimental results show that the proposed adaptive technique increases 0.34dB in BD-PSNR and decreases 4.03% in BD-Bitrate on the average compared with H.264/AVC.