• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.219-228
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation of yeast culture on the nutrient digestibility, performance and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. Corn-soy basal diets contained 20, 18, and 16% CP and 3,265kcal/kg ME at different growth stages. One hundred and twenty pigs(8wk-old) were allocated into four supplementation levels of yest culture (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4%) in Expt 1. Weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were periodically recorded for 112 days. A metabolic feeding trial was conducted to measure the nutrient digestibility. Physical and chemical characteristics of the Longissimus Dorsi muscle(LM) from the pigs were measured at the end of experiment (Expt 2). In Expt 1, weight gain and feed efficiency were not different among the dietary treatment groups during the overall period. The digestibilities of protein and fiber were greater in 0.1% and 0.2% yeast culture-supplemented groups than in control (P<0.05). However, fat and ash digestibilities were not improved by the dietary treatment. In Expt 2, the LM protein content in 0.1% yeast culture-supplemented group, but not in 0.2% or 0.4%-supplemented group, was greater than that in the control group (P<0.05). The LM pH, purge loss, cooking loss and color were not affected by the dietary treatment. The LM shearing force was less in 0.2% yeast culture-supplemented group than in the control group (P<0.05). Other LM physicochemical properties did not differ between the dietary treatment groups. Total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids percentages and total cholesterol content of the LM did not differ across the dietary treatment groups.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.189-195
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• 1978

Using the skins of conger eel, Astroconger myriaster, and hagfish, Eptatretus burzeri, from fillet manufactory, the optimum conditions of skin glue processing were investigated and physical ana chemical properties of the product were also determined. The yields of conger eel and hagfish skin to the total body weight were $10.6\%$ and $11.4\%$, respectively. The optimum processing conditions for conger eel skin glue were the extraction of skins which were previously tinted with $0.3\%$ calcium hydroxide solution for one hour, in water at pH 5.5 and $60^{\circ}C$ for four hours. The additional water was six times sample weight. In case of the hagfish skin glue, the liming time with $0.3\%$ calcium hydroxide solution was suitable for three hours, and the skins were extracted with water as much as nine times sample weight at pH 5.0 and $60^{\circ}C$ for three hours. The contents of crude protein of conger eel and hagfish skin glue were $91.5\%$ and $90.2\%$, respectively. The content of crude lipid was slightly higher than that of chemical grade gelatin. Relative viscosity, melting point, gelation temperature and jelly strength of conger eel skin glue were 13.6, $15.2^{\circ}C$, $6.2^{\circ}C$ and 13.0g respectively and those of hagfish skin glue were 12.9, $14.8^{\circ}C$, $4.3^{\circ}C$ and 23.3g respectively. The turbidity of conger eel skin glue and hagfish skin glue were slightly superior to those of dry glue.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2017

The key quality attributes of the pressed powder, one of base makeup products, are skin-affinity and spreadability. In general, there was a limit to meet skin-affinity and spreadability simultaneously, which are opposite attributes each other. In this study, air jet mill process was tried to satisfy two main properties. Skin-affinity was improved by a wet coating of sericite with a mixture of lauroyl lysine (LL) and sodium cocoyl glutamate (SCG). The application of mono-dispersed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and diphenyl dimethicone/vinyl diphenyl dimethicone/silsesquioxane crosspolymer (DDVDDSC) improved both qualities. Air jet mill process has been mainly applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries, and is a method used for processing powder materials in cosmetic field. In this study, we were able to complete makeup cosmetics with an optimum particle size $6.8{\mu}m$ by combining the air jet mill process at the manufacturing stage. It was confirmed that the Ti element was uniformly distributed throughout the cosmetics by EDS mapping, and that the corners of the tabular grains were rounded by SEM analysis. It is considered that this can provide an effect of improving the spreadability when the cosmetic is applied to the skin by using a makeup tool. LL with excellent skin compatibility and SCG derived from coconut with little skin irritation were wet coated to further enhance the adhesion of sericite. SEM images were analyzed to evaluate effect of the dispersion and uniformity of PMMA on spreadability. With the spherical shapes of similar size, it was found that the spreading effect was further increased when the distribution was homogeneously mono-dispersed. The dispersion and spreadability of PMMA were confirmed by measuring the kinetic friction and optimal content was determined. The silicone rubber powder, DDVDDSC, was confirmed by evaluating the hardness, spreading value, and drop test. Finally, it was found that the dispersion of PMMA and silicone rubber powder affected spreadability. Such makeup cosmetics have excellent stability in drop test while having appropriate hardness, and good stability over time. Taken together, it is concluded that air jet mill process can be utilized as a method to improve skin-affinity and spreadability of the pressed powder.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.95-111
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• 2004

This research sought to determine the status of the installation and operation of composting facilities of domestic public resource-making facilities and come up with corresponding improvement measures. The composting facilities were the most extensively installed of related facilities with over a 0.5 ton treated volume per day. The monthly and yearly carry-in volume of food waste were found to stand at 1,101.7 tons per day and 930.9 tons per day, thus falling short of the average planned volume of 1,270.9 tons. Many composting facilities, which were installed in areas for which factory registration were not approved, did not get approvals. Composting facilities underwent operation stoppage mainly due to faulty fermentation and crushing equipment. Mainly metals contained in food waste caused faults to the crushing equipment, thus requiring a facility designing against faults and corrosion. The initial water content was found to stand at 50-60%, thus complying with the requirement. However, since the composting food waste had an appropriate mixture of sawdust, food waste, and returned compost, it should meet the initial conditions. For fermentation facilities, the duration time for fermentation was 15 days, and post-fermentation tanks required 21 days of duration time, thus establishing the minimum criteria. However, some facilities did not meet the requirements, taking more time in decomposition, thus suggesting a need to determine the duration time according to facilities. In composting food waste, microorganism-based thermal oxidizer-operated fermentation tanks should be used to ensure an economic operation. On the contrary, 14 out of 25 survey targets heated fermentation tanks in any form. These thermal facilities contain the growth of bacteria, lowering chemical reaction in composting; thus composting facilities should be basically designed to use microorganism-based thermal oxidizers in drying water. An average daily volume of food waste and supplementary materials that was injected in producing compost was 22.8 tons. This volume produced 7.3 tons of compost per day, decreasing 68%. Properties of produced compost were analyzed by its color, absence or presence of remaining decomposition heat, and smell, to assess the quality. As a result, the composting process was not properly installed nor operated in about 50% of composting facilities. Compost should be produced to be soil-friendly.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.16 no.1 s.79
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• pp.79-87
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• 2004

The qualify of lightweight aggregate made from waste PET bottle(WPLA) and the workability, the unit weight and strength property of concrete with WPLA were investigated for the purpose of recycling the waste PET bottles as lightweight concrete fine aggregate. This study indicated a good result that WPLA should be replaced with less than $50\%$ of natural fine aggregate. When WPLA was replaced with $50\%$ of natural fine aggregate, the specific gravity and water absorption of mixed fine aggregate were greatly reduced about 23 and $75\%$ respectively in comparison with those of river sand. The quality of WPLA affected on the properties of lightweight aggregate concrete. The workability of fresh concrete with WPLA(WPLAC) was improved with increasing the replacement ratio of WPLA and water cement ratio. Slump increasing ratio of the former showed about $45 {\~} 120\%$ because that a specific gravity of fine aggregate was decreased from 2.6 to 1.7. The unit weight of concrete with $75\%$ WPLA was decreased about $17\%$ in comparison with that of control concrete. Furthermore, the compressive strength of concrete with 25 and $50 \%$ WPLA at the age of 28 days increased higher than 30 MPa regardless with water cement ratio (W/C=45, 49 and $53\%$) of this study. Specific strength of concrete with $25\%$ WPLA, $15.11{\times}10^3 MPa{\cdot}m^3/kg$, was higher than that of contro concrete in water cement ratio of $49\%$. The compressive strength-splitting tensile strength ratio and compressive strength-modulus of elasticity ratio of WPLAC were similar to that of nomal lightweight aggregate concrete. This results showed a good estimation that WPLA will be able to recycled as a fine aggregate for lightweight concrete.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.161-170
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• 2003

The aesthetic restorative materials are widely used in recent dentistry, showed not only the different quality between each component but also showed that the environment of the material has important effect on the physical properties of the material. Especially, when the restoratives are restored in the mouth, and since saliva is existing, the restoratives are always exposed to water and affected by the saliva. The purpose of this study was to research and compare the change of the degree of water sorption after water immersion of three types of the resin-based materials and the compressive strength, and observe the relation between the change of the water absorbing degree and the compressive strength. Z-100(3M, U.S.A) as a composite resin, F-2000(3M, U.S.A) as a compomer and Vitremer Restoratives(3M, U.S.A) as a resin-modified GIC were used, and each specimen was made to measure the water sorption and to evaluate the compressive strength. The specimens for measurement of the water sorption and the compressive strength were divided into 4 groups(1 day, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8weeks). Each specimen was filled in the 30cc vial with 20cc of distilled water during the fixed amount of period in $37^{\circ}C$. The water sorption is decided by dividing the difference of weight before and after the immersion by the volume, and the compressive strength was measured by using the instron after the immersion. The following results were obtained ; 1. The more the water sorption increased, the more the immersion period of three restorative materials was long. And the most of water sorption was obtained during the first 2 weeks(P<0.001). 2. The water sorption of resin-modified GIC was higher than composite resin and compomer. 3. The more the compressive strength decreased, the more the immersion period of three restorative materials increased(composite resin and compomer: P<0.001, resin-modified GIC: P<0.05). Especially, the amount of the reduction in compressive strength of the composite resin was the highest. 4. The more the water sorption of all materials increased, the more the compressive strength decreased(P<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the physiochemical properties and anti-diabetic effect of yacon vinegar by two-step fermentation. Yacon was matured at room temperature for 20 days. The sugar content of yacon juice prepared from mature yacon was approximately $14^{\circ}Brix$. In the first stage, yacon wine was produced from the juice at $28^{\circ}C$ for 6 days. In the second stage, acetic acid fermentation was conducted at $30^{\circ}C$ and 200 rpm for 6 days to produce yacon vinegar with 4.75% acidity. The major free sugars of yacon vinegar were glucose and fructose at 2,072.12 mg% and 463.95 mg%, respectively. The acetic acid content was the highest of the major organic acids at 3,881.44 mg%. The total free amino acid content was 62.88 mg% with the main free amino acids being proline, ${\gamma}$-amino-n-butyric acid and ornithine. The major minerals of yacon vinegar were Ca, K and Mg. The in vivo anti-diabetic activity of yacon vinegar was investigated in high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Diabetic mice were administered orally with 10% yacon juice and two yacon vinegars (5% and 10%) at a dose of 7 mL/kg body weight once per day for 4 weeks. Five% yacon vinegar improved the fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance test significantly compared to the diabetic control group (p<0.05). Yacon vinegar increased the pancreatic C-peptide concentration in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that 5% yacon vinegar has a more potent effect on ameliorating hyperglycemia than 10% yacon juice.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1977

The purpose of this study is to complish a method of fish glue malting with residual products such as fish head and skin discarded from sea food processing. Using the skins of Alaska pollack and file fish from fillet packers, the optimum conditions of skin glue processing were investigated and physical and chemical properties of the product were also determined. The yields of Alaska pollack, Thelagra calcogramma, skin and file fish, Novodon modestus, skin to the total body weight were $4.6\%\;and\;5.0\%$ respectively. The optimum conditions for a $49.3\%$n yield Alaska pollack skin glue processing were considered the extraction of previously tinted in $0.1\%$ calcium hydroxide solution for 3 hours with the additional water as much as 3 times of sample weight at $70^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours under the controlled pH 5.0. The conditions for file fish skin glue were similar to those of Alaska pollack except the addition of five times of water to the weight of sample skin needed for extraction. The content of crude protein of Alaska pollack and file fish skin glue were $98.0\%\;and\;96.0\%$ respectively. The contents of crude ash and crude lipid were not different from that of chemical grade gelatin. Relative viscosity, melting point, gelation temperature and jelly strength of Alaska pollack skin glue marked 5.84, $21.8^{\circ}C,\;7.1^{\circ}C\;and\;10.0g$ respectively and those of file fish skin glue showed $5.79,\;25.0^{\circ}C,\;7.4^{\circ}C\;and\;11.6g$ respectively.The color and turbidity of Alaska pollack skin glue are slightly superior to those of file fish skin glue. It is supposed that the extract residue of skin glue is valuable for use the animal feeds by the results of amino acid composition. And the ratio of each amino acid content to the total amino acid of Alaska pollack and file fish skin glue is similar to that of chemical grade gelatin.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of non-specific immuno-stimulator(NIS) supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of eighty[Duroc${\times}$Yorkshir${\times}$Landrace] pigs(60.55${\pm}$3.72 kg in average initial body weight) were used for a 9-week assay. Dietary treatments included as follows 1) CON(basal diet), 2) NIS1(basal diet for 6 weeks and 0.05% NIS for 3 weeks), 3) NIS2(basal diet for 3 weeks and 0.05% NIS for 6 weeks) and 4) NIS3(0.05% NIS for 9 weeks). Average daily gain during the feeding period was not significantly different among the treatments (p>0.05). However, average daily feed intake was higher in NIS2 than CON(p<0.05). Backfat thickness did not differ among the treatments(p>0.05). The appearance rate of A or B carcass grade was much higher in NIS1 (58%) and NIS3 (75%) than CON(50%) and NIS2(50%). L＊(lightness) value of loin was higher in NIS1 and NIS3 than CON and NIS2. However, there was no effect by dietary NIS(p>0.05). Although a＊(redness) value of loin was lower in CON than other treatments, there was no significant difference among the treatments(p>0.05). No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties(marbling, firmness and color) among the treatments. The results from the present study suggest that NIS could be an effective feed additive to improve pork quality. However, further research is needed to investigate effect of carcass characteristics.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.509-518
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat shock treatments on the phytochemicals including antioxidants and anticancer materials in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) sprouts. In study I, kale sprouts grown under the growing system for four days were soaked at 40, 50, or $60^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 10, 30, or 60 seconds, and in study II, kale sprouts were soaked at $50^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 10, 20, 30, 45, or 60 seconds. After the heat shock treatments, the sprouts were transferred into normal growing conditions and recovered there for two days. Fresh and dry weights, electrolyte leakage, total phenolic concentration, antioxidant capacity, total flavonoid concentration, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, and glucosinolates content of the sprouts were measured before and after the heat shock treatments. As a result, there was a significant decrease in the fresh and dry weight of kale sprouts treated with heat shock compared with control at harvest in study I. Especially, heat shock at $60^{\circ}C$ lead to more pronounced growth inhibition compared with heat treatments at 40 and $50^{\circ}C$. Electrolyte leakage by cell collapse was the highest in the sprouts exposed to $60^{\circ}C$ distilled water, which agreed with the growth results. Heat shock at $50^{\circ}C$ significantly induced the accumulation of phenolic compounds. In study II, fresh weight of kale sprouts at $50^{\circ}C$ heat shock showed a significant decrease compared with the control at one and two days after the treatment. However, the decrease was minimal and dry weight of kale sprouts was not significantly different from that in control. In contrast, the heat shock-treated kale sprouts had higher level of total phenolic concentration than control at harvest. Heat shock treatments at $50^{\circ}C$ for 20 seconds or more showed at least 1.5 and 1.2 times higher total phenolic concentration and antioxidants capacity than control, respectively. The change of the total flavonoid concentration was similar with that of antioxidants. PAL activity after 24 hours of heat shock was higher in all the heat shock-treated sprouts than that in control suggesting heat shock may stimulate secondary metabolic pathway in kale sprouts. Seven glucosinolates were identified in kale sprouts and soaking the sprouts with $50^{\circ}C$ water for 20 seconds had a pronounced impact on the accumulation of total glucosinolates as well as two major glucosinolates, progoitrin and sinigrin, at harvest. In conclusion, this study suggests that heat shock using hot water would be a potential strategy to improve nutritional quality of kale sprouts by inducing the accumulation of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anticancer properties.