• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.244-257
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• 2023

The study aimed to investigate the effect of low-frequency oscillations on the cow udder, milk parameters, and animal welfare during the automated milking process. The study's objective was to investigate the impact of low-frequency oscillations on the udder and teats' blood circulation by creating a mathematical model of mammary glands, using milkers and vibrators to analyze the theoretical dynamics of oscillations. The mechanical vibration device developed and tested in the study was mounted on a DeLaval automatic milking machine, which excited the udder with low-frequency oscillations, allowing the analysis of input parameters (temperature, oscillation amplitude) and using feedback data, changing the device parameters such as vibration frequency and duration. The experimental study was performed using an artificial cow's udder model with and without milk and a DeLaval milking machine, exciting the model with low-frequency harmonic oscillations (frequency range 15-60 Hz, vibration amplitude 2-5 mm). The investigation in vitro applying low-frequency of the vibration system's first-order frequencies in lateral (X) direction showed the low-frequency values of 23.5-26.5 Hz (effective frequency of the simulation analysis was 25.0 Hz). The tested values of the first-order frequency of the vibration system in the vertical (Y) direction were 37.5-41.5 Hz (effective frequency of the simulation analysis was 41.0 Hz), with higher amplitude and lower vibration damping. During in vivo experiments, while milking, the vibrator was inducing mechanical milking-similar vibrations in the udder. The vibrations were spreading to the entire udder and caused physiotherapeutic effects such as activated physiological processes and increased udder base temperature by 0.57℃ (p < 0.001), thus increasing blood flow in the udder. Used low-frequency vibrations did not significantly affect milk yield, milk composition, milk quality indicators, and animal welfare. The investigation results showed that applying low-frequency vibration on a cow udder during automatic milking is a non-invasive, efficient method to stimulate blood circulation in the udder and improve teat and udder health without changing milk quality and production. Further studies will be carried out in the following research phase on clinical and subclinical mastitis cows.

• Journal of Convergence Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2022

Objectives: Smoking had a long negative impact on public health. The ingredients of a cigarette are major risk factors for several diseases. Owing to the problems about economic and quality of life, we need to ensure smoking cessation (SC). There are several approaches for SC including pharmacological therapy, nicotine replacement therapy, education, and behavioral intervention. However, due to some limitations, other alternative approaches are gaining popularity. Acupuncture has been reported to have few side effects and be more effective than some conventional treatments in several articles. However, there are no systematic reviews on the comparison of acupuncture combination treatment with other conventional monotherapies. Methods: Randomized controlled trials that used acupuncture as an adjunct treatment for SC will be searched and data will be summarized according to the predefined criteria. The primary outcome will be the abstinence rate, and secondary outcomes will be adverse events and biochemical indicators. We will use Review Manager to perform a meta-analysis, Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool for the risk of bias assessment, and the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to determine the quality of evidence. We will investigate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combination treatment for SC with this study. Ethics and dissemination: This study will provide reliable clinical evidence on additional effect of acupuncture on smoking cessation. We will publish our results in a peer-review journal.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.80-87
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• 2023

Rancidity changes were examined for 6 herbal medicines, namely Persicae Semen, Armeniacae Semen, Lini Semen, Trichosanthis Semen, Arecae Semen, Myristicae Semen known to have relatively high fat content. In order to reduce rancidity of herbal medicines, samples were stored at 3 different conditions of room, refrigerating and freezing temperatures, and the rancidity was measured for 10 months with every 2 month interval. Fat content was extracted by using ethyl ether, and acid values and peroxide values, which are generally accepted indicators of fat rancidity, were measured. When storing Persicae Semen, Lini Semen and Arecae Semen at room temperature, the acid values increased as the storage period increased, and it was higher than when stored in refrigeration or freezing. The measurement of peroxide value showed more significantly higher initial degree of rancidity when Persicae Semen, Trichosanthis Semen, Arecae Semen and Myristicae Semen were stored at room temperature. It was observed that storing herbal medicines in refrigeration or freezing inhibited their rancidity compared to storing them at room temperature. To investigate the quality changes according to rancidity, the analysis of aflatoxins and indicator components showed that aflatoxins B₁ and B₂ were detected in Armeniacae Semen, Arecae Semen and Myristicae Semen, and the amount of amygdalin was well maintained within the specification standard.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.213-226
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• 2012

As the Korean rental car industry turned into a mature stage, the competition level has become stronger than ever. In 2006, AJ Rent a Car declared customer satisfaction management as its vision to make a breakthrough. Through various service innovation efforts, AJ has been successfully offering meaningful and differentiated values to the customers. As results, the complaints rate has decreased, while service quality index has significantly increased. These service quality indicators have led to improved customer satisfaction level which was measured by re-purchase intention and customer satisfaction index, and AJ outran its major competitors in these dimensions of competition. The first key success factor of AJ is its effective service system. AJ manages the VOC, ERP, and CRM system in a well organized manner. AJ's another key success factor is a effective service process, which helps the organization share and respond to customer complaints in an efficient way. Finally, the management communicates the clear vision and strategic direction not only with the customers but also with the entire organization. With these three factors combined, AJ has created the service oriented corporate culture. Based on the culture. AJ has been able to develop a strong and sustainable competitive advantage in customer satisfaction management.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2018

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented garlic solution (FGS) on the performance, egg quality and blood profiles of laying hens in the finishing period. In total, 432 Lohmann Brown hens aged 79 weeks were equally distributed into four dietary treatments with six replicate. Hens were fed the basal diet containing 2,750 kcal/kg of ME and 16% of CP, which was supplemented with either 0% (control), 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% FGS from 79 to 83 weeks old. Laying performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acids and serum characteristics were analyzed at the end of experiment. Egg production and feed conversion was numerically improved in FGS supplementation treatments compared to those in the control, but were not statistically different. The albumen height and Haugh unit showed significant increase (P<0.05) in the FGS supplementation groups. The concentration of saturated fatty acid decreased in the yolks of birds fed FGS (P<0.01), whereas the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and mono-UFA contents were significantly higher (P<0.01) in those treatments than in the control. Significantly lower natural fat and cholesterol in serum were observed in birds fed the 0.20% FGS supplementation diet (P<0.01). However, the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in both the 0.10% and 0.20% FGS supplementation groups. In addition, interleukin-2 mRNA and CD4+/CD8+ level in serum which were cellular immunity indicators showed statistical differences (P<0.01) among treatments and a higher concentration in the 0.10% and 0.20% FGS groups than in the control. Thus, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of FGS improved egg quality and stimulated immune response in mature laying hens.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the change in the quality of early season Fuji apples that were subjected to eight different storage conditions using the developed controlled atmosphere (CA) storage system. Early season Fuji apples grown at Mungyeong, in the South Korea, were harvested in September 2014 for storage studies. Flesh firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solid content, weight loss, and internal browning disorder were used as quality indicators for the stored apples. Flesh firmness and weight loss were better than that of the control after 70 days of storage. However, there was no significant difference in the titratable acidity or total soluble solid content among the apple samples from eight chambers after storage. The internal browning disorder of apple samples in CA chambers occurred when exposed to 1% $CO_2+2%$ $O_2$ and 1% $CO_2+0.5%$ $O_2$, resulting in a higher incidence rate of 2 and 8% after 70 days of storage than that in the control. In addition, the CA storage conditions at 3, 4 and 5% $CO_2+2%$ $O_2$ increased the rate of internal browning disorder by 26%. Therefore, CA storage can be used to maintain the quality of the apple if the optimal gas concentrations in the CA are applied to the storage strategy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.904-911
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of traditional wine using an radio-frequency identification (RFID) system annexed to a fermenter. In this study, we proposed an RFID-based data transmission scheme for monitoring fermentation of traditional alcoholic beverages. The pH, total acidity, total sugar, soluble sugar, free sugar, alcohol content, and organic acids of were investigated and subjected to fermentation of traditional alcoholic beverages three times. The pH ranged from 7.98, 7.95, and 7.68 at day 0, decreased drastically to 3.31~2.96 at day 2, and then slowly increased to the end point, finally reaching 3.34 at day 20. Acidity tended to increase quickly with time, especially for all samples after day 2. The fermentation environment induced a sudden increase acidity in reactants and indicated a low pH. The total sugars during fermentation quickly decreased to the range of 20.3, 22.43, and 19.2% at day 2, and the slope of reduction steadily decreased to 5.1, 6.1, and 4.8% at day 10. On the other hand, the alcohol content showed the reverse trend as total sugars. The alcohol content also showed the same pattern as total acids, showing the highest alcohol content of 17.3% (v/v) on day 20. In this study on traditional wine fermentation using an RFID system, we showed that pH, soluble sugar, and alcohol content can be adopted as key indicators for quality control and standardization of traditional wine manufacturing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.19-19
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• 2022

Hulled and naked oat is a perspective crop for the low input production systems due to its low requirements for soil quality and nutrition. Oats have good competitive ability against weeds and can provide appropriate yield in organic farming in comparison with other cereal species such as wheat or barley. It is a perspective crop from the point of view of use in the food industry too. The aim of our study was to compare the production and quality parameters of naked and hulled oat grown in both organic (OF) and conventional fields (CF). Small plot trials were conducted in two locations in the Czech Republic (České Budějovice, Prague) for four years (2018-2021) in two production systems (OF, and CF). We used four varieties of hulled oat (Korok, Kertag, Raven, Seldon) and one variety of naked oat (Patrik). During the vegetation, agronomically important data were recorded. After harvest samples were processed in the laboratory and analyzed selected quality parameters of grain dry matter (the protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, starch content in grain according to Ewers, fat content in grain dry matter by the modified method according to Soxhlet, and ash content in grain dry matter). The data were evaluated using the program STATISTICA version 13.2, StatSoft, Inc., California, USA. It is clear from the results that the number of panicles before the harvest was influenced by the location, cultivation system, year, and, to a lesser extent, the influence of the variety. The number of panicles in OF averaged 340 per square meter, which was 90% of the value of CF. For thousand grain weight (TGW), a significantly predominant effect of year was found. The independent effect of location on TGW was statistically not significant. Grain yield was predominantly influenced by cultivation system and location. In OF, it reached an average of 3.97 t.ha^-1, which was 75% of the yield of CF. As part of the evaluation of the basic grain quality indicators, the content of protein, starch, fat, and ash in the dry matter of the grain was evaluated. The content of protein in the dry matter of the grain was predominantly influenced by year, followed by the influence of the variety and a fairly comparable influence of the cultivation system and locality. On average, it achieved 16.05% in OF and 17.01% in CF. The starch content was then related to the protein content, where as a result of the lower protein content in the grain of OF oats, the content of starch and fat was on the contrary increased. The year turned out to be the most significant factor, affecting both the starch content in the dry matter of the grain and the fat content. This was followed again by a fairly comparable influence on the cultivation system and locality. The influence of the cultivation system and location was not statistically significantly applied in the case of ash content in dry matter. Based on our results we can propose both types of oat (hulled and naked) as perspective crops for OF. An organic farmer can expect to achieve stable yields which, in less favorable conditions for the production of cereals in the OF, may be close to the level of conventional yields. In the future, it will be important to change agrotechnology in OF and increase oat yield because this crop has a good potential to grow in areas with low nitrogen input or less fertile soil.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-29
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• 2019

The knowledge resources take a role in promoting the sustainable growth of organization. Therefore, it is important for the members of organization to acquire knowledge consistently so that the company can continue to grow. Knowledge service is the field that provides information and infrastructure which enable the members of organization to acquire new knowledge. As we recognized the importance of knowledge services, we analyzed the level of knowledge service management and development through the impact of knowledge quality on user capabilities. First, the matrix of knowledge patterns was presented based on the type of information and the level of customer interaction. According to patterns, the knowledge service was classified into three types of information providing, information analysis, and infrastructure, and then the results of structural model analysis were presented for each type. It found that the impact of knowledge service quality on user competence was different according to the type of service. The results suggested new indicators for measuring the performance of knowledge services, and provided information for reconstructing services based on the user considering the integrated operation of knowledge service and organizational designing knowledge service.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate water quality and pollutant loads on small agricultural watershed in Jeonbuk province. The EC level of investigated watershed ranged from 0.07 to 0.52 dS/m, BOD level ranged from 0.1 to 5.0 mg/L, and $COD_{Cr}$ level ranged from 0.6 to 17.7 mg/L. As above, contents of water quality indicators covered wide range, but each indicator was alike in mean content every other year. The contents of EC, $Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;K^+\;and\;Na^+$ were decreased in rainy season, but the contents of BOD, $COD_{Cr},\;COD_{Mn}$, T-N and T-P were not greatly different as compared to dry season. And high content of SS showed substantial sediments near the surface flow out and influence on water system in rainy season. The pollutant loads measured in terminal of watershed were $9.6{\sim}757.9$ kg/day for BOD, $51.2{\sim}1418.5$ kg/day for T-N and $0.3{\sim}44.7$ kg/day for T-P. The pollutant loads of BOD, T-N and T-P in rainy season increased several times as compared to dry season. In rainy season, watershed with more than 30% in the proportion of paddy field to land showed relatively low discharge and pollutant loads in comparison to watershed with less than 30%. The discharge of watershed in rainy season increased 5.7times compared with the dry season in watershed with less than 30% in the proportion of paddy field to land, whereas was only 2.3times in watershed with more than 30%. The correlation coefficient($R^2$) of regression between discharge and pollutant loads of T-N were higher than those of BOD and T-P.