• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.495-503
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• 2010

Analyses were conducted to estimate the effect of quality grade on the carcass characteristics, physico-chemical and sensory traits of Longissimus dorsi in Hanwoo. A total of 42,113 carcasses were selected on the basis of five quality grades (grade $1^{++}$, $1^+$, 1, 2, and 3) and an additional 258 samples of Longissimus dorsi were used to evaluate the beef quality. The increase in quality grade from grade 3 to grade $1^{++}$ was significant (p<0.05) for carcass weight (from 338.7 kg to 387.2 kg), backfat thickness (from 7.45 mm to 12.23 mm) and marbling score (from 1.09 to 8.31). In contrast, significantly decreased levels of meat color, fat color, texture and maturity were apparent with increasing quality grade (p<0.05). Increasing quality grade was also correlated with significant increases (p<0.05) in crude fat contents (from 3.57% to 25.68%) and water holding capacity (from 52.41% to 58.03), and a decrease of the Warner-Bratzler shear force from 8.29 kg to 2.83 kg. The highest $L^*$ value (41.53) and highest cooking loss (22.11%) were observed with grade $1^{++}$ and 3 beef, respectively. There was no difference observed on $pH_{24}$ (5.53 to 5.66) among the quality grades, which were within the normal range. Sensory evaluation experiments revealed that quality grades were associated with significantly altered (all p<0.05) tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and overall acceptability. The crude fat contents showed significant correlation with juiciness (r=0.59), tenderness (r=0.71), flavor (r=0.55), and overall acceptability (r=0.69). The lower sensory trait scores were related to higher WBs. Grade $1^+$ Hanwoo beef had a significantly higher WBs and lower fat contents when compared to grade $1^{++}$ Hanwoo beef (p<0.05).

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.200-208
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was aimed to examine the gap between predicted cesarean section rate and real cesarean section rate and it's determining factors of 44 tertiary hospitals. Method: This study is a cross-sectional analysis using the data of 25,623 deliveries in 2009 drawn from homepage of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Data were analyzed with t-test, F-test, Scheff$\acute{e}$ test, and logistic regression. Result: There were statistically significant differences in the gap of cesarean section rate (more gap indicates higher quality of delivery) by grade of nurse staffing and delivery cases. Hospitals with nurse staffing grade 1 to 2 had more possibility to be classified into higher grade in quality of delivery (OR 5.67, 95% CI 1.07-30.08). Also hospitals with over 500 delivery cases had more possibility be classified into higher grade in quality of delivery (OR 4.92, 95% CI 1.14-21.23, respectively). Conclusion: The finding suggests that grade of nurse staffing may influence the real cesarean section rate because nurses do a vital role to prevent unnecessary cesarean section. Further study is required to provide evidence that nurse staffing influence on patient outcome and cost-effectiveness in order to obtain adequate number of nursing staffs.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

The presence of high silica in bamboo hinders the use of this material for production of rayon grade pulp. Research has been carried out to overcome this deficiency and improve quality of rayon grade pulp with the modification in pulping and bleaching process. Effect of acid boosted water prehydrolysis, sulphuric acid pre-treatment of unbleached pulp, chlorination stage at lower pH and treatment of bleached pulp with $SO_2$ water were evaluated. Acid boosted water prehydrolysis of chips reduces prehydrolysis time by 50 minutes as compared to water prehydrolysis. Treatment of unbleached pulp with sulphuric acid reduces ash, acid insoluble, silica, calcium and iron contents of the pulp by 56, 31, 82, 84 and 60% respectively. The addition of acid, increase in kappa factor in $C_D$ stage and combination of both were effective in removing silica in the pulp. Treatment of final bleached pulp with $SO_2$ water removes silica to a great extent and improves optical properties of the pulp as compared to $H_2SO_4$ or PAA. Pretreatment of the pulp with acid and modification in the bleaching process can reduce silica substantially and improve the quality of rayon grade bamboo pulp.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate feed value of imported hays and examine current situation of species and hay grade. To evaluate the quality of the imported hay, 133 pieces including 9 species of roughage types were collected at the national hay importers, the TMR companies and livestock farms from 2016 to 2018. The quality grades of imported hay were 3~4 and most imported hay were considered to had low. The ADF, Ash, TDN and DDM in feed composition of alfalfa by quality grades presented significant differences(p<0.05). The quality grade on alfalfa was not similar to the actual quality grades calculated through feed composition. The feed composition of grasses by quality degrees presented significant differences in all contents except DM and CP (p<0.05). As the distributed grasses of the unmarked quality grade was low quality and accounted for 49%, it is urgent to present quality standards based on feed composition. As these results, the grades of imported hays were lower than the marked quality grades. Therefore, the imported roughage's(hay) price that considered to only quality grades on the marked imported roughages(hay) package can cause a loss to the livestock farms as economic damage. An institutional arrangement should be established to review the quality grades of imported hay.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of addition of mugwort powder and carcass grade on the quality characteristics of pork patty. Pork patties prepared from A patty(grade B pork patty), B patty(grade B pork patty containing mugwort powder), C patty(grade E pork patty) and D patty(grade E pork patty containing mugwort powder). The chemical composition, calorie, residual nitrite, surface color, textural properties, water holding capacity and sensory evaluation were evaluated. Moisture contents(%) were not different among patties, and crude fat(%) and calorie values of patties prepared from grade B pork meat were higher than those of patties prepared from grade E pork meat. Crude ash contents(%) were not different among patties, and residual nitrite contents(ppm) of patties containing mugwort powder were lower than those of patties without mugwort powder. Hunter L and b values of patties prepared from grade B pork meat were higher than those of patties prepared from grade E pork meat, and Hunters a values of patties prepared from grade E pork meat were higher than those of patties prepared from grade B pork meat. Hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness values of patties prepared from grade B pork meat were lower than those of patties prepared from grade E pork meat. Aroma, taste, texture, juiciness, color and palatability values were not different among patties.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.s01
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• pp.124-138
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• 1988

This paper comprised a review of published literature dealing with the evaluation of tobacco quality and usability. Evaluation of tobacco quality and usability seems to be difficult not only due to our inability to define them in simple and easily measurable term but also due to their relations to the profitability of tobacco companies and safety of comsumers. Chemical constituents and smoking taste and aroma of the tobacco represent the underlying basis for tobacco quality: however, tobacco is still purchased upon its physical appearance. Grade and value system is very convenient for evaluating the tobacco quality, if the system is based on the triangular relationship of physical appearance, chemical and smoking properties of tobacco, and also based on intrinsic quality of the tobacco independent of external influences. Grade and value system for tobacco in Korea is thought to be influenced by external factors besides intrinsic quality. Therefore, we have to concern new systems that could be supplement to, or replacement for currently available grade and value system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2015

This study was conducted to make certain that the intramuscular fat score at 13th rib could represent the fat content of whole loin from Hanwoo in Korea beef grading system. A total 42 loins from 23 carcasses of grade $1^{{+}{+}}$, 16 carcasses of grade $1^+$, and 3 carcasses of grade 1 of Hanwoo were used for this study. The crude fat content and intramuscular fat score at the $1^{st}$, $6^{th}$, and $13^{th}$ rib, and the last lumbar position of loin were measured. The crude fat content was the highest at the $6^{th}$ rib of loin from the carcasses of grade $1^{{+}{+}}$ and $1^+$ (p<0.05). There were no significant difference of the intramuscular fat scores measured by image analysis and beef marbling score (BMS) between the 6th and $13^{th}$ rib of loin from the carcasses of $1^{{+}{+}}$ and $1^+$ and that were significantly higher than intramuscular fat scores at the $1^{st}$ rib and the last lumbar position of the loin. From the results, we conclude that the intramuscular fat score at the $13^{th}$ rib can represent the fat content of loin when meat graders decide the grade of Hanwoo carcass.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2013

The survey was conducted to investigate the relation between slaughter inspection results and the quality of cattle carcasses by inquiring animal products grading service results of Korea Institute for Animal Products Quality Evaluation (KAPE) about partial-disposed cattle carcasses after dismantling inspection. Of the 13,586 slaughtered cattle, 1,343 (9.9%) cattle heads were partially disposed from January to August, 2012 at slaughterhouses in Gwangju area, Korea. Of the 1,343 partial disposed cattle, 613 (45.6%) cattle carcasses were graded into above "Grade 1". Among partially disposed 1,171 Hanwoo heads, 613 (52.3%) cattle carcasses were graded into above "Grade 1". However, none of dairy and beef cattle carcasses were graded into above "Grade 1" out of 163 and 9 partial disposals, respectively. Of the 221 partial disposals by enteric fat necrosis, 139 carcasses were graded into above "Grade 1", and the ratio; 62.9% (P=0.001), was higher than that (50.3%) of total cattle carcass grade which is above "Grade 1". From these results, it is suggested that quality of cattle carcasses which is mainly determined by marbling might be related to the fatty lesions such as fatty liver and enteric fat necrosis.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.40-66
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to develop and applicate textbook relevant to school indoor air quality. To achieve the purpose, concrete study process are as follows. First, the survey research to teachers, supervisors, and students is conducted to grasp cognition of subjects in elementary school and management situation about school indoor air quality. Second, contents relevant to indoor air quality on textbooks in the 7th elementary curriculum and subsidiary textbooks is analysed through reference study. Third, environmental textbook relevant to school indoor air quality for 5th and 6th grade in elementary school is developed, applicated, and inspected its effect on the basis of implications from results of survey and reference study. The results of this study are as follows. First, the result of survey concerning school indoor air quality showed that three groups had negative attitude for its management even though they thought that it affected human's health and study by and large. Student group thought that each of students itself was a little influence to school indoor air pollution though all of three groups answered that' activities of students' was its main source. Efforts of students to improve school indoor air quality was not much, and its main reason was that they didn't know about school indoor air pollution well. Second, result of analysis into textbooks on the 7th elementary curriculum and subsidiary textbooks, contents concerning indoor air on the 7th elementary curriculum textbooks was little or nothing. And it trended to be included to subsidiary textbooks. However, education textbooks about indoor air for elementary students was insufficient still. Third, environmental textbook relevant to school indoor air quality for 5th and 6th grade in elementary school was developed. It was constructed for themes - importance, sources, effects, and management of school indoor air quality. After its application to the 6th grade students in elementary school, it was meaningful in the level of p<.05 that the result of knowledge and awareness in the pre-post test within experiment group. However, all of the results in comparison group didn't represent statistically meaningful difference. In conclusion, environmental textbook developed by necessity of education about school indoor air quality will play a role as useful tool for the 5th, 6th grade students in elementary school to understand relation of quality of health and life and school indoor air quality, to have attitude to make an effort to manage it by develop right awareness about it.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.2945-2965
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• 2023

The laser inertial measurement unit is a precision device widely used in rocket navigation system and other equipment, and its quality is directly related to navigation accuracy. In the quality evaluation of laser inertial measurement unit, there is inevitably uncertainty in the index input information. First, the input numerical information is in interval form. Second, the index input grade and the quality evaluation result grade are given according to different national standards. So, it is a key step to transform the interval information input by the index into the data form consistent with the evaluation result grade. In the case of uncertain input, this paper puts forward a method based on probability distribution to solve the problem of asymmetry between the reference grade given by the index and the evaluation result grade when evaluating the quality of laser inertial measurement unit. By mapping the numerical relationship between the designated reference level and the evaluation reference level of the index information under different distributions, the index evidence symmetrical with the evaluation reference level is given. After the uncertain input information is transformed into evidence of interval degree distribution by this method, the information fusion of interval degree distribution evidence is carried out by interval evidential reasoning algorithm, and the evaluation result is obtained by projection covariance matrix adaptive evolution strategy optimization. Taking a five-meter redundant laser inertial measurement unit as an example, the applicability and effectiveness of this method are verified.