• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.361-373
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• 2019

낙상은 노인의 신체적 건강은 물론 총체적 삶의 질을 위협하는 요인이다. 이 연구의 목적은 어떤 운동유형이 노인의 균형 능력 증진에 효과적인가를 확인하고, 이에 기초하여 노인 낙상 예방 운동 프로그램 개발에 필요한 기초 자료를 얻는 것이었다. 65세 이상 80세 미만의 여성 노인들을 스텝운동집단(21명), 코어근육운동집단(20명), 통제집단(21명) 중 한 집단에 무선 할당하였고, 8주 동안, 주 2회, 회당 20~30분의 운동을 처치하였다. 운동 효과는 기능적 균형검사(한발 정적균형검사)와 자기보고식 균형검사(낙상효능감, 균형자신감)로 평가하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 리드미컬한 스텝운동이 체간의 코어근육 강화운동보다 기능적 균형 증진에 효과적이었다. 특히, 눈을 뜨고 측정하는 한발 정적 균형검사에서 스텝운동의 효과가 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 둘째, 자기보고식 균형검사에서도 스텝운동이 코어근육운동보다 우수한 결과를 보였다. 특히, 리드미컬한 스텝운동이 체간의 코어근육운동보다 낙상 효능감 증진에 효과적이었다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 리드미컬한 스텝운동이 체간의 코어근육운동보다 노인의 균형 능력 증진에 효과적이었다. 이는 리드미컬한 스텝운동이 하지 근육의 관여가 상대적으로 높고, 다양한 지면 변화 속에서 스텝운동을 수행하므로 낙상 발생 환경과 유사하며, 발목 고유수용성 강화에 적합한 운동유형이었기 때문이라고 사료된다. 따라서 향후 연구를 위해서 노인 낙상 사고가 발생하는 구체적인 동작 상황을 조사하고, 이에 기초하여 과제지향의 발목 고유수용성 감각강화 운동 중재 프로그램 및 운동 장비의 개발을 제안하였다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.844-861
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• 2008

The papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during the year of 2007 have been reviewed. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environments. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The research trends of fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, etc. New research topics include micro nano fluid, micropump and fuel cell. Traditional CFD was still popular and widely used in research and development. Studies about fans and pumps were performed in the field of fluid machinery. Characteristics of flow and fin shape optimization are studied in the field of piping system. (2) The research works on heat transfer have been reviewed in the field of heat transfer characteristics, heat exchangers, and desiccant cooling systems. The research on heat transfer characteristics includes thermal transport in pulse tubes, high temperature superconductors, ground heat exchangers, fuel cell stacks and ice slurry systems. For the heat 'exchangers, the research on pin-tube heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger, condensers and gas coolers has been cordially implemented. The research works on heat transfer augmenting tubes have been also reported. For the desiccant cooling systems, the studies on the design and operating conditions for desiccant rotors as well as performance index are noticeable. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many papers were presented on the air conditioning system using CO2 as a refrigerant. The issues on the two-stage compression, the oil selection, and the appropriate oil charge were treated. The subjects of alternative refrigerants were also studied steadily. Hydrocarbons, DME and their mixtures were considered and various heat transfer correlations were proposed. (4) Research papers have been reviewed in the field of building facilities by grouping into the researches on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation and fire research including tunnel ventilation, flow control of piping system, and sound research with drain system. Main focuses have been addressed to the promotion of efficient or effective use of energy, which helps to save energy and results in reduced environmental pollution and operating cost. (5) Studies were mostly focused on analyzing the indoor environment in various spaces like cars, old tombs, machine rooms, and etc. in an architectural environmental field. Moreover, subjects of various fields such as the evaluation of noise, thermal environment, indoor air quality and development of energy analysis program were researched by various methods of survey, simulation, and field experiment.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2015

대장암 발생에 관한 국내 역학연구는 매우 부족한 상황으로 국가단위 대장암 발생률의 추세는 보고되어 왔지만 광역 지역에서의 추세 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 대전과 충남의 대장암 발생률 추세를 결장암과 직장암으로 구분하여 기술하고자 한다. 2000-2012년도 기간 동안 해당 지역암등록 자료를 이용하여 세계표준인구를 기준으로 연령표준화 대장암 발생률을 산출하였다. 발생률 추세는 Joinpoint Regression Program으로 분석하여 연평균 변화율(Average Annual Percent Change, AAPC)로 나타내었다. 연구 대상 암등록자료의 질적 수준 평가에서 충실도 지표(MI%)와 타당도 지표(DCO%, MV%, PSU%, AUK%)는 암 발생률의 추세를 기술하기에 전반적으로 적정한 수준이었다. 13년 동안 연령표준화 대장암 발생률은 남성과 여성 모두 지속적으로 증가하였다. 대전지역에서 남성의 경우 2000년 10만 명당 37.2건에서 2012년 51.7건으로 연평균 3.9%(AAPC) 증가하였고, 여성의 경우 2000년 10만 명당 17.1건에서 2012년 28.4건으로 연평균 3.9% 증가하였다. 충남지역에서 남성의 경우 2000년 10만 명당 29.8건에서 2012년 50.1건으로 연평균 5.1% 증가 하였고, 여성의 경우 2000년 10만 명당 15.9건에서 2012년 26.6건으로 연평균 3.2% 증가하였다. 이를 결장암과 직장암으로 분류하여 살펴보면 남녀 모두 결장암의 증가 추세가 직장암 증가보다 더 컸고, 직장암의 증가는 남성이 여성보다 더 빠른 추세였다. 결론적으로 대전과 충남의 대장암 발생은 2000년 이후 13년간 빠른 증가추세를 보였다. 이를 억제하기 위한 대장암 발생 감시와 예방에 지역사회의 관심을 더 높일 필요가 있다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.477-500
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• 1999

Korean labor market has showed remarkable change of the increase in the amount of unemployment and contingent employment since IMF bailout agreement. There is a theoretical position to explain this increase in contingent employment at hospitals with the notion of flexibility. The high flexibility of employment due to the increase of contingent employees is becoming very important part in new business strategy of hospitals. The types of contingent employment of the nurse are part-time employment temporary employment, fixed-term employment, and internship which was introduced in early 1999. Recently, Korean health care industry managers have paid attention to the customer oriented service, rationalization of business administration, service quality control so that they can adjust their business to outer environment. Especially their efforts concentrate on the wage reduction through efficient and scientific control of man power because wage shares about 40% of total cost. This dissertation aims at verifying the phenomena of the contingent employment of the nurse and analyzing the related factors and problems. To rephrase these aims in ordinal: First, verifying the phenomena of contingent employment of the nurse. Second, verifying the problems of that phenomena. Third, analyzing the related factors of the contingent employment of the nurse. To accomplish these research goals, a statistical survey was executed. in which 384 questionnaires-66 for manager nurses, 318 for contingent nurses - were given to nurses working at 66 hospitals-which have at least 100 beds-in Seoul. Among them, 187 questionnaires-38 from manager nurses, 149 from contingent nurses'- 'were returned. Then, the data coded and submitted to T-test, $X^2$ -test, variance analysis(ANOVA), correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, Logistic Regression with SAS program. The research results of the contingent nurses are followings: 1. The average career term at the present hospital 8.4 months: duty-on days per month are 24.2 days: working time per day is 7.9 hours. These results showed little difference from regular nurses. 2. Their wage level is about 70% of regular nurses except for internship nurses whose wage level is 41% of regular nurses. To break down the wage composition, part-time nurses and internship nurses get few allowance and bonus. And contingent nurses get very low level of additional pay except for fixed-term nurses who are under similar condition of employment to regular nurses. These results show that hospital managers are trying to reduce the labor cost not only through the direct way of wage reduction but through differential treatment of bonus, retirement allowance, and other additional pay. 3. The problem of contingent employment: low level of pay; high level of turn-over rate: weakening of union; low level of working condition: heavy burden of work; inhuman treatment. The contingent nurses consider these problems more seriously than manager nurses do. What manager nurses regard problematic is the absence of feeling-belonged and responsibility of the contingent nurses. 4. The factors strongly related with the rate of the number of contingent nurses for the number of regular nurses; gross turn-over nurses; average in-patients per day; staring wage of graduate from professional college: the type of hospital ownership; the number of beds; the gap between gross newcomer nurses and gross turn-over nurses. The factors related with their gross wage per month; the number of beds; applying of health insurance; applying of industrial casualty insurance; applying of yearly-paid leave; the type of hospital ownership; average out-patients per day; gross turn-over nurses. The meaningful factors which make difference by employment type: monthly-paid leave; physiological leave. The logistic regression analysis using these two factors shows that monthly-paid leave is related with the type of hospital ownership; the number of beds; average out-patient per day, and physiological leave is related with the gross newcomer nurses; gross turn-over nurses; the number of beds.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.144-149
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• 2018

인공부화기 내에 종란이 입란하여 18일간 발생기를 거쳐 발육기로 이란을 한다. 발생기 동안 계태아 무게 손실은 곧 기실형성과 상관되며 적당한 기실 형성은 곧 건강한 초생추와 입란 대비 부화율과도 연결된다. 그러나 국내 부화장의 부화기에는 현재 무게를 측정하는 장치 없이 부화실장과 관계자의 경험과 발육기로 이란시 표준 무게 측정으로 결과적 측면을 습득하는 것이 현실이다. 그로 인하여 부화 중 조기 폐사, 약추, 병약한 초생추 발생이 빈번한 실정이다. 종란 중량 감소를 모니터링하는 것은 발육장치기 안에서의 무게 변화에 따른 병아리 품질과 부화율 성과를 얻는 데에 절대적으로 중요하다. 종란의 크기와 난각질, 노계 군에 따라 수분 손실은 각기 다르다. 발육기 안에서 무게 변화를 실시간 측정하고 그에 따른 환기 변화를 최적화하여 부화율의 증가를 기대할 수 있으며 부화 시 전체 무게의 10~13% 감소를 컨트롤할 수 있는 실시간 측정 시스템의 개발 필요성이 대두된다. 본 연구를 통한 시스템은 기존의 입란과 이란시 직접적으로 일회성을 체크하는 방식으로 발육 기간 내에는 계태아 수분 증발 측정 제어가 불가능하여 부화율에 영향을 못 미치는 시스템과 달리 아두이노 스케치 보드에 로드셀 4개를 병렬로 연결하고 실시간으로 휴대폰, 컴퓨터를 연결하기 위해 Hyper-terminal 프로그램을 이용하여 AT-command 명령어를 활용하여 정상적으로 연동하였다. 블루투스의 통신속도는 15200으로 설정하여 아두이노와 Hyper-terminal 프로그램의 통신 속도를 맞춰주었다. 실시간 모니터링을 하여 인공부화기 내의 계태아 무게의 변화를 육안으로 확인할 수 있도록 시스템을 설계하였다. 이와 같은 방법으로 종란의 부화율 상승 및 건강상태의 향상을 목표로 하였으며 실시간 모니터링으로 인하여 사용자의 편의성을 확대하고자 하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.218-227
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 밸런스 테이핑요법이 농촌 여성노인의 무릎통증과 일상활동장애 개선에 미치는 영향을 확인하는 것이다. 연구설계는 비동등성 대조군 전후설계를 이용한 유사실험연구이다. 자료수집 기간은 2017년 1월 19일부터 4월 14일까지이며, 연구 대상은 농촌지역인 Y시에 소재한 경로당을 방문한 65세 이상 여성노인 54명으로 실험군 26명, 대조군 28명이다. 자료는 밸런스 테이핑 적용 전과 24시간 후에 무릎통증과 일상활동장애 정도를 조사하였고, 수집된 자료는 PASW Statistics 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 $X^2-test$, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test로 분석하였다. 본 연구결과 24시간 동안 밸런스 테이핑요법을 적용받은 실험군이 대조군에 비해 무릎통증(Z=-6.658, p<.001)과 일상활동장애(Z=-3.466, p=.001) 정도가 유의하게 감소하였다. 일상활동장애의 하위영역 중에서는 일어서기(Z=-2.860, p=.004), 일상적 활동하기(Z=-2.629, p=.009), 걷기(Z=-3.868, p<.001)와 몸단장하기(Z=-2.049, p=.040)의 장애정도가 유의하게 감소하였고, 물건 쥐기(Z=-.542, p=.588)와 팔 뻗치기(Z=-.416, p=.678)는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 본 연구결과 밸런스 테이핑요법은 농촌 여성노인의 무릎통증 감소와 일어서기, 일상적 활동하기, 걷기, 몸단장하기와 같은 일상활동장애 개선에 효과적인 간호중재로 확인되었다. 추후 대상자의 사전 통증정도, 밸런스 테이핑 적용횟수, 24시간이상 적용에 따른 장기효과, 다른 신체 부위 적용에 따른 효과 확인과 밸런스 테이핑 적용이 통증의 감소로 우울감 등 심리 건강에도 효과적인지 파악하는 후속연구, 그리고 밸런스 테이핑 적용이 통증감소와 일상활동장애를 개선시키는 생리학적 기전을 밝히는 연구를 제언한다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-101
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• 1981

Under the full consideration of the growing need and importance of population education in the field of home economics in Korea, the study was carried out to verify and assess the following facts on the current issues of population education of home economists who are presently engaging in teaching professions as the teachers of middle and high school and professors of college and universities by setting its primary objectives of the study as followings; 1) to assess the degree of general knowledge and attitudes of home economists toward population education in the field of home economics, 2) to verify the problems encountered in implementing population education by home economists in its field, 3) to find an existing status of previous trainings received and other activities of population education of home economists aimed at utilizing these findings as a part of reference materials when the population education is conducted in the field of home economics. In order to attain these objectives described above, the questionnaire was carefully designed to house a total of 40 questions with good combination of multiple-choice and the simple answer questions. The mail questionnaire survey was conducted by establishing teachers of home economics at middle/high schools and college/universities as Senior Home Economists(SHE) who are from public, private liberal arts and vocational schools. The rate of response observed during the survey was 45.6 percent and the findings of the survey research are as follows: 1) Examining the status of the respondents by residence and religion, it was found that 45 percent of middle & high school teachers ar.d 59. 1 percent of college professors are residing in Seoul city area and that the largest percent of them are christian in their religion. Analyzing respondents by their ages, 56 percent of middle/high school teachers are in their 30s, 45 percent of college professors are in their 40s, and 37 percent of college teachers are in their 30s. In addition, 13 percent of the total respondents are found to be unmarried. The study also revealed that 71 percent of the college professors finished Master Degree course and 82 percent of middle/high school teachers are graduated from college level lasting 4 years. Looking over the status cf major fields of respondents, 68.4 percent of middle/high school teachers are specialized in home economic education and the college professors, on the other hand, show relatively even prortion by specializing in the order of food & nutrition science, clothes & textile science and home managerial science. As far as the length of teaching experience is concerned, a relatively longer period of teaching experience is observed in the college professors in comparison with that of middle/high school teachers. In other words, 33.3 percent of middle/high school teachers are experienced in teaching from 6 to 10 years on average while 43.9 percent of college professors show more than 16 years of experience. 2) Examining the status of existing number of children cf the respondents, one boy and one daughter pattern is predominant, showing 28.5 percent in middle/high school teachers and 21.1 percent in college professors. As for the desired number of children of unmarried respondents, it is observed that 43.8 percent of middle/high school teachers desire to have one boy and one girl, and 31.3 percent of college professors want to have one child regardless of the sex. By assessing the degree of awareness of the population education through their students, it is observed that 53 percent of middle/high school teachers and 50 percent of college professors are aware of population education in some extent and that a majority of respondents took the positive attitudes toward an inclusion of family planning components into the formal school education. Another noteworthy to observe is that a total of 84.8 percent out of middle/high school teachers pointed that the population education currently conducted at schools as a part of home economics are less sufficient than it should be. 3) Analyzing the tendency as to whether the respondents were experienced in receiving population education during the time when they were students, 75 percent of college professors and 59 percent of middle/high school teachers responded negative answers in the survey. In the mean time, a total of 50 percent of the respondents replied that they began to acknowledge the importance of population education mainly through the participation of some sort of population-education orientend seminars, experienced by 40 percent of college professors and 80 percent of middle/high school teachers. 4) What it calls attention in this study was to find that 96.5 percent of middle/high school teachers and 72 percent of college professors conduct population education to some extent during their lecture hours and that more than 80 percent of them are never experienced in teaching population and family planning contents in their regular classes. It is, on the other hand, found that no more than once was the response of those who believe themselves that they are experienced in teaching these relevant components to their students. Analyzing the contents of the subjects being taught in the class, a large percent of them are found to be consisted of population and family planning contents. According to this study, the current population education through the formal school is quite inactive. Analyzing the facts, 44.9 percent of the college professors responded that the population and family planning components are quite apart from their specialization which eventually generates lack of interest in the field. 5) It is also noticed through the study that the degree of frequency of commenting on population and family planning contents during the classes was depending significantly on their specializations which means that the degree of frequency varies from a major to another. Those who majored in home managerial science was the first one, as compared to others who majored in different specializations. Glancing over the status of correlations between ages of the respondents and numbers of seminar paticipation, it is quite clear that the aged group participated more than the younger group did, and that the most highest number of participations made by college professors were those who are in 50s. In addition, it is also found that those who are aged 20s and 60s of the respondents were the group who comments least on the contents of population and family planning at their classes. The suggestions and recommendation made through this survey research are as follows. 1) No one denies that the rapid increase of population, as compared to the limited size of land and resources, will certainly affect adversly to an enhancement of individual life quality which will, eventually, bring forth the poverty of the nation. This is the reasson why we are insisting that the world population be controlled up to an optimum level with a matter of global concerns. It is our understading that the primary aim for reducing number of population is believed to be attained only by conducting the systematic and comprehensive population education through the formal schools. Therefore, the role of home economists in the field of population/family planning education is considered very importment due to the fact that an ultimate goal of population education is placed in elevating the quality of family life by having optimum number of children through family planning program. 2) It is quite clear that home economists as teachers of formal school in all level are invited to pay their attention on redefining the ultimate goal of education and that of population education. We also understant that the primary objective of population education is to change the norm and value of the clients by replenishing the students with pertinent knowledge and attitudes on population and its related problems through a sort of education in order to attain the ultimate goal for enhancing the quality of life. There is no exception in the theory of home economics. An altimate goal of home economics is to elevate the general quality of life through an establishment of value existed in daily life. Considering the relations between population education and home economics, it is quite indespensable to bandle population components as an integral part in the field of home economics. We believe, therefore, that the senior home economists positive participation in the effort population control is more needed than it has been. 3) It is also strongly urged that population education should be a part of instructor training course for home economics. In other words, the teacher of home economics should be well aware of population and its problems by teaching interrelationship between population education and home economics, needs, contents and methods of population education during the instructor training courese for home economics. In addition, the senior home economists should be encouraged through positive participation on the short term training by types of domestic and international seminar, workshop, etc. 4) We certainly believe that the population education can not sustain itself without any backing-up of information and findings' of various and comprehensive researches of natural and social sciences. Accordingly, every senior home economist is invited to exert their maximum effort to conduct systematic study with an aim to utilize these findings and information at best in population education in the field of home economics. Therefore, we consider that the development of training material is imminent in order to provide effective and efficient population education through the for training of home economies. It should be noted that these training materials must be carefully designed, tailored and developed to meet the different classes of trainees under the considerations as to whether it is easily adaptable and infusable into the curricula of every field of home economics, and it is acceptable in the degree of difficulty and quality in its contents. 5) It is true that there are many domestic and international research rapers, reports and findings in the field of population education and family planning. However, there is a tendency that the most of research papers are heavily relying on the authors intension and preferences in its expression and publication. Under these circumstances, it is urged that the home economists should aware of the growing need of the technical training in order to keep these available information and research findings reprocessed and redesigned to insure the practical application into the population education in the field of home economics in Korea.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 1972

해외(海外) 선진국(先進國)에서의 임목육종(林木育種)의 실정(實情)과 기(其) 동향(動向)을 견개(見開)하고 금후(今後) 우리나라 임목육종(林木育種)의 취진(就進)에 있어서 반드시 고려(考慮) 또는 실시(實施)되어야할 사항(事項)들에 의하여 고찰(考察)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 유전자(遺傳子) 보존(保存)을 위한 천연림(天然林)의 보존(保存) 선진제국(先進諸國)에서 천연림(天然林)의 이용개발(利用開發)이 성행(盛行)됨과 아울러 유전자(遺傳子)의 보존(保存)을 목적(目的)으로 하는 일부(一部) 천연림(天然林)의 지역별(地域別) 보존책(保存策)을 채택(採擇)하고 있는 실정(實情)에 비추어서 우리나라와 같이 천연림(天然林)이 거의 탕진(蕩盡)되고 있는 실정하(實情下)에서는 강송(剛松), 잣나무, 섬잣나무, 사시나무, 피나무 등(等) 자생수종(自生樹種)의 천연림(天然林)의 일부(一部)를 유전자보존림(遺傳子保存林)으로 확보(確保)하는 조처(措處)가 긴급(緊急)히 이루어져야할 일이다. 또한 우리나라 고유수종(固有樹種)에 대(對)한 천연림(天然林)의 구성(構成)과 기(其) 발달과정(發達過程)에 대(對)한 연구(硏究)도 근래(近來) 새 수단(手段)으로 등장(登場)한 isozyme의 연구(硏究)에 의(依)하여 수행(遂行)되어야 할 문제(問題)이다. 2. 수형목(秀型木) 수(數)의 증가(增加) 현하(現下) 우리나라의 수형목(秀型木) 수(數)는 기(其) 선발강도(選拔强度)가 지나치게 강(强)하였던 탓으로 그 수(數)가 소(小)하여 이에 의(依)한 채종원(採種園)은 일차조림용(一次造林用)으로는 가(可)하나 이대채종원(二代採種園)을 위(爲)한 모수(母樹)의 선택대상(選擇對象)으로는 중복선발(重複選拔)이 될 우려(憂慮)가 큰 고(故)로 선발강도(選拔强度)를 연화(軟化)하여서 기(其) 본수(本數)를 대폭(大幅) 증가(增加)시킬 필요(必要)가 있다. 3. 차대검정(次代檢定) 특수조합능력(特殊組合能力)을 강조(强調)해야 할 특별(特別)한 경우를 제외(除外)하고는 수형목(秀型木)의 풍매종자(風媒種子)에 의(依)한 차대검정(次代檢定)을 위주(爲主)로 함이 적당(適當)하다고 사료(思料)되나, 차대검정(次代檢定)의 연한(年限) 단축(短縮)을 위(爲)하여서 임목(林木)의 중요형질(重要形質)에 대(對)한 조기검정(早期檢定)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)가 중요(重要)한 과제(課題)로서 다루어져야만 할것이다. 이와 관련(關聯)하여 zymography의 활용성(活用性) 연구(硏究)도 중요(重要)한 일이다. 4. 유전자형(遺傳子型)과 환경(環境)과의 교호작용(交互作用)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) 종래(從來) 사실상(事實上) 입지조건(立地條件)이 양호(良好)한 임분(林分)에서 선발(選拔)된 수형목(秀型木)이 요박(療薄)한 임지(林地)에서도 그 우수성(優秀性)을 나타내는지의 여부(如否)를 구명(究明)하므로서 특수입지(特殊立地)를 위(爲)한 별도채종원조성(別途採種園造成)의 필요성(必要性) 유무(有無)를 하루속(速)히 구명(究明)해야하며 우리나라의 육종구(育種區)에 대(對)한 재확인(再確認)과 그 적용(適用)이 요청(要請)되는 일이다. 5. 윤엽수(潤葉樹)의 채종원(採種園) 천연림(天然林)의 구성분자(構成分子)로서 생장력(生長力)의 비교(比較)가 곤란(困難)한 윤엽수(潤葉樹)에 대(對)하여서는 외국(外國)에서 실시(實施)하는 바를 참고(參考)하여 선발목간(選拔木間)의 교잡차대(交雜次代)로서 차대검정림(次代檢定林)을 설치(設置)한후 이를 도태(陶汰) seedling seed orchard로 유도(誘導)하는 방법(方法)을 취(取)함이 가(可)하다고 사료(思料)된다. 6. 내병충성(耐病蟲性) 육종(育種) 소나무좀벌레, 솔잎흑파리 등(等) 충해(蟲害)와 낙엽송(落葉松)의 낙엽병(落葉病)과 포푸라 현병(鉉病) 등(等)은 유전자(遺傳子)에 의(依)하여 지배(支配)되는 것이 구명(究明)되고 있어 이에 대(對)한 내병충성(耐病蟲性) 육종(育種)을 계획실시(計劃實施)함을 요(要)한다. 7. 재질(材質) 특(特)히 목재비중(木材比重)에 대(對)한 육종(育種) 특(特)히 pulp 용재(用材)를 목적(目的)으로 하는 수종(樹種)에 대(對)하여서는 선진각국(先進各國)에 비추어서 목재비중(木材比重)에 대(對)한 육종(育種)의 실시(實施)가 요청(要請)된다. 8. 삼나무(Cryptomeria japonica) 및 편백(Chamaecyparis obtusa)의 도입(導入) 삼나무와 편백은 현재(現在) 남부(南部) 난대지대(暖帶地帶)에 국한(局限)하여 조림(造林)하고 있으나 일본(日本)에 있어서의 양수종(兩樹種)의 조림한계(造林限界)가 예상이상(豫想以上)으로 한냉(寒冷)한 지대(地帶)까지 실시(實施)되고 있는 실정(實定)에 비추어서 상기(上記) 양수종(兩樹種)에 대(對)한 도입시험(導入試驗)을 종래(從來)보는 한냉(寒冷)한 지대(地帶)까지 확대실시(擴大實施)할 필요(必要)가 있다고 인정(認定)되었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.153-173
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• 1990

One of the important tasks for new parents. especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the healthy development of the child and the wellbeing of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. This study examined the relationships between primiparas pereptions of their delivery experience and their maternal infant interaction. It compared to delivery experience of mothers having a normal vaginal delivery with those having a casearean section. The purpose was to explore the relationships between the mother's perceptions of her delivery experience with her maternal infant interaction. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical understanding on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal-infant interaction. Data were collected directly by the investigator and a trained associate from Dec. 1, 1987 to March 8, 1988. Subjects were 3 random sample of 62 mothers, 32 who had a normal vaginal delivery and 30 who had a non-elective cesarean section (but without other perinatal complications) at three general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent -infant Interaction Scale(1981) and the Marut and Mercer Perception of Birth Scale(1979). The first observations were made in the delivery room (for vaginally delivered mothers only), followed by day 1, day 2, day 3, and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after birth, for a total of 7-8 contacts(Cesarean section mothers were observed on days 4 and 5 but the data not used for analysis). Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was done by computer using as SPSS program and indulded X² test, paired t-test, t-test, and Pearson Correlation coefficient ; the results were as follows. 1. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery tended to perceive the delivery experience more positively than cesarean section mothers(p＝0.002). The finding supported the hypothesis I that perception of delivery would vary according to the method of delivery. Mothers' perceptions of birth were classified into three dimensions, labor, delivery and the bady. There was a significantly different and positive perception by the vaginally delivered mothers to the delivery experience(p＝0.000) but no differences for labor or the bady according to the delivery method(p＝0.096, p＝0.389), 2. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery had higher average maternal-infant interaction scores(p＝0.029) than mothers who had a cesarean section. There were similar higher scores for the 1st day(p＝0.042), 2nd day (p＝0.009), and the 3rd day(p＝0.006) after delivery but not for later times. The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅱ that there would be differences in maternal-infant interaction for mothers having vaginal and cesarean section deliveries. However these differences deccreased section deliveries. However these differences decreased over time . by eight weeks the scores for vaginal delivery mothers averaged 8.1 and for cesarean section mothers, 7.9. 3. The more highly positive the pereption of the delivery experience, the higher the maternal-infant interaction score for all subjects(F＝.3206, p＝.006). The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅲ that there would be correlations between perceptions of delivery and maternal-infant interaction. The maternal infant interaction was highest when the perception of the bady and deliery was positive(r＝.4363, p＝.000, r＝.2881, p＝.012). No correlations between perceptions of labor and maternal-infant interaction were found(p＝0.062). 4. The daily maternal-infant interaction score for the initial contact after birth to 8 weeks postpartum had the lowest average score 5.20 and the highest 7.98(in a range of 0-10). This subjects group of mothers needed nursing intervention to promote their maternal- infant interaction. The daily scores for the maternal-infant over the period of eight weeks. However, there were significantly different increases in maternal-infant interaction only from the first to second day(p＝0.000) and from the fourth to sixth weeks after birth(P＝0.000). 5. When the eight items of maternal-infant interaction were evaluated separately, “Expresses feelings about her role as mother” had the highest average score, 1.64(ina range of 0-3)and “Speaks to baby” the lowest, 0.9. All items, with the possible exception of “Expresses feelings about her role as mother”, suggested the subjects' need of nursing intervention to promote maternal-infant interaction. 6. There were positive correlations between certain general charateristis, namely, both a higher economic status(p＝0.002) and breast feeding(p＝0.202) and maternal - infant interaction. There were positive correlations between a mother's confidence in her role as a mother and the perception of the birth experience(p＝0.004). For mothers who had a cesarean section, a positive perception of the birth experience was related to the duration of her marriage(p＝0.010), a wanted pregnancy (P＝0.030) and her confidence in her role as a mother(p＝0.000). Pereptions of birth for mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery were positive than those for mothers who had a cesarean section. The level of maternalinfant interaction for mothers delivered vaginally was higher than for cesarean section mothers. The relationship between perception of birth and materanalinfant interaction was confirmed. Cesarean section has an impact on the mother's perceived experience of birth which, in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant interaction. Nursing intervention to enhance maternal-infant interaction should begin in prenatal classes with an exploration of the potential impact of cesarean section on the perceptions of the birth experience and continue throughout the perinatal and post-natal periods to promote the mother's ability to control with this crisis experience and to mobilize social support. Nursing should help transform a relatively negatively perceived experience into an accepted, positively perceived and self affirming experience which enhances the maternal-infant relationship.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.281-290
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• 2012

경상북도에 소재한 3개 종합병원 영상의학과의 MDCT 검사 중 두부, 복부, 흉부 각 10건씩 30건을 대상으로 CTDIl, DLP, Slice 수, DLP/Slice 수를 조사하여 병원 간 프로토콜의 차이로 인한 MDCT의 피폭선량의 차이를 분석하였고, CT검사의 가장 많은 검사건수를 차지하고 프로토콜이 비교적 단순한 두부 CT를 Helical Scan과 Normal Scan으로 2회 실시하여 영상의 화질, CTDI, DLP, 안구의 피폭선량, 갑상선의 피폭선량의 차이를 분석하였다. 두부CT에서 조사대상 병원의 3분의 2에서 CTDI 참조준위(IAEA 50mGy, 우리나라 60mGy)를 초과하지 않은 A병원에 비하여 유의하게 높았다(p<0.001). DLP에서 조사병원의 3분의 1은 참조준위 IAEA 1,050mGy.cm, 우리나라 1,000mGy.cm의 권고량 보다 높았고, 3분의 2가 우리나라의 권고량을 초과하고 있었다. 참조준위를 초과하지 않은 A병원에 비하여 유의하게 높았다(p<0.001). Abdomen CT에서도 3분의 1은 CTDI 참조준위 IAEA 25mGy, 우리나라 20mGy보다 높은 119mGy를 보였고, DLP에서는 모든 조사대상 병원이 우리나라 권고량 700mGy.cm보다 높았다. 조사대상 병원 중 모든 검사에서 높은 선량을 보인 C병원은 MPR, 3D 검사의 비중이 높아 낮은 pitch, 높은 관전류 검사로 인한 피폭선량이 높았다. Scan 방법에 따른 피폭선량의 차이를 분석하고자 동일환자의 두부CT를 Normal scan과 Helical scan으로 각각 실시하여 분석한 결과 CTDI 및 DLP에서 Helical CT가 Normal scan에 비해 63.4%, 93.7% 높은 선량을 보였다(p<0.05, p<0.01). 그러나 갑상선의 피폭선량은 Normal scan이 87.26% 높았다(p<0.01). Helical CT의 선속은 종심부와 변연부의 모양이 종의 형태를 취하고 있어 두부CT에서 갑상선은 중심선속에서 벗어난 적은 선량으로 피폭된다. 또한 Helical scan시 Gantry 각을 수직으로 사용하였고, Normal scan시에는 Orbitomeatal line에 평행으로 정렬된 Gantry 각을 사용하여 Helical scan에서 갑상선은 피폭선량이 감소하였다. 그러나 본 연구에서 사용된 프로토콜은 식약청의 표준준위에 비해 높은 피폭선량을 보여 식약청의 권고량을 지키기 위해서는 낮은 관전류 높은 Pitch의 사용이 요구되었다. 이번 연구에서 Normal scan과 Helical scan에 따른 화질의 차이는 없는 것으로 분석되어 특별한 경우가 아니면 Normal scan의 표준화된 프로토콜을 사용하고 갑상선의 보호장구를 사용하는 것이 필요하였다. 이번 연구는 일지역의 CT검사 중 일부를 조사하여 분석하였으므로 CT검사의 전체를 평가하는데 무리가 있었다. 그러나 경우에 따라 환자피폭선량의 가이드 권고량을 초과하고 있음을 알 수 있었고, 병원 간의 피폭선량 편차도 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이것을 개선하기 위하여 영상의학과 의사 및 방사선사는 CT 방사선량을 줄이는 최적화된 프로토콜로 CT검사를 시행해야 하고, 환자의 알권리를 위하여 피폭선량은 공개되어야 한다. 그러나 아직 많은 의사들과 방사선사는 이에 대한 인식이 부족하므로 개선을 위하여 CT선량 저감화의 교육프로그램, CT검사에 따른 피폭선량의 공개, 병원의 서비스평가 및 병원인증제 평가항목에 CT검사 피폭선량관리 및 공개항목을 추가 등의 관련기관의 노력과 의료종사자가 CT검사에서 행위의 최적화를 실현하는 최선의 프로토콜을 사용하는 노력이 필요하였다.