• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.128-149
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• 1998

Cigarette smoking has been identified as the single most important source of preventable morbidity and mortality. Smoking behavior varies each individual, so individuality & subjectivity of smoking behavior must be specially focused upon to understand smoking behavior. The purpose of this study was to find attitudes of university students in the prediction of smoking behavior. Q-Methodological method was used as a research design and data were collected during the period from Jan.1, 1997 to Feb. 28, 1998. As the research method, Q-statements were collected through in- depth interviews and a literature review. For the study 33 Q-statements were selected. There were 45 university students as subjects for the research. The 45 university students sorted the 33 statements using the principle of Forced Normal Distribution. The principle of Forced Normal Distribution, which has nine scales to measure the individual opinions, Pc Quanl program was used for analysis and Q-factors were analyzed by using principal component analysis. According to the results of this study, there were four categories of opinion about the smoking behavior in university students. The first type is seeking the habitual dependency. The second type is seeking the stress relief : The third type is seeking the active disapproval : The fourth type is seeking the self control. As a result, The meaning of the smoking behavior is affected by perceived subjective experience, so we need to understand each persons meaning of the smoking behavior and to develop appropriate nursing interventions based on the typology of smoking behavior. Finally, The result of the study will provide basic data for smoking prevention and cessation program.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.1001-1008
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of anger expression in middle-aged Korean women by categorizing their patterns of expression while considering the complexity and multidimensionality of anger, and by investigating the characteristics relative to the patterns. Methods: The research design was a descriptive design using Q methodology, which is a method of measuring subjectivity. A convenience sample of 42 participants aged 40-60 years and living in the community in Korea was recruited. The PC-QUANL software program (a factor analysis program for the Q technique) was used to analyze the Q-sort data. Results: Four factors were extracted that described different expressions of anger among middle-aged Korean women; these factors explained 50.1% of the total variance. The frames of reference of the four factors were a) direct diversion, b) silent masking with remaining anger, c) self digestion, and d) controlling anger with objectification. Conclusion: In this study has identified patterns and characteristics of anger expression among middle-aged Korean women were identified, which will aid the development of effective anger-management programs for controlling anger in this population. In future studies, it would be helpful to investigate how the patterns of anger expression established herein are associated with specific health problems such as cardiovascular disorder and cancer.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.335-348
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify parental coping strategies in the face of early infant and toddler injury, and to provide basic data for a parental education program and the most desirable directions it should take. Methods: A Q-methodology to analyze the subjectivity of each item was used. Thirty-four Q-statements were derived from a literature review and interviews. Forty-seven parents were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9-point scale. Collected data were analyzed by the pc-QUANL program. Results: Five types of parental coping in early infant and toddler injury were identified. Type I was "hospital treatment focused", type II was "Improving the safety of the child's environment", type III was "expression of negative emotion", type IV was "taking the lead in problem solving", and type V was "Interrogating the person in charge of the situation in which the injury occurred". Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that different approaches to educational programs can be used for parents in early childhood injury.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.133-143
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• 1997

This study measures the subjectivity of nursing students' experience in community fields through community nursing practice. The purpose of this study is as follows: 1) to find out typologies based on opinions and attitudes toward community nursing practice. 2) to describe the characteristic of each type. 3) to provide alternative strategies for solving community nursing practice problems. A Q-Methodological method was used for that purpose. As a research method, Q-statements were collected through indepth interviews and review of the current literature. For this study 34 Q-statements were selected. 24 nursing students were subjects for the research. The 24 nursing students sorted 34 Q-statements using the principle of Forced Normal Distribution. The principle of Forced Normal Distribution, which has nine scales to measure individual opinions, was called, a Q- Factor Analysis by using a PC Quanl Program to supply the material. According to the results of this study, there were three categories of opinion concerning community nursing practice. The first type is the realistic problem-oriented approach: the second type is the self-responsibility or pursuit of life meaning approach: the third type is the group approach for problem solving. As a result, we need to develop and revise a more realistic way of community nursing practice for nursing students. Finally, the result of this study will provide to the educational program alternative strategies for community nursing practice for nursing students.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.647-658
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was to analyzed the types of subjectivity that elderly who live alone caregivers have about the lonely death. Methods: This study objectified the subjective area by applying the Q methodology. It studied 24 caregivers in H region, who responded to 34 Q sample statements. The method of forced distribution was practiced regarding the results on a 9 points Q sample distribution chart. The collected data was analyzed using PC QUANL program. Results: The caregivers' perception of lonely death has been classified into four types: Type 1 ('type of fate-receptive invitation of lonely death'), Type 2 ('type of afterlife-expectantly invitation of lonely death'), Type 3 ('type of death preparation invitation of lonely death'), and type 4 ('type of rejection of lonely death due to attachment with life'). Conclusion: The present study attempts to provide basic resources for the development of nursing-intervention program to solve the problems with lonely death by grasping and understanding the types of the caregivers' perception of lonely death through which it also aims to yield information necessary to improve the quality of life in their remaining years.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.682-693
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• 2000

The study was designed to identify the attitude of nursing students to fundamental nursing practice through Q-methodology. A Q sample was developed through a review of the literature and interviews. Forty statements made up the finalized Q-sample. The P sample consisted of 25 nursing students in S College. Q statements were written on separate cards and were given to the 25 subjects to sort according to degree of agreement or disagreement. The Q-sort by each subject was coded and analyzed with QUANL PC Program. The analysis discovered three major attitudes, namely "type 1: passive demand", "type 2: active self-confidence", "type 3: practical application". The correlation was .213 between type 1 and 2, .409 between type 1 and 3, .379 between t ype 2 and 3. The results revealed three different types of fundamental nursing practice attitude; 1) Passive demand type: they were not satisfied with fundamental nursing practice time, the number of persons, practice machines. They presented anxiety and worry through fundamental nursing practice. Therefore, they will presenta passive attitude of clinical practice experience. 2) Active self-confidence type: they experienced pride as a nursing student and fascination as a nurse was an acquired recognition. 3) Practical application type: they practiced that fundamental nursing skill was applied their family and oneself. Therefore they had tension through initial fundamental nursing practice but they gained self-confidence and interest through practical study. In conclusion, the researchers suggest that the education program would be more effective if it was planned considering to each types of attitude of nursing students for fundamental nursing practicer fundamental nursing practice

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

This study, aimed to categorize pattern of impatient's families in the ICU and to provide useful data for development of family-supportive program was conducted from June, 12 to Aug., 28, using Q-method. After reviewing the literature the researcher proceeded to interview 4 impatient's families in the ICU, developed the statement from consisting of 38 items, and then 30 impatient's families in the ICU were sampled. The collected data were coded after having been scaled from 1 to 9 points, and analyzed using the PC QUANL program. Three types were identified; The first type focused on self-regret about the impatient, the second type of families had some concerns for their health, and the third type was thinking of preparing for their future-lives, such as insurance and savings. It was common to feel powerlessness, regret, compassion, grief and anxiety in all types. They wanted to be given some information, the prognosis of patient and the way to overcome. The study will offer better understanding for family-centered approach and be useful for the system of orientation about impatients and their families.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1063-1074
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• 2015

Nursing students are often embarrassed about offering an intimate care to patients in a clinical environment, and experience stress. In particular, nursing students is often a low level of interaction skill and nursing school has no education program for this intimate care. Therefore, these difficulties are increased while the clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to identify the attitude of female nursing students regarding intimate care to patient and the characteristics of the type by applying Q-methodology, and to create the basic data for the development of education programs for nursing student to prevent stress and embarrassed feeling. Data were collected by applying 35 Q statements to 32 female nursing students. Collected data were analyzed with the PC QUANL program. Results indicate that female nursing students' attitudes of intimate care were divided into four types: 'considering situation-professional obligation type' 'gender related risk avoidance type' 'transcendent professional care type' and 'pursuit of the ideal professional type.' The types of female nursing students' attitudes of intimate care to patient were discussed, focusing on the attitude type identified in this study.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to identify the type of attitude toward the sexual violence and to analyze the structure of subjectivity about the sexual violence. Q-methodological method was used. The Q concourse for this study was formed through literature review, open question and in-depth interview, 171 Q statements were obtained and finally 33 statements were selected. The subjects for Q classifications were 20 persons. The Quanl PC program was used for analysis. The results of the study were as follows : The first type, blaming offenders consisted of 10 subjects has the recognition that victims must not be blamed ; offenders are responsible for any circumstances ; and sexual violence is an infringement of human rights. the second type, blaming victims consisted of 3 subjects has the recognition that victims carelessness is causal factor of sexual violence. They recognized the sexual violence as an identical concept with sexual intercourse. The third type, blaming social moral consisted of 7 subjects has the recognition that the collapse of social ethics and moral gives rise to sexual violence. They recognized the sexual violence as both sexual intercourse and the infringement of human rights. In conclusion, the result leads to understand the type of attitude toward sexual violence in Korean sociocultural reality. Consequently, the results will be conductive to provide guidelines for nursing intervention and education program for preventing sexual violence.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.70-80
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• 2015

This research was conducted to improve the image of female emergency workers in a fire service organization by studying the perception trends of the increasing number of female paramedics. This human resource can be utilized more effectively by using the study results as baseline data. We conducted a survey from May 1 to June 30, 2013. The survey was analyzed using Q methodology and the program QUANL. For the Q sample, 31 emergency rescue paramedic students who had experienced ambulance field education were selected. As a result, four types of female paramedics were found; "superwoman," "hero" (who pushes against limits of stamina), "delicate guardian angel," and "skillful desk worker." The explanation powers were as follows: type I: 42.2%; type II: 4.8%; type III: 4%; and type IV: 3.6%. The sum of the figures explained 54.7% of the total variables. Generally, the students recognized female paramedics as professionals, but physical strength, baby care, and caring were considered as burdens. This requires changes in the organization's perception of female paramedics and an institutional strategy.