• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.283-290
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• 1998

The vegetation pattern of Mt. Odae based on the soil humidity gradient showed 3 types: (1) the forest of Pinus densiflora under the mesic or xeric conditions of the low altitudinal area, (2) the forest of Acer including A. mono, A. pseudo-sieboldianum and Tilia amurensis under the submesic or subxeric conditions and (3) the forest of Quercus including Q. mongolica of the higher elevational area and Q. variabilis of the lower elevational area under the xeric condition. Water content, organic matter and total nitrogen of soil were relatively low in Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis communities while they were relatively high in Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Quercus mongolica communities. According to the result of cluster analysis based on similarity indices of the communities, the proposed successional sere in the forest vegetation of Mt. Odae was as follows. P. densiflora community $\longrightarrow$ P. densiflore + Q. mongolica community $\longrightarrow$ Q. mongolica + A. pseudo-sieboldianum community. P. densiflora community $\longrightarrow$ P. densiflora + Q. variabilis community $\longrightarrow$ Q. variabilis community $\longrightarrow$ Q. mongolica + Q. variabilis community $\longrightarrow$ Q. mongolica + A. pseudo-sieboldianum community.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2004

Coarse woody debris (CWD, $\ge$ 5 cm in maximum diameter) is an important functional component, especially to nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. To compare mass and nutrient dynamics of CWD in natural oak forests, a two-year study was conducted at Quercus serrata and Q. variabilis stands in Yangpyeong, Kyonggi Province. Total CWD (snag, stump, log and large branch) and annual decomposition mass (Mg/ha) were 1.9 and 0.4 for the Q. serrata stand and 7.5 and 0.5 for the Q. variabilis stand, respectively. Snags covered 72% of total CWD mass for the Q. variabilis stand and 42% for the Q. serrata stand. Most of CWD was classified into decay class 1 for both stands. CWD N and P concentrations for the Q. variabilis stand significantly increased along decay class and sampling time, except for P concentration in 2002. There were no differences in CWD N concentration for the Q. serrata stand along decay class and sampling time. However, CWD P concentration decreased along sampling time. CWD N and P contents (kg/ha) ranged from 3.5∼4.7 and 0.8∼1.3 for the Q. serrata stand to 22.8∼23.6 and 3.7∼4.7 for the Q. variabilis stand. Nitrogen and P inputs (kg/ha/yr) into mineral soil through the CWD decomposition were 0.7 and 0.3 for the Q. serrata stand and 1.6 and 0.3 for the Q. variabilis stand, respectively. The number of CWD and decay rate were main factors influencing the difference in CWD mass and nutrient dynamics between both stands.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1987

The forest vegetation of Mt. Chil-gab was studied from 1983 to 1984. By Z-M method, the actual vegetation was classified into 8 communities and 1 plantation; Quercus variabilis, Q. variabilis-Styrax obassia, Q variabilis-Q. dentata, Q. varisbilid-Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima-Q. variabilis, Zelkova serrata-Styrax japonica, Capinus laxiflora, Pinus densiflora community and Larix leptolepts plantation (on the mountain foot) community. The plant communities of Q. variabilis and S. japonica as edaphic climax, in terms of the isopleth line of warmth index. Based on the data of vegetation survey and environmental analysis, the actual vegetation map and potential natural vegetation map were perpared with scale of 1/25, 000.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.530-537
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• 2022

This study was conducted to compare the physical and chemical properties of soils in Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, and Q. variabilis stands. A total of 423 plots (Q. acutissima 72 plots, Q. mongolica 150 plots, Q. serrata 97 plots, and Q. variabilis: 104 plots) were examined to determine the soil properties of A and B horizons throughout the country. The physical and chemical properties of soils were significantly different among the four different Quercus spp. stands. The sand content in both horizons was significantly higher in Q. acutissima stands than in the other three oak stands, whereas the clay content was lowest among the four stands. The soils in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata stands were more acidified than those in Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis stands. The concentrations of organic carbon and total nitrogen in both soil depths were significantly higher in Q. mongolica stands than in Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, and Q. acutissima stands. The content of available phosphorus was significantly higher in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata stands than in Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis stands; whereas the contents of exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium were lower in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata stands than in Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis stands. The cation exchange capacity was highest in Q. mongolica stands, followed by that in Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, and Q. acutissima stands. These data indicate the need to design a nutrient management plan to enhance the low soil pH and exchangeable cation in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata stands.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.125-139
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• 1996

The relationships between environmental factors and the establishment and growth of oak seelings were studied in the greenhouse. The early seedling performances of three oak species (Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis) were compared. Mean seed weight was the biggest in Q. variabilis, and the smallest in Q. serrata, and the germination rate was higher in Q. variabilis than in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata. The germination rate was significantly affected by seed weight class in Q. serrata, but not in Q. mongolica. Emergence of oak seedlings was similar in all three oak species, and especially the first leaf emergence increased about twenty days after germination. An experiment was designed using three environmental factors (light, soil moisture, fertilizer) to compare the response of the three oak species. Light and soil moisture significantly affected the seedling height growth of Q. variabilis, but the effect was marginal in Q. mongolica and Q. serrata. However, growth of seedling biomass was significant in all three oak species. In contrast, fertilizer did not affect seedling growth of any of the oak species. Q. variabilis is expected to grow well in large gaps because it is very sensitive and responds well to high light and high moisture conditions. Q. mongolica and Q. serrata are relatively tolerant to shade but may need gaps for the seelings to grow into saplings.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 2000

This study was carried ou to compare sprouting and sprout growth after the stumps of four Quercus species(Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima and Q. dentata) were cut at 20cm from the soil surface in 1996 and 2000 at Mt. Taehwa, Kwangju-Gun, Kyounggi-Do, Korea. The results obtained were as follows: ⑴ Q. mongolica showed most vigorous sprouting, followed by Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, and Q. acutissima. ⑵ The sprouting ability was more vigorous when cut in winter to earl spring than that in summer. ⑶ The initial diameter growth of the sprouts for 2 year after cutting was the highest in Q. acutissima, followed by Q. dentata, Q. mongolica and Q.variabilis, but the growth for 5years after cutting was Q. variabilis > Q. mongolica > Q. dentata > Q. acutissima. ⑷ The height growth of sprouts for 2 years after cutting was the highest in Q. acutissima and followed by Q. mongolica, Q. dentata and Q. variabilis, but the growth for 5 years after cutting was Q. variabilis > Q. mongolica > Q. dentata > Q. acutissima. ⑸ Tending is needed for the stands of Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima to be regenerated successully by sprouting. ⑹ The sprouting ability of Quercus species decreased with incerasing stump diameter, while its diameter growth seemed to increase.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2009

In order to characterize the ecological traits of Quercus acutissima, Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica, which dominated in Korean mountain, we treated the sapling of the three oak species under the major environment factors (light, soil moisture and nutrient) with four gradient levels, for 8 months in glass house. Then we measured and analyzed the growth difference among them. The growth of Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis were increased with higher light intensity, but there is no apparent trend in Q. mongolica for light gradients. Q. mongolica did not show high reduction of growth, even in the lowest light intensity. Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica had a constant growth state to soil moisture treatment, but only Q. acutissima grew well in higher soil moisture gradient condition. All the growth of three oak species decreased with higher nutrient gradient condition. The growth reduction was increased in order of Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima. with increased nutrient gradient level. These results means that Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis have adaptation ability to shade, high moisture and low nutrient condition, respectively.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2016

To compare seed components of plus trees, seed powder ground after seedcoat removal was analyzed for two oak species, i. e., Quercus monglica (white oak) and Quercus variabilis (red oak), which are typical oak trees in Korea but have different fruiting characteristics. Thus we aimed at analyzing and comparing many ingredients including minerals, sugars, etc. Two species were similar to each other in the content of water, crude ash, crude protein and carbohydrates, but crude lipid content in Q. variabilis was 2.5 times higher than that in Q. mongolica. Crude proteins of Clone 124 was 1.5 times higher than that of Clone 75 in Q. mongolica. Crude lipid content showed the highest value in Clone 0511 of Q. variabilis, and more phosphate and iron was found in Q. monglica than in Q. variabilis. Glucose showed 85.4% and 88.3% on average of the total monosacchrides in two species, and galactose and arabinose were also found. In the content of phosphate, iron, and crude lipid, differences were found between two species and among clones of two species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.50-67
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• 1993

This study analyzed the distribution and structure of the vegetation landscape in Naejangsan National Park. The plant distribution was investigated using a field survey. There were 72 sites sampled using the clumpled sampling method. The data derived from the investigation was analyzed using the quantitative analysis of Bray-Curtis method. The analysis was performed by the classification of TWINSPAN. The ordination of DCA and RA was used for the species composition and successional trends. The results are as follows; 1. Quercus. serrata-Q. variabilis community as 21.76(16.49$\textrm{km}^2$), was the largest community in the actual vegetation of the Naejangsan National Park. The degree of green naturality index 8 area covered 64.8% of the study area and the index 6 area did 16%. 2. Classified by the ordination of DCA and environmental variables, such as the plant community was divided into seven groups according to the altitude and forming groups; Chamaecy Paris. pisifera-P.densiflora community, P.densiflora community, Q.variailis community, T.nuciofera-A.palmatum community. 3. Ther species diversity and evenness indices of C.pisifera-P.densiflora community, P.densiflora community appeared low but C.laxiflora communitywhich was the most stable community in the study area. 4. The similarity indices between Q.variabilis community and Q.serrata-Q.variabilis community were calculated 58.84%, but those between other communities were comparatively low level. 5. The successional trends of DBH class seem to be from C. pisifera-P.densiflora community, P.densiflora community to Quercus species community and from Q.variabilis community, Q.serrata-Q.variabilis community to Carpinus species community. 6. Results suggested that the successional trends in Naejangsan National Park; P.densiflora community\longrightarrowQ.variablilis community, Q.serrata-Q.variabilis community\longrightarrowC.laxiflora community in sequence.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.85-100
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• 1994

This study was to analyze the relationship between the community or species and environmental variables of the vegetation landscape in Naejangsan National Park. The analysis was performed by the ordination of DCA and CCA. The study was to compare and analyze the species composition status by the layer and the growth characterisics of the following vegetations ; Torreya nucifera community, Quercus variabilis - Acer palmatum community, Q. variabilis community, Q. variabilis - Sasa purpurascens community and Daphniphyllam macropodum community. The results are as follows; 1. The result of the study on the relationshkp between the stand scores of DCA ordination and environmental variables showed that the soil pH, the ammount of AV-P2O5 and the ammount of C.E.C. tend to increase while Pinus densiflora community changes to Q. variabilis - Q. serrata community and finally Carpinus laxiflora species community siginigicantly. The relation between the stand scores of CCA ordination and several enviromental variables suggested that the species of C. laxiflora and C. tschonoskii the species of Q. cariabilis and Q. serrata the species of C. pisifera, P. densiflora and Q. aliana in sequence grows in more fertile soil. 2. As the result of the analysis of the T. nucifera community showed, reproduction did not increase, and the characteristic of growth was not affected. The result is shown in the growth curve that was damaged by the climate and the human interference. 3. The A. palmatum was found to be as minor species in the middle layer and the crown areas did not have sufficient crown. 4. The result of the analysis of the relationship between Q. variabilis community and Q. variabilis - S. purpurascens community showed a decreasing tendency in the growth and number of species. 5. D. macropodum which constituted the dominance species in the middle layer had a nomal growth curve, and then the successional trend of D. macropodum species seems to be located in the climax species.