• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.240-252
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• 1999

Floristic composition and phytosociological studies of Mt. Chongok and Mt. Tuta were investigated, and that was compared with the previously published report in 1993. Vascular plants were composed of 100 families, 358 genera, 573 species, 95 varieties, and 18 formae, totaling 686 taxa. The vegetation was relatively well conserved based on Pteridophyta calculation (Pte-Q), 1.13. Compared with the vascular plants of the southern and northern slope area, the vascular plants of the southern slope area were composed of 87 families, 287 genera, 419 species, 73 varieties, and 11 formae, totaling 503 taxa, and those of the northern slope area consisted of 94 families, 293 genera, 427 species, 73 varieties, and 12 formae, totaling 512 taxa, respectively. Also, compared with the taxa in each side, both sides were composed of 332 species in common, southern sides, 172 species and northern sides, 182 species, respectively. The number of species of 11 families belonged to the higher level among total families taxa was composed of 328 species(47.8%). Among them, Compositae and Rosaceae were included much more species than remnant families. Korean endemic species were composed 16 families, 24 genera, 20 species, 8 varieties and 2 formae, totaling 30 species(4.4%). Compared with the Korean endemic taxa in each side, both sides were composed of 14 species in common, southern sides, 11 species and northern sides, 5 species, respectively. A naturalized plants were 20 species, correspond to 9.2% of totaling 218 species appeared in South Korea. Among them,12 species were appeared commonly in both sides, southern sides, 16 species and northern sides, 16 species, respectively. Life form spectra was H-D1-R5-e type and, useful resources plants are as follows; edible source(42.4%), medicinal source(31.5%), ornamental source(15.6%) and pasture source (13.3%) in the total region. The forest vegetation of the southern slope was classified into 1 order, 1 alliances and 5 communities; Rhododendro-Quercetalia mongolicae, Lindero-Quercion mongolicae, Quercus mongolica Typical community, Populus davidiana-Quercus mongolica community, Pinus koraiensis-Taxus cuspidata community, Pinus densiflora-Carex humilis var. nana community, Betula costata-Betula ermanii community. It is considered that the slight difference of the flora and vegetation in the northern and southern slope is mostly due to the topographical and climatic difference. Even closer investigation is required for the more accurate comparison in this area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.147-167
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• 2019

This study was conducted to analyze forest vegetation structure in the Marugeum (Ridge) area of Gitdaebaegibong to Jukryeong, Baekdudaegan. Data were collected in 298 quadrates through a Braun-Blanquet vegetation survey from April, 2018 to October, 2018. Forest vegetation was classified into 13 vegetation units. A Quercus mongolica community was divided into Morus bombycis, Filipendula glaberrima, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Prunus maackii unit and Q. mongolica typical unit. The M. bombycis unit was further classified into a Deutzia glabrata group and M. bombycis typical group. The F. glaberrima unit was subdivided into a Veratrum oxysepalum group, Arundinella hirta group, and F. glaberrima typical group. The F. sieboldiana unit was divided into a Pinus densiflora group, Larix kaempferi group, and F. sieboliana typical group. The relationship between vegetation units and environmental factors was studied through coincidence analysis and CCA. The F. glaberrima unit (VU 6~8) was distributed by elevation above 1,200 m and other vegetation units were distributed below 1,200 m. Results of the CCA analysis showed that the F. glaberrima unit distribution is positively correlated with elevation. As a result of species diversity, the F. glaberrima unit was higher than other vegetation units. A similarity index analysis revealed that the F. sieboldiana unit (VU 9~11) was relatively homogeneous, and the M. bombycis unit (VU 1~5) and A. girta group (VU 7) were relatively heterogeneous. A detrended correspondence analysis determined that the distance between the statistical axes of the M. bombycis and F. glaberrima units was the greatest, which is consistent with the analysis of the similarity index. As a result of interspecific correlation of major woody plants, hydrophilic species were positively correlated, and a negative correlation was found between Q. mongolica and intolerant species such as P. densiflora and L. kaempferi.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate relationships between atmospheric $SO_2$ concentration and both soluble sulphur contents in the tree leaves and bark pH to test the possibility of using them as bioindicators for air pollution. Mt. Kwanak, Mt. Nam, Mt. Bukhan (located in Seoul) and Mt. Paldal (located in Suwon, Kyonggi-do) as polluted areas and Pyongchang, Kwangwon-do as an unpolluted area were selected for this study. Soluble sulphur contents in the leaves and hark pH of two tree species (Pines densiflora S. et Z. and Quercus mongolica Fisch.) were analyzed in May, August, and October, 1990 by $BaSO_4$ precipitation method and pH measurement, respectively. In both species, concentration of soluble sulphur in the leaves increased with increasing concentration of atmospheric $SO_2$ (correlation coefficient : 0.52). Soluble sulphur contents in the 2-year-old needles of Pines densiflora (0.170%) and current year leaves of Quercus mongolica (0.081%) in Mt. Nam in the center of Seoul were higher than those in unpolluted Pyongchang area (0.023% and 0.034%, respectively). Bark pH decreased with increasing atmospheric $SO_2$ concentration (correlation coefficient : -0.52). Bark pH of P. densiflora (pH 3.42) and Q. mongolica (pH 3.63) in Mt. Nam were lower than those in Pyongchang area (pH 3.94 and pH 4.93, respectively). Both soluble S content in the leaves and bark pH were recognized as suitable bioindicators for air pollution by $SO_2$. Especially, bark pH showed more sensitive response to air pollution by $SO_2$ than soluble S concentration in the leaves. The lowest concentration of soluble sulphur and the highest bark pH in August were considered to be due to heavy rain during the rainy season. Soluble S content in the leaves and bark pH were not significantly different at 5% level between the two species in polluted areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.648-657
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• 2021

This study was conducted to estimate the volume growth by forest type and major species using the national forest resource inventory and to predict the final age of maturity by deriving the mean annual increment (MAI) and the current annual increment (CAI). We estimated the volume growth using the Chapman-Richards model. In the volume estimation equations by forest type, coniferous forests exhibited the highest growth. According to the estimation formula for each major species, Larix kaempferi will grow the highest among coniferous tree species and Quercus mongolica among broad-leaved tree species. And these estimation formulas showed that the fitness index was generally low, such as 0.32 for L. kaempferi and 0.21 for Quercus variabilis. In the analysis of residual amount, which indicates the applicability of the volume estimation formula, the estimates of the estimation formula tended to be underestimated in about 30 years or more, but most of the residuals were evenly distributed around zero. Therefore, these estimation formulas have no difficulty estimating the volume of actual forest species in Korea. The maximum age attained by calculating MAI was 34 years for P. densiflora, 35 years for L. kaempferi, and 31 years for P. rigida among coniferous tree species. In broad-leaved tree species, we discovered that the maximum age was 32 years for Q. variabilis, 30 years for Q. acutissima, and 29 years for Q. mongolica. We calculated MAI and CAI to detect the point at which these two curves intersected. This point was defined by the maximum volume harvesting age. These results revealed no significant difference between the current standard cutting age in public and private forests recommended by the Korea Forest Service, supporting the reliability of forestry policy data.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.32-43
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• 2021

Multichannel automated chamber systems (MCACs) were developed for the continuous monitoring of soil CO2 efflux in forest ecosystems. The MCACs mainly consisted of four modules: eight soil chambers with lids that automatically open and close, an infrared CO2 analyzer equipped with eight multichannel gas samplers, an electronic controller with time-relay circuits, and a programmable logic datalogger. To examine the stability and reliability of the developed MCACs in the field during all seasons with a high temporal resolution, as well as the effects of temperature and soil water content on soil CO2 efflux rates, we continuously measured the soil CO2 efflux rates and micrometeorological factors at the Nam-san experimental site in a Quercus mongolica forest floor using the MCACs from January to December 2010. The diurnal and seasonal variations in soil CO2 efflux rates markedly followed the patterns of changes in temperature factors. During the entire experimental period, the soil CO2 efflux rates were strongly correlated with the temperature at a soil depth of 5 cm (r2 = 0.92) but were weakly correlated with the soil water content (r2 = 0.27). The annual sensitivity of soil CO2 efflux to temperature (Q10) in this forest ranged from 2.23 to 3.0, which was in agreement with other studies on temperate deciduous forests. The annual mean soil CO2 efflux measured by the MCACs was approximately 11.1 g CO2 m-2 day-1. These results indicate that the MCACs can be used for the continuous long-term measurements of soil CO2 efflux in the field and for simultaneously determining the impacts of micrometeorological factors.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 2023

This study was conducted to understand the vegetation characteristics of Cheongwansan Provincial Park through the analysis of the plant community structure and to build data necessary for the continuous management and protection of Cheongwansan Provincial Park. The TWINSPAN and DCS analyses of the plant community structure of 63 survey districts in Cheongwansan Provincial Park identified eight colonies, including Cryptomeria japonica Community (I), Chamaecyparis obtusa-Pinus densiflora Commuity (II), P. rigida-P. densiflora Community (III), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved Community (IV), P. densiflora Community (V), deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Community (VI), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora Community (VII) and P. thunbergii Community (VIII). The colonies can be grouped into afforestation communities (I, II, and III) dominated by C. obtusa, C. japonica, and P. rigida and natural forest communities (IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) dominated by native species. Although Cheongwansan Provincial Park is a provincial park area that can represent natural ecosystems and landscapes, the rate of artificial forests is higher than that of other provincial parks. Most of the artificial forest communities are expected to maintain their current state, but since native species such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and deciduous broad-leaved, which are warm-temperate trees introduced through surrounding natural forests, appear in the lower layer, it is determined that it is possible to induce succession to natural forests suitable for climatic characteristics through management, and monitoring for continuous management is also necessary. Deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Copete with P. densiflora in most natural forest communities. The vegetation series in the warm-temperate region of Korea appears to be in the early stages, and it is believed that the succession to Q. serrata or Q. mongolica, which appears next to coniferous in the series, is in progress. However, M. thunbergii and N. sericea, which appear in the middle stage of the succession in the warm-temperate region, have started to appear, and since Jangheung-gun belongs to the warm-temperate region considering the climate characteristics, the eventual succession to the warm-temperate forests dominated by evergreen broad-leaved is also expected. In this study, we built vegetation data from Cheongwansan Provincial Park, which lacks research on vegetation. However, since vegetation research in Cheongwansan Provincial Park is still insufficient, it is believed that further research should be continuously conducted to establish forest vegetation data and observe vegetation changes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.2
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• pp.166-177
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• 1988

To investigate the structure of the plant community of the Naejang Temple District in Mt. Naejang National Park, 22 plots were set up by the vegetation physiognomy and vegetation analysis by four kinds of ordination techniques(PO, PCA, RA and DCA) was carried out. Pure and mixed forest community of Quercus variabilis and Q. mongolica were major forest communities and each of them covered 31.27 and 20.77%, respectively. The degree of human disturbance of vegetation 9, 8, 7 and 6 area covered 30.9, 67.0, 0 and 0.02%, respectively. According to stand dynamic analysis by DBH class distribution, the present Pinus densiflora and Quercus communities may be succeeded to Carpinus laxiflora communities. DCA was the most effective method of this study. DCA ordination showed that successional trends of tree species seem to be from P. densiflora through Q. variabilis, Q. aliena, Sorbus alnifolia, Platycarya strobilacea to Carpinus laxiflora, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Zelkova serrata, Cornus controversa in the tree layer, and from Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Rhus trichocarpa through Styrax japonica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Sapium japonicum to Euonymus oxyphyllum, E. sieboldiana, Lindera erythrocarpa in the subtree layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.24-38
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the Ecobridge district which connects green corridor from Central park to Pulkoksan and to establish of ecological space through analysis of avifauna community, plant community structure. In the results of analysis of avifauna, 3 species 23 individuals(Pica pica, Parus major, [asser montanus) in Ecobridge district, 5 species 37 individuals(Peca pica, Parus major, Passer montanus, Oriolus chinensis, Hirundo rustica) in Central park forest. There were 15 species 72 individuals in Pulkoksan. The plant community structure were classified of three types. As divided types were artificial forest(Pinus rigida, P. koraiensis, etc.) natural forest(Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima, Q. spp.) and semi-natural forest, which have shown the successional trends from the artificial forest to Quercus spp. community. The Ecobridge district was used as the space for the passers-by owing to its the simple vegetation. Species diversity was appeared that there was the order of Ecobridge district$\longrightarrow$Central park forest$\longrightarrow$Pulkoksan forest. Similarity index was calculated 20~23% between Ecobridge district$\longrightarrow$Central park, Pulkoksan forest. Therefore the highest species diversity and multistratum vegetation structure of Pulkoksan were the most suitable for the establishment to ecological space in the district.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.496-503
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• 2021

Pinus densiflora is an essential tree species native to the Republic of Korea (ROK) and covers most of the total natural forest areas in the ROK. This study was conducted to understand the site characteristics and stand structure of P. densiflora forests distributed at sites where P. densiflora covered over 50% of the stand basal area during the 7th National Forest Inventory (NFI) period from 2016 to 2020. P. densiflora dominated 3,665 circular sample plots (400 m²). P. densiflora forests predominated at elevations less than 600 m above sea level (a.s.l). However, most P. densiflora forests were distributed at the slopes facing south and west over 800 m a.s.l. At altitudes below 800 m, they were distributed at all slopes but dominated at the southern and western slopes. P. densiflora grew mainly in the soils of sandy loam, loam, or silt loam with relative infertility. Dominant tree species distributed with P. densiflora were Quercus mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. serrata, Prunus serrulata var. pubescens and Castanea crenata by the descending order. P. densiflora, P. thunbergii, and P. rigida were grown in large DBH classes, Quercus species and Fraxinus rhynchophylla in middle DBH classes, while Juniperus rigida and Styrax japonicus in small DBH classes. Dominant tree species distributed mainly at the lower layer of P. densiflora stands were Rhododendron mucronulatum, Q. serrata, Lindera obtusiloba, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Toxicodendron trichocarpum and Rhododendron schlippenbachii by the descending order.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.661-670
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• 2017

50-year tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies (1966~2015) for principle conifer tree species (Taxus cuspidata, Pinus koraiensis, Abies koreana) and Quercus mongolica at subalpine zone in Mt. Jiri were established. The establishing of tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies for each tree species were fulfilled using four trees, which showed the good result in cross-dating. In the comparisons between tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies within the same tree species all tree species showed reliable results statistically (p < 0.001), and they also showed EPS higher than 0.85. In addition to, the reliable correlations (p < 0.001) were verified between tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies of four tree species, as well. In the response function analysis in order to investigate the relationships between tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies and corresponding climatic factors, i.e., monthly precipitation and mean temperature, T. cuspidata showed a negative correlation with May precipitation (p < 0.05) and A. koreana showed a negative correlation with April precipitation (p < 0.05). If long tree-ring ${\delta}^{18}O$ chronologies of T. cuspidata and A. koreana will be established, it will be possible to reconstruct April and May precipitation in the past when we have no the meteorological data.