• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.985-997
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• 2020

SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)-MODFLOW (Modular Groundwater Flow) is a coupled model that linking semi-distributed watershed hydrology with fully-distributed groundwater behavior. In this study, the groundwater simulation results of SWAT and SWAT-MODFLOW were compared for Bokhacheon watershed in Namhan river basin. The models were calibrated and validated with 9 years (2009~2017) daily streamflow (Q) data of Heungcheon (HC) water level gauge station and the daily groundwater level observation data of Yulheon (YH). For SWAT, the groundwater parameters of GW_DELAY, GWQMN, and ALPHA_BF affecting baseflow and recession phase were treated. The SWAT results showed the coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.7 and Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiencies (NES_Q, NSE_inQ) for Q and 1/Q with 0.73 and -0.1 respectively. For SWAT-MODFLOW, the spatio-temporal aquifer hydraulic conductivity (K, m/day), specific storage (S_s, 1/m), and specific yield (S_y) were applied. The SWAT-MODFLOW showed R², NSE_Q, and NSE_inQ of 0.69, 0.74, and 0.51 respectively. The SWAT-MODFLOW considerably enhanced the low flow simulation with the help of aquifer physical information. The total streamflow of SWAT and SWAT-MODFLOW were 718.6 mm and 854.9 mm occupying baseflow of 342.9 mm and 423.5 mm respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2017

Recently, the hydrological model Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been applied in many watersheds in South Korea. This study estimated parameters in SWAT for calibrating streamflow in long-term drought periods. Therefore, we focused on the continuous severe drought periods 2014~2015, and understand the model calibrated parameters. The SWAT was applied to a $366.5km^2$ Gongdo watershed by using 14 years (2002~2015) daily observed streamflow (Q) including two years extreme drought period of 2014~2015. The 9 parameters of CN2, CANMX, ESCO, SOL_K, SLSOIL, LAT_TIME, GW_DELAY, GWQMN, ALPHA_BF were selected for model calibration. The SWAT result by focusing on 5 normal years (2002~2006) calibration showed the 14 years average Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) for Q and 1/Q with 0.78 and 0.58 respectively. On the other hand, the 14 years average NSEs of Q and 1/Q by focusing on 2 drought years (2014~2015) calibration were 0.86 and 0.76 respectively. Thus, we could infer that the SWAT calibration trial by focusing on drought periods data can be a good approach to calibrate both high flow and low flow by controlling the 9 drought affected parameters.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.902-909
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• 2009

With various reservoirs, dams and reduction of water velocity in downstream, rivers in Korea often have characteristics of accumulation of pollutants. Therefore, the main focus of water quality modeling in Korea needs to be shifted from DO to algae and organic matter. Moreover the structures of water quality models should be modified to have capability of simulating BOD which is a key factor of total water pollution load management in Korea as laboratory experiment BOD (Bottle $BOD_5$). In the SWAT model which is one of the widely used water quality models in Korea, the channel water quality module is using main algorithm of the QUAL2E model which has limitations in simulating algae, organic matter and Bottle BOD5 etc. To overcome this hindrance, in this study, the improved channel water quality module of the SWAT model (Q-SWAT) was proposed by linking the algorithms of the QUAL-NIER model which was developed based on the QUAL2E model to the SWAT model. The algorithms estimating the increase of internal organic matter by fractionization algal metabolism process and calculating Bottle $BOD_5$ were added and the results of proposed model were compared to those of the original SWAT model. The results of comparison test are showing that more accurate BOD values can be obtained with the Q-SWAT model and it is anticipated that the Q-SWAT model can be used as an effective tool of decision support through the water quality simulation and long term pollution source analysis.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.803-812
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to develop Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) automatic calibration algorithm with multi-objective functions by Python, and to evaluate the applicability by applying the algorithm to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed modeling. The study area is the upstream watershed of Gongdo observation station of Anseongcheon watershed ($364.8km^2$) and the daily observed streamflow data from 2000 to 2015 were used. The PSO automatic algorithm calibrated SWAT streamflow by coefficient of determination ($R^2$), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ($NSE_Q$), and especially including $NSE_{INQ}$ (Inverse Q) for lateral, base flow calibration. The results between automatic and manual calibration showed $R^2$ of 0.64 and 0.55, RMSE of 0.59 and 0.58, $NSE_Q$ of 0.78 and 0.75, and $NSE_{INQ}$ of 0.45 and 0.09, respectively. The PSO automatic calibration algorithm showed an improvement especially the streamflow recession phase and remedied the limitation of manual calibration by including new parameter (RCHRG_DP) and considering parameters range.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.10
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• pp.819-833
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• 2021

This study is to evaluate applicability of linkage modeling using PHABSIM (Physical Habitat Simulation System) and SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and to estimate ecological flow for target fishes of Andong downstream (4,565.7 km²). The SWAT was established considering 2 multi purpose dam (ADD, IHD) and 1 streamflow gauging station (GD). The SWAT was calibrated and validated with 9 years (2012 ~ 2020) data of 1 stream (GD) and 2 multi-purpose dam (ADD, IHD). For streamflow and dam inflows (GD, ADD and IHD), R², NSE and RMSE were 0.52 ~ 0.74, 0.48 ~ 0.71, and 0.92 ~ 2.51 mm/day respectively. As a result of flow duration analysis for 9 years (2012 ~ 2020) using calibrated streamflow, the average Q185 and Q275 were 36.5 m³/sec (-1.4%) and 23.8 m³/sec (0%) respectively compared with the observed flow duration and were applied to flow boundary condition of PHABSIM. The target stream was selected as the 410 m section where GD is located, and stream cross-section and hydraulic factors were constructed based on Nakdong River Basic Plan Report and HEC-RAS. The dominant species of the target stream was Zacco platypus and the sub-dominant species was Puntungia herzi Herzenstein, and the HSI (Habitat Suitability Index) of target species was collected through references research. As the result of PHABSIM water level and velocity simulation, error of Q185 and Q275 were analyzed -0.12 m, +0.00 m and +0.06 m/s, +0.09 m/s respectively. The average WUA (Weighted Usable Area) and ecological flow of Zacco platypus and Puntungia herzi Herzenstein were evaluated 76,817.0 m²/1000m, 20.0 m³/sec and 46,628.6 m²/1000m, 9.0 m³/sec. This results indicated Zacco platypus is more adaptable to target stream than Puntungia herzi Herzenstein.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.51-51
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• 2021

환경생태유량은 수생태 건강성 유지를 위한 최소한의 유량으로 K-water에서는 유량증분방법론 기반의 1차원 물리적 서식처 모형인 PHABSIM(Physical habitat simulation system)을 이용해 고시지점에 대해 환경생태유량을 산정하여 제시하고 있으나, PHABSIM을 이용하여 환경생태유량을 산정하기 위해서는 지형, 수문 및 어류조사와 같은 현장조사를 지속적으로 실시해야한다는 한계점이 존재한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 안동댐 하류유역(4,565.7 km²)을 대상으로 SWAT(Soil and water assessment tool)과 PHABSIM을 연계하여 수문모형을 이용한 유량 모의에 따른 대상 어종의 환경생태유량을 산정하고자 한다. SWAT 구축을 위해 DEM과 토양도 및 토지이용자료와 유역 내 위치한 7개의 기상관측소에 대한 40년(1980~2019)의 기상자료를 수집하여 적용하였으며, SWAT의 검보정을 위해 유역내 위치한 2개의 다목적 댐(안동댐, 임하댐)의 실측 운영자료와 1개의 수위관측소의 유량자료를 수집하였다. PHABSIM의 경우, 안동댐 하류유역에 대한 하천정비기본계획 보고서에 기반하여 지형자료를 입력하였으며 문헌조사를 통해 대상어종의 서식적합도지수를 수집하여 적용하였다. 3개 지점에 대한 SWAT 검보정결과, 평균 R², NSE 및 RMSE는 각각 0.51~0.76, 0.47~0.74, 0.61~1.84 mm/day로 나타났다. PHABSIM과의 연계를 위해 검보정된 SWAT의 하천유량에 대해 유황분석을 실시하였고, 산정한 Q10과 Q355를 유량의 최대·최소 범위로 설정하여 PHABSIM의 유량 경계조건으로 활용하였다. 이를 이용하여 SWAT과 PHABSIM의 연계모델링 적용성을 평가하고 대상어종의 환경생태유량을 산정할 예정이다.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.339-352
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• 2012

Total maximum daily load have been implemented and indicated that nonpoint discharge coeffients in flow duration curve were 0.50 of Normal flow duration ($Q_{185}$) and 0.15 of low flow duration($Q_{275}$). By using SWAT, nonpoint discharge coefficients are studied with the conditions of the instream flow and the rainfall in two study areas. The nonpoint discharge coefficient average of BOD and TP for normal flows duration in 3 years are 0.32~0.36 and 0.28~0.31. For the low flow duration, the nonpoint discharge coefficient avergae of BOD and TP were 0.10~0.12 and 0.10~0.11. These are lower than the coefficients of total maximum load regulation. There are big differences between one of regulation and one of SWAT for the normal flow duration. With the consideration of rainfall condition, the nonpoint discharge coefficient of flood flow duration are influenced on the amount of rainfalls. However, the nonpoint discharge coefficients of normal flow duration and low flow duration are not effected by the rainfall condition. Since the spatial distribution and geomorphological characteristics could be considered with SWAT, the estimation of nonpoint discharge coefficient in watershed model is better method than the use of the recommended number in the regulation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.156-156
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• 2023

본 연구는 SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)과 PHABSIM(Physical Habitat Simulation System)을 활용하여 남강댐유역(2,983.0 km²)을 대상으로 유역환경변화에 따른 환경생태유량 확보량을 산정하였다. 유역환경변화를 고려하기 위해 유역환경변화 요인(토지이용, 지하수 이용, 산림생장, 도로개발, 토양깊이)를 1980s(1976~1985), 2010s(2006~2019)로 구분하여 보정된 SWAT에 적용하였다. 유역환경변화 분석결과 토지이용은 1980s 대비 2010s에서 도시와 농업지역은 증가하였으나, 산림과 수역은 감소하였다. 지하수 이용은 1980s 대비 2010s에서 +18.9 백만 m³/년 증가한 평균 31.5 백만 m³/년으로 분석되었고, 산림높이는 1980s 대비 2010s에서 +0.6 m 증가한 평균 12.4 m의 수고를 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 토양깊이와 도로망의 경우 각각 1980s 대비 2010s에서 -0.2 cm, +29.2 km 증가한 61.3 cm, 51.5 km로 나타났다. 유역환경변화 요인을 SWAT에 적용한 결과, 남강댐유역의 평균 유량은 1980s 대비 2010s에서 -9.5 m³/sec 감소한 77.3 m³/sec로 분석되었다. 남강댐유역의 환경생태유량을 산정하기 위해 하류에 위치한 정암교가 위치한 하천에 대해 PHABSIM을 구축하였고, 대표어종인 피라미에 대한 서식처적합도지수를 적용하여 환경생태유량을 산정하였다. 최적 환경생태유량은 21.0 m³/sec로 나타났고, 가중가용면적-유량 관계를 활용하여 가중가용면적 비율별(100%~25%) 환경생태유량을 산정하였다. 2010s에서 환경생태유량을 만족하지 못하는 73일(Q293~Q365)에 대하여 각 유황과 환경생태유량과의 차이를 일별로 계산한 후 10일 간격의 차이의 총합을 확보량으로 정의하여 산정하였다. 100% 환경생태유량 기준일 때 평균 확보량과 확보기간은 각각 5.36 m³/sec, 73일로 나타났고, 80% 기준일 때 평균 확보량과 확보기간은 각각 2.75 m³/sec, 20일로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.82-98
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• 2009

This study applied SWAT model to analyze suspended sediment load that is influence on the high density turbid water in Donghyang and Cheoncheon basin, which are located in the upstream of Yongdam Dam. GIS data such as DEM, land cover map and soil map, and meteorological data were used as the input data of SWAT model. And the rating curve equation and Q-SS equation of Donghyang and Cheoncheon gauge station were applied as the measured values of them. As the result of flowout, the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (EI) of model calibration showed high as 0.87 and 0.87 at Donghyang gauge station, and the $R^2$ and EI of model validation were high as 0.95 at Cheoncheon gauge station. Also, as the result of suspended sediment load, the $R^2$ and EI of model calibration were high as 0.77 and 0.76 at Donghyang gauge station, and the $R^2$ and EI of model validation marked high as 0.867 and 0.80 at Cheoncheon gauge station. It is considered that the suspended sediment load of 2003 showed the highest due to rainfall amounts and rainfall intensity in using SWAT model. The results of suspended sediment modeled in this study can be applied to the decision-making support data for the evaluation of soil erosion possibility and turbid water potential in the management of reservoir.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the future hydrologic behavior affected by the potential climate and land use changes in upstream of Anseong-cheon watershed ($366.5km^2$) using SWAT. The HadGEM3-RA RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios were used for 2030s (2020-2039) and 2050s (2040-2059) periods as the future climate change scenario. It was shown that maximum changes of precipitation ranged from -5.7% in 2030s to +18.5% in 2050s for RCP 4.5 scenarios and the temperature increased up to $1.8^{\circ}C$ and $2.6^{\circ}C$ in 2030s RCP 4.5 and 2050s 8.5 scenarios respectively based on baseline (1976-2005) period. The future land uses were predicted using the CLUE-s model by establishing logistic regression equation. The 2050 urban area were predicted to increase of 58.6% (29.0 to $46.0km^2$). The SWAT was calibrated and verified using 14 years (2002-2015) of daily streamflow with 0.86 and 0.76 Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) for stream flow (Q) and low flow 1/Q respectively focusing on 2 drought years (2014-2015) calibration. For future climate change only, the stream discharge showed maximum decrease of 24.2% in 2030s RCP 4.5 and turned to maximum increase of 10.9% in 2050s RCP 4.5 scenario compared with the baseline period stream discharge of 601.0 mm by the precipitation variation and gradual temperature increase. While considering both future climate and land use change, the stream discharge showed maximum decrease of 14.9% in 2030s RCP 4.5 and maximum increase of 19.5% in 2050s RCP 4.5 scenario by the urban growth and the related land use changes. The results supported that the future land use factor might be considered especially for having high potential urban growth within a watershed in the future climate change assessment.