• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.671-682
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• 1998

Electrophysiological phenomena of pyramidal cells in the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus were recorded from and filled with neurobiotin in anesthetized rats. The electropharmacological properties of membrane as well as the cellular-synaptic generation of rhythmic slow activity (theta) were examined. The intracellular response characteristics of these pyramidal cells were distinctly different from responses of interneurons. Pyramidal cells had a high resting membrane potential, a low input resistance, and a large amplitude action potential. A afterhyperpolarization was followed a single action potential. Most of pyramidal cells did not display a spontaneous firing. Pyramidal cells displayed weak inward rectification and anodal break excitation. The slope of the frequency-current relation was 53.4 Hz/nA for the first interspike interval and 15.9 Hz/nA for the last intervals, suggesting the presence of spike frequency adaptation. Neurobiotin-filled neurons showed pyramidal morphology. Cells were generally bipolar dendritc processes ramifying in stratum lacunosum-moleculare, radiatum, and oriens. Commissural stimulation discharged pyramidal cells, followed by excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs). The frequency of theta-related membrane potential oscillation was voltage-independent in pyramidal neurons. At strong depolarization levels (less than 30 mV) pyramidal cells emitted sodium spike oscillation, phase-locked to theta. The observations provide direct evidence that theta-related rhythmic hyperpolarization of principal cells is brought by the rhythmically discharging interneurons. Furthermore, the findings in which interneurons were also paced by rhythmic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials during theta suggest that they were periodically hyperpolarized by their GABAergic septal afferents.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.154-166
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• 1987

Recently, the researches on the enteroendocrine cells of vertebrates have made a remarkable advance by the immunocytochemical methods. This study was attempted to investigate the topographical distributions and the shapes of gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin and cholecystokinin-8 immuno-reactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Korean hedgehog, Erinaceus koreanus. For light-microscopical examination of immunocytochemistry, the tissue specimens taken from the various portions(body and pyloric protion of stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and rectum) were fixed in glutaraldehyde-picric acid-acetic acid (GPA) or 10% neutral buffered formalin solutions. For the demonstration of immunoreactive cells, the paraffin sections (6$\mu$m) were immunocytochemically identified by PAP procedure (Sternberger, 1979) with gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin and cholecystokinin-8 antisera. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were mainly distributed in the pyloric portion of stomach and were a few in the duodenum and jejunum. The shapes of these cells were round or oval in the pyloric portion and pyramidal in the small intestine. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were sparsely distributed in the only small intestine. The shapes of these cells were mainly pyramidal. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were a few in the pyloric portion and duodenum, and were sparsely distributed in the body of stomach and jejunum. The shapes of these cells were round or oval in the stomach and oval or pyramidal in the small intestine. Cholecystokinin-8-immunoreactive cells were sparsely distributed in the only small intestine. The shapes of these cells were mainly oval or pyramidal.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.164-173
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the direct neurotoxicity of alcohol on CNS and the effects of piracetam or vitamins on ultrastructural changes of the rat cerebellar and hippocampal neurons during long-term alcohol treatment. To evaluate the results, quantitative analysis were done for light and electronic microscopic findings. On the light microscopy, red degeneration of pyramidal cells and Purkinje cells was found more apparently in the alcohol only treated group than in the control group. On the electron microscopy, increased lipofuscin pigments were found in cerebellum and hippocampus. In quantitative analysis, vitamins significantly reduced red degeneration in both hippocampus and cerebellum. However, piracetam significantly reduced red degeneration in cerebellum but not in hippocampus. Lipofuscin pigments in Purkinje cells and pyramidal cells were significantly reduced in the alcohol with piracetam treated group than the alcohol only treated group. However, vitamins had no significant reducing effect of lipofuscin pigments in Purkinje cells and pyramidal cells. According to the results, it is concluded that vitamins deficiency might cause red degeneration of pyramidal cell after long-term alcohol treatment, but increment of lipofuscin pigments in pyramidal and Purkinje cell may be caused by alcohol itself or its metabolite rather than vitamins deficiency. Piracetam seems to improve cognitive function impairment caused by alcohol consumption.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.267-276
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• 2000

PSS(Pyramidal type 2-axes Analog Sun Sensor) which will be used for KAISTSAT-4 is designed to be small, light, low in power consumptions, and adequate for small satellite attitude sensor. The PSS for the KAISTSAT-4 consists of the pyramidal structure, solar cells and amplifier. The pyramidal structure is suitable for the 2-axes sensing, Solar cells are made up of a rectangular shape of crystal silicon. The PSS measures the angle of incident light and initial satellite attitude measurement, and provides an alarm for the sunlight-sensitive payloads. This paper explains the PSS structure and the characteristic test result about the PSS with $\pm$$50^{\circ}$in FOV, less than $\pm$$3^{\circ}$in accuracy.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.218-231
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• 1999

마취된 흰쥐를 사용하여 해마의 CA영역에 위치한 피라밋세포들의 세포막 특성을 in vivo의 세포내 기록법에 의해서 관찰한 후 2.5% neurobiotin을 세포내 기록용 미세전극에 채워 세포내로 충진시킨후 충진전과 동일한 실험순서로 반응을 다시 관찰하고 ABC kit를 이용하여 면역조직염색을 행하여 형태학적인 관찰을 하였다. 피라밋세포의 세포내 반응 특성은 높은 휴지막 세포막전위, 낮은 input resistance 그리고 큰 활동전위를 가졌다. neurobiotin 충진 전 후에 따른 세포막 특성의 변화는 sustained AHP의 duration과 amplitude, input resistance, 그리고 세포외 및 세포내 자극에 따른 AP 수에서 유의한 차이를 보였고(P<0.05), 세포외 자극에 의한 억제는 주로 전반부에 나타났으며 CA3 영역에 위치한 이 세포의 형태학적 관찰 결과 세포체는 피라밋층에서 분명한 피라미드 형태를 띄고 있었고 기저 및 선단 가지가 각각 백색판층 및 섬유방-분자층까지 뻗어 있었으며 축삭은 겉질을 향해 기저가지돌기면에서 수직으로 뻗어 있었다. 해마의 주세포인 피라밋세포의 세포막 특성과 세포내 염색지시체(marker)로 주로 쓰이는 neurobiotin에 의해 세포막 특성중 일부가 변화됨을 알 수 있었고, 뇌내의 신경세포연결망이 완전히 보존되어 세포들 사이의 시냅스관계를 추측할 수 있는 in vivo 실험 모델이 응용될 수 있음을 제시하였다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2003

Objectives: This study investigates the effects of Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix, Carthami Flos on Brain ischemia of the rats induced from the Occlusion of Lt. Common Carotid Artery. Methods: I observed effects using light microscopes and examined tissue of parietal lobe and hippocampus and VEGF-immunoreactive cells. Results: A small number of VEGF-immunoreactive cells are observed in the control group. VEGF-immunoreactive cells in Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix-administered group were slightly increased compared with control group. VEGF-immunoreactive cells in Carthami Flos-administered group were significantly increased compared with control group. Neurons of parietal lobe and pyramidal cells of hippocampus in the control group were greatly damaged.(neuronal densitity, form of dendrite and axon) On the other hand, neurons of parietal lobe and pyramidal cells of hippocampus in Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix-administered group were less damaged. Neurons of parietal lobe and pyramidal cells of hippocampus in Carthami Flos-administered group were significantly less damaged compared with control group. Conclusion : Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix, Carthami Flos can effect on stimulating angiogenesis and reducinging the damage of neurons in the rats induced from the Occlusion of Lt. Common Carotid Artery.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.141-151
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• 1990

Raf protein kinases and protein kinase C는 세포질내 serine/threonine-specific protein에 속한다. 그리고 기능적인 구조와 세포내의 분포 양상은 서로 비슷하다. Raf family oncogene를 발현시키는 a-raf와 c-raf protein kinase에 대한 antibodies로써 남생이 대뇌의 raf protein kinase의 분포를 조사하였다. 일반적으로 raf protein kinase는 제한된 지역에서 즉,general pallium,hippocampal formation, pdmordiuin hippocampi,nucleus of lateral olfactory tract, basal amygdaloid nucleus와bed of stria terminalis에 나타났으며, c-raf protein kinase의 면역학적 labeling은 a-raf보다 그 범위가 넓었다. 그렇지만 labeling되는 intensity는 오히려 a-raf보다 낮았다. 그런데 a-raf에서 가장 명확한 좋은 예는 basal amygdaloid nucleus내의 구형모양의 세포인데, 이 세포는 세포질이 매우 강하게 labeling되어 지므로 ring모양과 같이 나타났다. 특히 c-raf는 protein kinase C 가 많이 나타나는 pyramidal 세포나 Purkinje세포에 많이 존재하는 것을 볼 때 protein kinase에 의하여 활성화되는 myc와 서로 상협작용을 유도한다고 제안하는 바이다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.78-89
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• 2001

Objectives : The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effects of Woohwangcheongsim-won on reperfusion following MCA occlusion in rats. Methods : To evaluate the effect of Woohwangcheongsim-won on reperfusion following MCA occlusion, the volume of cerebral ischemia and edema were measured and the change of the CAI pyramidal neuron in the hippocampus was investigated by light microscopy. And the changes of several neurotransmitters and enzymes were investigated with the immunohistochemical methods. Results : 1. The volume of the control group, which was ischemic-damaged was 23.6%, and that of the sample group was 13.5%. 2. The voluminalratio of the right/left hemisphere was 116 in the control group, and that of the sample group was 107. 3. The pyramidal cells of CAI area in the control group were greatly damaged. The cells were changed into discontinuous and unsystematic forms, and nuclei, and cytoplasms were shrunk. On the other hand, the cells of the sample group were less damaged. 4. On the immunohistochemical methods, the sensitivities of GABA, NOS, DBH in the control group were increased, and those of synapsin and $eEF-l{\alpha}$ were decreased as compared with the normal group. NOS and DBH which were negative in the normal group showed positive reaction. On the other hand, the sensitivities of GABA, NOS and DBH in the sample group were decreased, but those of NPY, synapsin, CaMKII and $eEF-l{\alpha}$ were increased as compared with the control group. Conclusions : Woohwangcheongsim-won reduced the volume of cerebral ischemia and edema, and minimized the damage of pyramidal cells. The mechanism was related to protein synthesis, such as synapsin, ${\alpha}CaMKII$ and $eEF-l{\alpha}$, which resist neurotoxicity of glutamate receptors.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.145-160
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• 2001

Objectives : The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of Geupoongjibo-dan Extracts on Reversible Forebrain Ischemia in Mongolian Gerbils. Methods : The change rate of water content in cerebral tissues, the numercal change of the CA1 pyramidal neuron in the hippocampus, the change of delayed neuronal death(necrosis apoptosis) through light microscopy, the reactivity change of glycoprotein in neuronal membrane and the ultrastructural change of pyramidal neuron through electron microscopy caused by dalayed neuronal death were investigated. Results : 1. The change rate of water content in the normal group showed 78.90% on the third day, and 79.12% on the seventh day after an attack of ischemia. The rate in the control group showed 82.25% and 85.13%, respectively. The rate in the sample group showed a significant decrease: 81.72% and 83.66%. 2. Light microscopy revealed that the cells, continuous and systematic forms in the pyramidal cells of hippocampus, changed into discontinuous and unsystematic forms in the normal group when compared with the control group. The cells were less damaged in the sample group. 3. The mean of the numerical change of the CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus was 104 in the normal group. The mean of the control group was decreased to 27. The mean of the sample group was 44. 4. TUNEL staining examination reveals that the whole part of the hippocampus of the normal group had negative reactivity. As far as CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus, the control group had positive reactivity. The sample group was more positive than the control group. 5. Electron microscopy reveals that the ischemic injury of the control group had both necrotic and apoptotic morphology. The sample group was less necrotic, and more apoptotic morphology than the control group. 6. Lectin histochemisrical examination reveals that the normal group had positive reactivity to PNA and SBA in interneuron, and weak positive reactivity to WGA Con A LCA in intercelluar space. The reactivity to PNA and WGA decreased in the control group. The reactivity to PNA and WGA tended to increase in the sample group. Conclusions : The data shows that the effect of Geupoongjibo-dan Extracts on Reversible Forebrain Ischemia in MG is a significant result.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2006

Objectives : Ischemic brain injury is a worldwide problem that often causes irreversible brain damage. Moreover, prevention of ischemic brain injury is more important than anything else, since after-effects of stroke significantly threat the quality of life. Jukryukjichul-hwan (JRH) is an oriental medicinal formula for stroke patients in Korea. This study evaluated neuroprotective effects of methanol extract of JRH on global cerebral ischemia in rats. Changes of the pyramidal neurons, Bax and TUNEL immuno-positive neurons in CA1 hippocampus were observed using immunohistochemistry. Methods : Sprague-Dawley Rats were induced with temporal global cerebral ischemia (TGI) by occluding the bilateral common carotid artery with hypotension, The rats were divided into 3 groups. We treated one group with methanol extract of JRH after operation, another group before and after the operation. We observed Bax expressions inducing apoptosis of neurons and TUNEL-positive Pyramidal Neurons as an index of survival and apoptosis of pyramidal neurons in CA1 Hippocampus. Results : JRH treatment before and after TGI inhibited Bax expression in CA1 hippocampus. JRH treatment before and after TGI reduced the cell death of pyramidal neurons in CA1 hippocampus. JRH treatment after TGI reduced the cell death of pyramidal neurons in CA1 hippocampus. JRH treatment before and after TGI reduced TUNEL-positive cells in CA1 hippocampus. Conclusion : These results suggest that JRH has a neuroprotective effect (by anti-apoptosis) against cerebral ischemia.