• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제17권6호통권79호
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• pp.737-747
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• 2005

강재 보와 콘크리트 슬래브로 구성되어 지는 합성보에서 두 부재는 일반적으로 전단연결재에 의해 서로 합성되어져 일체적인 구조거동을 하게 된다. 현재까지 전단연결재로서는 스터드(stud)가 널리 사용되어지고 있다. 합성보의 구조적 거동은 사용된 부재의 재료적 특성 외에도 스터드에 의한 전단합성작용에 의해 많은 영향을 받게 된다. 합성보 전단연결부에서의 전단합성거동은 합성보에서가 아닌 단순화된 Push-Out 시험체(Push-Out Test Specimen)에 의해 실험적으로 결정되고 있다. 최근의 연구결과에 따르면, Push-Out 실험에서 얻은 전단 스터드의 합성거동과 실제 합성보에서의 전단합성거동에는 분명한 차이점이 존재하며, 특히 부분합성된 합성보에서는 그 차이가 매우 크다는 것이 밝혀지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 표준 Push-Out 시험체 및 합성보의 구조거동 해석을 위해, Push-Out 실험으로부터 결정되는 스터드에 대한 하중-상대변위 곡선의 도입이 필요 없는 3차원 유한요소모델을 개발하였다. 해석결과의 비교 분석으로부터 합성보 전단연결부에서의 합성거동을 평가할 수 있었고, 이를 Push-Out 실험결과와 비교하여 보았으며 전단합성거동의 차이점에 대한 구체적 원인을 찾을 수 있었다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.169-175
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• 1999

Shear connectors are completely important to composite each other in steel concrete composite structures. Therefore a strength of shear connectors and relation of a load-slip have been carried out experimentally and analytically by the Push-Out test for this study. In this paper, eleven specimens were tested and the behavior of shear connectors in steel concrete composite structures are investigated.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.197-213
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• 2023

To investigate the static properties of large high strength bolt shear connector in hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (HFRC) and normal concrete (NC), eight push-out test specimens with single/double nut and HFRC/NC slabs were designed and push-out tests were conducted. A fine 3D nonlinear finite element (FE) model including HFRC constitutive model was established by using ANSYS 18.0, and the test results were used to verify FE models of the push-out test specimens. Then a total of 13 FE models were analyzed with various parameters including fiber volume fractions of HFRC, bolt diameter and thickness of steel flange. Finally, the empirical equations considering the contribution of polypropylene fiber (PF) and steel fiber (SF) obtained from the regression of the test results and FE analysis were recommended to evaluate the load-slip curve and ultimate capacity of the large high strength bolt shear connector embedded in HFRC/NC.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.377-387
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• 2017

이 연구에서는 강판 매입형 합성기둥의 Push-out Test를 통해 강재와 콘크리트의 부착면적에 따른 영향을 알아보았다. 이로써 부착면적이 넓을수록 부착응력은 작아진다는 경향이 조사되었다. 또한 소규모 매입형 합성기둥의 경우에는 설계기준에서 제시하는 공칭부착 응력값이 과소하게 적용되는 것을 확인하였다. 다음으로 H형강 매입형 합성기둥의 Push-out Test를 통해 전단연결재의 수와 간격에 따른 영향을 알아보았다. 이로써 전단연결재의 전단거동을 파악할 수 있었다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.155-167
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• 2014

강-콘크리트 합성보는 오랫동안 건물시공에 사용되어져 왔다. 합성보의 필수요소는 강재단면과 콘크리트 슬래브 사이의 전단접합이며, 주로 기계적 전단연결재가 사용되며 다양한 형상의 장치가 사용되어져 왔다. 본 연구는 앵글 전단연결재를 가진 push-out 실험체의 실험결과를 조사한 것이다. 앵글 전단연결재의 전단성능을 검토하기 위해서 모두 22개의 push-out 실험체를 설계하였으며, 앵글의 높이, 용접길이 및 앵글의 간격 등의 실험변수를 바탕으로 그 영향을 검토하였다. 실험결과를 바탕으로 앵글 전단연결재의 전단강도를 예측할 수 있는 설계식을 제안하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.391-404
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• 2007

This paper presents push-out tests of stud shear connectors to examine their fatigue behavior for developing a new composite bridge deck system. The fifteen push-out specimens of D16 mm stud welded on 9 mm steel plate were fabricated according to Eurocode-4, and a series of fatigue endurance test and residual strength test were performed. Additionally, the stiffness and strength variations by cyclic loading were compared. The push-out test, when the stiffness reduction ratio of the specimens was 0.95 under cyclic load, resulted in the failure of the studs. The stiffness variation of the push-out specimens additionally showed that the application of cyclic loads reduced the residual strength. The fatigue strength of the shear connectors were compared with the design values specified in the Eurocode-4, ASSHTO LRFD and JSSC codes. The comparison result showed that the fatigue endurance of the specimens satisfies the design values of these codes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.30.1-30.11
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• 2023

Objectives: This study verified the possibility of cementing fiberglass-reinforced posts using a flowable bulk-fill composite (BF), comparing its push-out bond strength and microhardness with these properties of 3 luting materials. Materials and Methods: Sixty endodontically treated bovine roots were used. Posts were cemented using conventional dual-cured cement (CC); self-adhesive cement (SA); dual-cured composite (RC); and BF. Push-out bond strength (n = 10) and microhardness (n = 5) tests were performed after 1 week and 4 months of storage. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), 1-way ANOVA, t-test, and Tukey post-hoc tests were applied for the push-out bond strength and microhardness results; and Pearson correlation test was applied to verify the correlation between push-out bond strength and microhardness results (α = 0.05). Results: BF presented higher push-out bond strength than CC and SA in the cervical third before aging (p < 0.01). No differences were found between push-out bond strength before and after aging for all the luting materials (p = 0.84). Regarding hardness, only SA presented higher values measured before than after aging (p < 0.01). RC and BF did not present 80% of the maximum hardness at the apical regions. A strong positive correlation was found between the luting materials' push-out bond strength and microhardness (p < 0.01, R² = 0.7912). Conclusions: The BF presented comparable or higher push-out bond strength and microhardness than the luting materials, which indicates that it could be used for cementing resin posts in situations where adequate light curing is possible.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.5.1-5.9
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the push-out bond strength of a novel calcium silicate-based root repair material-BIOfactor MTA to root canal dentin in comparison with white MTA-Angelus (Angelus) and Biodentine (Septodont). Materials and Methods: The coronal parts of 12 central incisors were removed and the roots were embedded in acrylic resin blocks. Midroot dentin of each sample was horizontally sectioned into 1.1 mm slices and 3 slices were obtained from each root. Three canal-like standardized holes having 1 mm in diameter were created parallel to the root canal on each dentin slice with a diamond bur. The holes were filled with MTA-Angelus, Biodentine, or BIOfactor MTA. Wet gauze was placed over the specimens and samples were stored in an incubator at $37^{\circ}C$ for 7 days to allow complete setting. Then samples were subjected to the push-out test method using a universal test machine with the loading speed of 1 mm/min. Data was statistically analyzed using Friedman test and post hoc Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction. Results: There were no significant differences among the push-out bond strength values of MTA-Angelus, Biodentine, and BIOfactor MTA (p > 0.017). Most of the specimens exhibited cohesive failure in all groups, with the highest rate found in Biodentine group. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, MTA-Angelus, Biodentine, and BIOfactor MTA showed similar resistances to the push-out testing.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.53-67
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• 2019

This study presents finite element analysis (FEA) on a Y-type perfobond rib shear connection using Abaqus software. The performance of a shear connection is evaluated by conducting a push-out test. However, in practice, it is inefficient to verify the performance by conducting a push-out test with regard to all design variables pertaining to a shear connector. To overcome this problem, FEA is conducted on various shear connectors to accurately estimate the shear strength of the Y-type perfobond rib shear connection. Previous push-out test results for 14 typical push-out test specimens and those obtained through FEA are compared to analyze the shear behavior including consideration of the design variables. The results show that the developed finite element model successfully reflects the effects of changes in the design variables. In addition, using the developed FEA model, the shear resistance of a stubby Y-type perfobond rib shear connector is evaluated based on the concrete strength and transverse rebar size variables. Then, the existing shear resistance formula is upgraded based on the FEA results.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.499-506
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• 2008

이 연구는 다양한 접착시스템을 사용하는 6가지 레진시멘트를 이용하여 근관에 합착한 섬유포스트를 push-out 검사에 의해 포스트와 치근 상아질 간의 결합강도를 상호 비교하기 위하여 시행되었다. 발거된 하악 소구치의 치관부를 제거하고 치근부를 근관충전한 후 9mm의 포스트 룸을 형성하였다. 사용된 레진시멘트의 종류에 따라서 무작위로 6개씩 선택하여 Duo-Link 군, Variolink II 군, Panavia F 군, Multilink Automix 군, RelyX Unicem 군, Maxcem 군으로 분류하였다. 제조사의 지시에 따라서 각각의 레진시멘트를 Uni-dose needle tip을 이용하여 근단부에서부터 주입하여 광투과성 섬유 포스트인 no. 2 DT Light Post를 근관에 합착하였다. 증류수에 24시간동안 보관한 후, 주수 하에 저속의 Diamond Wheel Saw를 이용하여 각 치근을 횡단면으로 1mm 두께로 절단하여 연속적인 절편 6개를 얻었다. 각 군의 시편을 universal testing machine에 고정하고 push-out 검사를 시행하여 push-out 강도를 통계 분석한 결과, 서로 다른 접착시스템을 사용한 레진시멘트 군간의 push-out 강도는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다 (p > 0.05).