• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.136-144
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examined the unconscious response of the pupil in the observation toward the image in the eye-tracking experiments that target on a large complex cultural space. Twenty-five men participated in this experiment and the observation data were analyzed in seconds per minute on watching time. It could examine the unconscious response of information searching in the change of pupil size in the process of observing the space. The results could be defined as following several points. First, it was possible to outline the unconscious response characteristics of pupil by analyzing sudden changes in pupil size as total, cumulative, and individual. The response characteristics using frequency and time can be utilized as the analytical method to examine the degree of interest of spatial components according to the purpose of analysis in the future. Second, according to the over ${\pm}5%$ of cumulative variation rate on the pupil size change, during in the 60 seconds, the continuous pupil dilation was used 25.2 seconds in 8.8 rounds and the pupil reduction was used 18.0 seconds in 7.0 rounds. Third, when the variation rate of ${\pm}5%$ or more was regarded as the sudden changes on pupil size by individual variation, the pupil dilation was 7.2 rounds of 8.6 seconds and pupil reduction was 6.0 seconds in 5.0 rounds. This means that the pupil increases 9.3% in one expansion and decreases -8.5% in the reduction process. As regarding pupil changes as cumulative rate, it appeared high change rate on pupil reduction but it became higher on pupil dilation in individual.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2007

This paper sought to investigate pupil size variability, pupil size parameters in terms of time domain and frequency domain, the autonomic activity change induced by posture change, degree of sleepiness and cognitive task (math task). With a specially designed pupil image acquisition system in the dark room, these three kinds of experiments were performed to induce a dominant state of sympathetic or parasympathetic activation. Electrocardiogram and pupil size were measured in all the experiments. Based on three experiments, we calculated heart rate variability. In the pupil size analysis, we calculated the mean and standard deviation of pupil size (in time domain), and proposed several frequency bands that exhibit different autonomic activation between different sessions. The results indicate that in terms of heart rate variability, posture change exhibited significant differences but not between sleepiness level, or between cognitive task. Pupil sizes differed only during the postures. And we found some frequency bands that correlated with autonomic activation in each experiment. While heart rate variability reflects posture change that need cardiac control, pupil size variability reflects not only posture induced autonomic activation but sleepiness and cognitive load, which is processed in the brain, in time and frequency domain parameter.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2018

This research is to analyze the change of pupil size in gender through the eye-tracking experiment in large complex cultural space. It is meaningful that figured out the common characteristics and differences from gender observation characteristics. Through this research, the analyzed results of the observation time measurement that appeared from the fixation and saccades pupil indicator able to define as follows. Firstly, it was suggested that there were differences between each gender and participants through extract pupil size that can be the standard examples for the case from male and female and the process of extracting the relative pupil size change on the hourly range. From the specific time range, it was possible to indicate bending characteristics and reversal phenomena of Fixation and Saccades. Second, the result was found equally from both male and female group that the rapid increment of pupil size at initial time range immediately after the eye-tracking experiment has been initiated. This can be considered to actively accepting the stress given by the subject through the extended pupil after 10 seconds that compare to indicated very low pupil size between 0 to 10 seconds after starting the experiment. Third, meanwhile 0 to 10 seconds after initial observation are the time of sudden change in the pupil size, therefore these time range data cannot be regarded as observed in the appropriate condition. Thus, it able to define the highest times of emotional processing for male as 10 to 80 seconds, and for female as 10 to 70 seconds. There was no definition of the time range data for observation experiment from previous research, this data can be considered to stable time to observation through the pupil extension. Therefore, it is possible to set suitable time of observation experiment to be around 70 to 80 seconds exclude initial experiment time.

• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2018

동공 추적 기술은 스마트 장치와 연계하여 사용자에게 편의를 제공할 수 있는 효율적인 정보 제공 수단으로 사용될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 Pupil-labs에서 제작한 모바일 동공 추적 장치를 사용하여 사용자의 응시점 거리를 측정하고, 정확도와 정밀도를 분석하는 실험 수행결과를 보인다. 이를 기반으로 동공 추적 장치가 측정하는 동공의 응시점 위치와 대상 타겟과의 오차를 비교한다. 모바일 동공 추적 장치도 한 종류의 카메라이기 때문에 사용하기 전에는 반드시 캘리브레이션 작업을 수행해야 한다. 일반적으로 사용하는 2차원 캘리브레이션 방법뿐만 아니라, 3차원 캘리브레이션 수행 방법에 대해 설명한다. 3차원 캘리브레이션은 2차원 캘리브레이션 결과보다 높은 정확도를 갖기 위해임의의 평면을 설정하여 다양한 3차원 공간상에서 캘리브레이션을 수행하는 과정을 의미한다. 3차원 캘리브레이션의 효율성을 보이기 위해 실험결과에 대한 분석 결과를 설명한다. 또한 전반적인 장치의 사용 방법과 장치를 통해 얻을 수 있는 다양한 정보를 소개한다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2004

Two-pupil 합성방법을 이용하여 변형 삼각간섭계의 광전달함수를 합성하고 분석하였다. 그리고, 변형 삼각간섭계의 경우에 two-pupil 방법을 사용함으로써 바이폴라 함수를 구하여 바이어스가 제거된 복소홀로그램을 얻을 수 있다는 것을 입증하였다.

• 대한인간공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한인간공학회 1995년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.187-198
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• 1995

The physiological change of eyes while viewing 3D TV was investigated. The change of pupil size was used as the measure of evaluation. The results are as follows: (1) The pupil size decreases after viewing 3D images. (2) The indoor illumination has a significant effect on the pupil size in both 2D and 3D cases. (3) Less change of pupil size were observed under the indoor illumination. Thus, if we only focus on the visual load on the eye, for viewing 3D images, it will be better to use indoor illumination.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2014

이 논문에서는 hybrid projection 함수와 rank order 필터를 이용하여 눈동자를 검출하는 방법을 제안한다. 눈썹을 눈동자로 검출하는 오류를 줄이기 위하여, hybrid projection 함수를 이용하여 얼굴 영역에서 눈썹을 검출하고 눈썹이 포함되지 않도록 눈 영역을 설정한다. 눈 영역에서 rank order 필터를 사용하여 눈동자 후보점을 찾고 위치를 보정한다. 두 눈동자 후보점을 기하학적인 제약조건을 기반으로 쌍으로 묶고 각 쌍의 두 눈에 대한 유사도를 정합을 이용하여 측정하여가장작은값을 갖는 쌍을 최종눈동자로 결정한다. BioID 얼굴데이터베이스의 얼굴 영상 700개에 대한 실험 결과 92.4%의 검출율을 얻었으며 기존 방법보다 약 21.5% 개선된 결과를 얻었다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose a pupil detection method using PCA(principal component analysis) and Hough transform. To reduce error to detect eyebrows as pupil, eyebrows are detected using projection function in eye region and eye region is set to not include the eyebrows. In the eye region, pupil candidates are detected using rank order filter. False candidates are removed by using symmetry. The pupil candidates are grouped into pairs based on geometric constraints. A similarity measure is obtained for two eye of each pair using PCA and hough transform, we select a pair with the smallest similarity measure as final two pupils. The experiments have been performed for 1000 images of the BioID face database. The results show that it achieves the higher detection rate than existing method.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2006

홍채인식은 개인의 홍채 패턴을 이용한 인식시스템으로 정보보안 분야나 개인 인증에 최고의 인증시스템중 하나로 알려져 있다. 홍채 인식을 위해 가장 먼저 해결해야하는 문제는 동공중심점탐색 이 매우 중요하다. 지금까지 많은 탐색 알고리즘들이 개발되었으나 대부분 처리시간이 매우 많이 소요된다. 본 논문에서는 새로운 동공 중심점 탐색 방법을 제시하고, Hough 변환을 이용한 방법과 비교하였다. 그 결과 120개의 이미지를 대상으로 실험한 결과 약 30%의 처리 속도 개선의 결과를 얻었다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2013년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.90-93
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• 2013

This paper presents a multistage adaptive thresholding method and circular Hough transform for pupil detection. Multistage adaptive thresholding is a thresholding method that applies local image statistic within a neighborhood variable and the global thresholds. Therefore, the method can adopt the benefit of local thresholding and prevent an over segmentation at the same time because of the global image information. To detect a pupil, a circular Hough transform is applied to it in which the pupil pattern is considered as a circle shape. The experimental results show the reliability of our proposed method in detecting pupil properly.