• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.735-744
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• 2012

In order to quantify the flow distribution characteristics of APR+ reactor, a test was performed on a test facility, ACOP ($\underline{A}$PR+ $\underline{C}$ore Flow & $\underline{P}$ressure Test Facility), having a length scale of 1/5 referring to the prototype plant. The major parameters are core inlet flow and outlet pressure distribution and sectional pressure drops along the major flow path inside reactor vessel. To preserve the flow characteristics of prototype plant, the test facility was designed based on a preservation of major flow path geometry. An Euler number is considered as primary dimensionless parameter, which is conserved with a 1/40.9 of Reynolds number scaling ratio. ACOP simplifies each fuel assembly into a hydraulic simulator having the same axial flow resistance and lateral cross flow characteristics. In order to supply boundary condition to estimate thermal margins of the reactor, the distribution of inlet core flow and core exit pressure were measured in each of 257 fuel assembly simulators. In total, 584 points of static pressure and differential pressures were measured with a limited number of differential pressure transmitters by developing a sequential operation system of valves. In the current study, reactor flow characteristics under the balanced four-cold leg flow conditions at each of the cold legs were quantified, which is a part of the test matrix composing the APR+ flow distribution test program. The final identification of the reactor flow distribution was obtained by ensemble averaging 15 independent test data. The details of the design of the test facility, experiment, and data analysis are included in the current paper.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 2016

A pulse measurement by tonometry provides useful information for diagnosis, including not only blood pressure and heart rate but also parameters for estimating a condition of the cardiovascular system. Currently, various pulse measurement devices based on the tonometry have been developed. A reliability of these devices is determined by a positioning technic between the sensor and the blood vessel and a controlling technique of the pressurization level. An angle of the sensor for the pulse measurement seems to be highly related with a measured signal, however, the objective studies for this issue have been not published. In this paper, the variation of the pulse signals by tonometry direction was experimentally assessed according to the angle of the sensor. In order for guaranteeing the repeatability of the experiment, we used a pulse generator device, which can generate human pulse signal by using silicon tube and fluid pump, and developed a structure for precise adjustment of the angle and the pressurization level of the sensor. The angle of the sensor was acquired by an inclinometer, which was attached at the opposite side of the sensor. As results, a coefficient of variation (CV) of a maximum amplitude (MA) of the pulse wave was largely increased over the angle range of $-9{\sim}9^{\circ}$. Furthermore, the changes of the pulse shape showed different aspects according to the sign of the angle tilted along the blood vessel. It is expected that the results of this study can be helpful for developing more precise pulse measurement devices based on the tonometry and applying in clinic.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.546-549
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• 2007

지열 냉난방 시스템의 설계는 냉난방 공간의 크기에 따라 필요한 부하를 계산하여 설계하게된 다. 설계 부하를 충분히 소화할 수 있는 지열교환기의 길이와 보어홀의 깊이 및 개수는 지반의 열적 특성에 크게 좌우된다. 열전도율이 큰 지반일수록 지열교환기 내의 열 흡수 및 소산이 효과적으로 이루어져 지열교환기의 길이도 상대적으로 짧아질 수 있다. 즉, 효율적이고 정확한 설계를 하기 위해서는 지반, 암반 및 지중열교환기의 물리적 특성에 따른 열적 특성을 설계자는 미리 숙지하여야 한다. 현재 국내에서 수직 밀폐형 지중열교환기의 그라우트로 벤토나이트를 가장 많이 사용하고 있으나, 해외의 경우 지중 조건에 따라 시멘트 또는 벤토나이트를 적절히 선택하여 시공하고 있다. 이는 벤토나이트의 특성상 적용 조건이 제약을 받기 때문이며, 특히 지하수가 존재하지 않을 경우 사용이 사실상 불가능하다. 국내에서 이에 대한 충분한 연구는 아직 이루어지지 않았으며, 시멘트 그라우트를 사용하기 위한 물리적, 열적 특성에 대한 연구가 필요한 시점이라 판단하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 시멘트 그라우트의 경우 수화반응이 일어나는 초기의 건조수축을 최소화하는 배합비로 물성을 구성하였으며, 벤토나이트는 일반 현장 시공 비율을 사용하였다. 열전도율은 첫째 실내 시험으로 시멘트 그라우트에 대한 열판시험법과 벤토나이트 그라우트에 대한 탐침시험법으로 수행하여 구하였으며, 두 번째 방법인 현장 시공으로 직접 현장열응답시험을 수행하여 그라우트 간의 열적 특성을 비교하였다. 또한 기존 시멘트그라우트의 열적 특성을 개량한 코오롱건설에서 개발한 시멘트 그라우트에 대한 열적 거동도 기존 타 그라우트의 열적 거동과 비교하였으며, 개발 제품의 성능이 상당히 우수함을 알 수 있었다.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.324-330
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• 2015

The electrolyte flow rates of vanadium redox flow battery play very important role in terms of ion transfer to electrolyte, kinetics and pump efficiency in system. In this paper a vanadium redox flow battery single cell was tested to suggest the optimization criteria of electrolyte flow rates on the efficiencies. The compared electrolyte circulation flow rates in this experimental work were 15, 30 and 45 mL/min. The charge/discharge characteristics of the flow rate of 30 mL/min was the best out of all flow rates in terms of charging and discharging time. The current efficiencies, voltage efficiencies and energy efficiencies at the flow rate of 30 mL/min were the best. The IR losses obtained at thd current density of $40mA/cm^2$, at the flow rates of 15, 30 and 45 mL/min were 0.085 V, 0.042 V and 0.115 V, respectively. The charge efficiencies at the current density of $40mA/cm^2$ were 96.42%, 96.45% and 96.29% for the electrolyte flow rates of 15, 30 and 45 mL/min, respectively. The voltge efficiencies at the current density of $40mA/cm^2$ were 77.34%, 80.62% and 76.10% for the electrolyte flow rates of 15, 30 and 45 mL/min, respectively. Finally, the energy efficiencies at the current density of $40mA/cm^2$ were 74.57%, 77.76% and 73.27% for the electrolyte flow rates of 15, 30 and 45 mL/min, respectively. The optimum flow rates of electrolytes were 20 mL/min in most of operating variables of vanadium redox flow battery.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.913-918
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• 2016

A three-way reversing valve, which provides rapid and accurate changes in the water flow direction without requiring any precise control device, is used in automotive washing machines to remove oil and dirt that remain on the machined engine and transmission blocks. Because of the complicated shape of the bottom-plug, however, cavitation occurs in the plug. In this study, the cavitation index and POC (percent of cavitation) were used to quantitatively evaluate the cavitation effect occurring in the bottom-plug on the downstream side. An optimal shape design was conducted via parametric study with a simple CAE model to avoid time-consuming CFD analysis and hard-to-achieve convergence. To verify the results of the numerical analysis, a flow visualization test was conducted using a specimen prepared according to ISA-RP75.23. In this test, the flow characteristics, such as cavitation occurring on the downstream side, were investigated using flow test equipment that included a valve, pump, flow control system, and high-speed camera.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.225-229
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• 2003

Each oxidoreductase activity of the aerobic respiratory chain-linked NADH oxidase system in the marine bacterium Pseudomonas nautica was stimulated by monovalent cations including $Na^+,\;Li^+,\;and\;K^+$. In the presence of NADH or deamino-NADH as electron donors, $GH_2$ formation was approximately 1.3-fold higher in the presense of 0.08 M of $Na^+\;than\;K^+$, Whereas the other reductase activities were not significantly higher in $Na^+\;than\;K^+$. The optimal pH of NADH (or deamino-NADH):ubiquinone-1 oxidoreductase was 9.0 in the presence of 0.08 M NaCl. The activity of NADH (or deamino-NADH):ubiquinone-1 oxidoreductase was inhibited by about 33% with $60{\mu}M$ 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO). The activity of NADH (deamino-NADH): ubiquinone-1 oxidoreductase was inhibited by about 32 to 38% with $80{\mu}M$ rotenone, whereas the activity was highly resistant to capsaicin. On the other hand, electron transfer from NADH or deamino-NADH to ubiquinone-1 generated a membrane potential (${\Delta}{\psi}$) which was larger in the presence of $Na^+$ than that observed in the absence of $Na^+$. The ${\Delta}{\psi}$ was almost completely collapsed by $5{\mu}M$ carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone(CCCP), and approximately 50% inhibited by $100{\mu}M$ rotenone, or $60{\mu}M$ 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline (HQNO). Also, HQNO made the ${\Delta}{\psi}$ very unstable. The results suggest that the enzymatic and energetic properties of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase of P. nautica are quite different, compared with those of other marine halophilic bacteria.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.549-557
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• 2012

In this paper an on-chip photo energy harvesting system with MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking) control is proposed. The ISC(Integrated Solar Cell) is implemented using p-diff/n-well diodes available in CMOS processes. MPPT control is implemented using the linear relationship between the open-circuit voltage of a PV(Photovoltaic) cell and its MPP(Maximum Power Point) voltage such that a small pilot PV cell can track the MPP of a main PV cell in real time. Simulation results show that the designed circuit with the MPPT control delivers the MPP voltage to load even though the load is heavy such that the load circuit can operate properly. The proposed circuit is designed in 0.18um CMOS process. The designed main PV cell and pilot PV cell occupy $8mm^2$ and $0.4mm^2$ respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2009

Opioids profoundly inhibit evoked discharges of spinal nociceptive neurons, thereby inhibiting the transmission of pain. Intrathecal administration of opioids using implantable continuous infusion systems is an effective method of pain relief when other treatments have failed, as well as for patients with adequate analgesia on high dose therapy that produces unacceptable side effects. We report two cases of intrathecal pump implantation performed in patients suffering from intractable chronic pain. A test dose of 3 mg morphine was injected into the epidural space. No side effects were noted and patients experienced considerable pain relief. Implantation was performed one day after the test. The initial intrathecal morphine delivery dose was half of the equivalent dose of daily oral intake opioids and the infusion rate was increased gradually under close observation for opioid side effects. Two days post-implantation, both patients were discharged without any complications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.4 no.3 s.14
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• pp.51-60
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• 2004

Urban flood damage has been caused by drainage deficiency. One of the methods to solve this problem is to construct detention basin and Pumping station and to pump out the water to the river. However, because of rapid urbanization, the capacity of drainage pipelines is sometimes not sufficient enough during the rainy season. Therefore, even though we have enough pumping stations, the inflow of surface water never reaches to the detention area, causing floods in urban area. This research is to find improvement of urban drainage system, estimating drainage pipeline risk. Also, eight models for a computer program were developed for practical use. The models were verified changing precipitation duration, intensity, design period, time distribution model, and etc. This verification was processed focusing that the model can regulate the water level in the detention basin and minimize the effect downstream. As a result Fuzzy models were found to be efficient to lower the water level in detention basin, and decreased about 8 cm in water level of downstream.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2011

An experimental variable rate nursery sprayer was developed to adjust application rates for canopy volume in real time. The sprayer consisted of two vertical booms integrated with ultrasonic sensors, and variable rate nozzles coupled with pulse width modulation (PMW) based solenoid valves. A custom-designed microcontroller instructed the sensors to detect canopy size and occurrence and then controlled nozzles to achieve variable application rates. A spray delivery system, which consisted of diaphragm pump, pressure regulator and 4-cycle gasoline engine, offered the spray discharge function. Spray delay time, time adjustment in spray trigger for the leading distance of the sensor, was measured with a high-speed camera, and it was from 50 to 140 ms earlier than the desired time (398 ms) at 3.2 km/h under indoor conditions. Consequently, the sprayer triggered 4.5 to 12.5 cm prior to detected targets. Duty cycles of the sprayer were from 20 to 34 ms for senor-to-canopy (STC) distance from 0.30 to 0.76 m. Outdoor test confirmed that the nozzles were triggered from 290 to 380 ms after detecting tree canopy at 3.2 km/h. The spray rate of the new sprayer was 58.4 to 85.2% of the constant application rate (935 L/ha). Spray coverage was collected at four areas of evergreen canopy by water sensitive papers (WSP), and ranged from 1.9 to 41.1% and 1.8 to 34.7% for variable and constant rate applications, respectively. One WSP area had significant (P < 0.05) difference in mean spray coverage between two application conditions.