• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.60-67
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• 2005

Compared with conventional welding, laser spot welding offers a unique combination of high speed, precision and low heat distortion. This combination of advantages is attractive for manufacturing industries including automotive and electronics companies. In this paper, a real time monitoring scheme fur a pulsed Nd:YAG laser spot welding was suggested. Acoustic emission (AE) signals were collected during welding and analyzed for given process conditions such as laser power and pulse duration. A back propagation artificial neural network, with AE frequency content inputs, was used to predict the weldability of stainless steel sheets.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.627-634
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• 2018

Laser beam welding is more advantageous compared to conventional methods. Titanium/Aluminium dissimilar alloy thin sheet metals are difficult to weld due to large difference in melting point. The performance of the weldment depends upon interlayer formation and distribution of intermetallics. During welding, aluminium gets lost at the temperature below the melting point of titanium. Therefore, it is needed to improve a new metal joining techniques between these two alloys. The present work is carried for welding TI6AL4V and AA2024 alloy by using Nd:YAG Pulsed laser welding unit. The performance of the butt welded interlayer structures are discussed in detail using hardness test and SEM. Test results reveal that interlayer fracture is caused near aluminium side due to low strength at the weld joint.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.13-21
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• 1997

This paper describes the effectiveness of laser pulse shaping in eliminating weld defects such as porosity, cracks and undercuts in pulsed Nd:YAG Laser welding. A large porosity was formed in a keyhole mode of deep penetration weld metal of any stainless steel. Solidification cracks were present in Type 303 with about 0.3%s. The conditions for the formation of porosity were determined in further detail in Type 316. With the objectives of obtaining a fundamental knowledge of formation and prevention of weld defects, the fusion and solidification behavior of a molten puddle was observed during laser spot welding of Type 310S. through high speed video photographing technique. It was deduced that cellular dendrite tips grew rapidly from the bottom to the surface, and consequently residual liquid remained at the grain boundaries in wide regions and enhanced the solidification cracking susceptibility. Several laser pulse shapes were investigated and optimum pulse shapes were proposed for the reduction and prevention of porosity and solidification cracking.

• Laser Solutions
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.18-26
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• 1999

An innovative real-time weld monitoring technique using chromatic filtering of the thermal radiation from a weld pool is developed. The thermal radiation from the weld pool is focused on an aperture and the transmitted thermal radiation is monitored at two wavelengths with high-speed single-element detectors. Due to the chromatic aberration introduced in the focusing optics, the transmittance curve of thermal radiation varies by the wavelength. Owing to this difference in the transmittance, the local variation of thermal radiation from the weld pool can be monitored by processing the two spectroscopic signals from two detectors. In this paper, the algorithms to monitor the laser power on the weld specimen and the focus shift we investigated and the performances of laser power and focus monitoring are shown for a pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding. The monitoring of the weld pool size variation is also discussed.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.88-93
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• 2011

This study produced hypereutectic Al-Si clad layer on 1050 Al alloy by a novel laser cladding method. Pure Si powder was mixed with organic binder to make fluid paste which could be screen-printed on the 1050 Al alloy plate. Pulsed Nd:YAG laser was irradiated on the Si paste layer to melt and alloy with Al substrate. Different laser power of 99 W, 179 W and 261 W, was used to see the difference of the microstructure, composition and hardness of the clad layers. When laser power of 179 W was used, the clad layer had overall Si content of 38wt% and composed of fine primary Si particles and fine eutectic phase. At laser power of 261 W, the clad layer had overall Si content of 24wt% and composed of mainly fine eutectic phase. Vickers hardness of HV176.7 and HV150.3 on the clad layer was obtained at laser power of 179 W and 261 W, respectively.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.35-41
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• 2016

The experimental study has been performed through residual stress using the Ti6Al4V, investigate the effect of laser shock peening on laser welding process residual stress of Ti6Al4V welds in a reduce safety weld zone. This research evaluated the effects of shock waves from laser shock peening with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser on Ti6Al4V welding specimens, through the analysis of the residual stress of the specimens. The residual stress could be formed by the depth of 1 mm if the proposed method of reducing the residual stress is performed in the optimal condition. The welded structures and products during the production process increase the mechanical property of repeated stress, which could be expected to extend the fatigue life of the structure.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.612-619
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• 2002

The dynamic behavior of Al-Mg alloys plasma was very unstable and this instability was closely related to the unstable motion of keyhole during laser irradiation. The keyhole fluctuated both in size and shape and its fluctuation period was about 440 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. This instability has been estimated to be caused by the evaporation phenomena of metals with different boiling point and latent heats of vaporization. Therefore, the authors have conducted the spectroscopic diagnostics of plasma induced in the pulsed YAG laser welding of Al-Mg alloys in air and argon atmospheres. In the air environment, the identified spectra were atomic lines of Al, Mg, Cr, Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn, and singly ionized Mg line, as well as strong molecular spectrum of AlO, MgO and AIH. It was confirmed that the resonant lines of Al and Mg were strongly self-absorbed, in particular in the vicinity of pool surface. The self-absorption of atomic Mg line was more eminent in alloys containing higher Mg. These facts showed that the laser-induced plasma was relatively a low temperature and high density metallic vapor. The intensities of molecular spectra of AlO and MgO were different each other depending on the power density of laser beam. Under the low power density irradiation condition, the MgO band spectra were predominant in intensity, while the AlO spectra became much stronger in higher power density. In argon atmosphere the band spectra of MgO and AlO completely vanished, but AlH molecular spectra was detected clearly. The hydrogen source was presumably the hydrogen solved in the base Metal, absorbed water on the surface oxide layer or H$_2$ and $H_2O$ in the shielding gas. The temporal change in spectral line intensities was quite similar to the fluctuation of keyhole. The time average plasma temperature at 1 mm high above the surface of A5083 alloy was determined by the Boltzmann plot method of atomic Cr lines of different excitation energy. The obtained electron temperature was 3, 280$\pm$150 K which was about 500 K higher than the boiling point of pure aluminum. The electron number density was determined by measuring the relative intensities of the spectra1lines of atomic and singly ionized Magnesium, and the obtained value was 1.85 x 1019 1/㎥.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.58-62
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• 2017

A319 aluminum alloy containing 6.5% Si and 3.5% Cu as major alloying elements has been widely used in machinery parts because of its excellent castability and crack resistance. However it needs more wear resistance to extend its usage to the severe wear environments. It has been known that hyper-eutectic Al-Si alloy having more than 12.6% Si contains pro-eutectic Si particles, which give better wear resistance and lubrication characteristics than hypo-eutectic Al-Si alloy like A319 alloy. In this study, it was tried to clad hyper-eutectic Al-Si alloy on the surface of A319 alloy. In the experiments, Al-36%Si alloy powder was mixed with organic binder to make a fluidic paste. The paste was screen-printed on the A319 alloy surface, melted by pulsed Nd:YAG laser and alloyed with the A319 base alloy. As experimental parameters, the average laser power was changed to 111 W, 202 W and 280 W. With increasing the average laser power, the melting depth was changed to $142{\mu}m$, $205{\mu}m$ and $245{\mu}m$, and the dilution rate to 67.2 %, 72.4 % and 75.7 %, and the Si content in the cladding layer to 16.2 %, 14.6 % and 13.7 %, respectively. The cross-section of the cladding layer showed very fine eutectic microstructure even though it was hyper-eutectic Al-Si alloy. This seems to be due to the rapid solidification of the melted spot by single laser pulse. The average hardness for the three cladding layers was HV175, which was much higher than HV96 of A319 base alloy. From the block-on-roll wear tests, A319 alloy had a wear loss of 5.8 mg, but the three cladding layers had an average wear loss of 3.5 mg, which meant that an increase of 40 % in wear resistance was obtained by laser cladding.