• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.579-593
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of foot massage on anxiety response in preoperative patients undergoing total hysterectomy. Among the fifty patients, twenty-five were the experimental group receiving foot massage for 10-minutes and twenty-five were the control group. Subjects were admitted to a hospital in Inchon city for total hysterectomy. This study was carried out from July 10th, to September 18th, 2000. The levels of anxiety were measured by the Visual Aanalogue Scale(VAS). State Anxiety Scale, blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration rate. Data were analyzed using $x^2$-test, t-test, paired t-test, unpaired t-test and ANCOVA with SPSS/pc program. The results were summarized as followings: 1. After foot massage, VAS anxiety level, state anxiety level, systolic blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration rate of the experimental group were decreased significantly than those measurements before the foot massage. 2. After foot massage, significant differences in the VAS anxiety level, state anxiety level, systolic blood pressure, pulse and respiration rate between the experimental and control groups were found. In conclusion, foot massage for 10 minutes is a useful nursing intervention that decreases anxiety in preoperative patients undergoing total hysterectomy.

• Laser Solutions
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Picosecond lasers are a very effective tool for micromachining metals, especially when high accuracy, high surface roughness and no heat affected zone are required. However, low productivity has been a limit to broadening the spectrum of their industrial applications. Recently it was reported that in the micromachining of copper with a 1064nm picosecond laser, there exist the optimal pulse energy and repetition rate to achieve the maximum volume ablation rate. In this paper, we used a 515nm picosecond laser, which is more efficient for micromachining copper in terms of laser energy absorption, to obtain its optimal pulse energy and repetition rate. Theoretical analysis based on the experimental data on copper ablation showed that using a 515nm picosecond laser instead of a 1064nm picosecond laser is more favorable in that the calculated threshold fluence is 75% lower and optical penetration depth is 50% deeper.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.6 no.1 s.18
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• pp.11-15
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• 2007

Low-k wafer engraving process has been investigated by using UV pico-second laser with high repetition rate. Wavelength and repetition rate of laser used in this study are 355 nm and 80 MHz, respectively. Main parameters of low-k wafer engraving processes are laser power, work speed, assist gas flow, and protective coating to eliminate debris. Results show that engraving qualities of low-k layer by using a laser with UV pico-second pulse width and high repetition rate had better kerf edge and higher work speed, compared to one by conventional laser with nano-second pulse width and low repletion rate in the range of kHz. Assist gas and protective coating to eliminate debris gave effects on the quality of engraving edge. Total engraving width and depth are obtained less than $20\;{\mu}m$ and $10\;{\mu}m$ at more than 500 mm/sec work speed, respectively. We believe that engraving method by using UV pico-second laser with high repetition rate is useful one to give high work speed in laser material process.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.351-358
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• 2000

This study was conducted to develop a speed control system of a DC motor which drove a barley seeder mounted on a combine harvester. Barley seeder mounted on a combine has been known to reduce labor and cost of barley cultivation. However, development of the seeder has been unsuccessful because the combine, a dedicated rice and barley harvester has not enough space and proper power take-off for barley seeder. To develop a barley seeder, small powered motor speed controller was required. A proximity sensor for detecting working speed of the combine and a programmable one board microprocessor was used to develope a control system. Motor parameters and motor constant, relationship between seeding rate, motor speed, groove volumes of a tested roller, torque were measured. The proximity sensor sent a frequency signal to the microprocessor. In laboratory experiments, the excitation voltage of the motor was shown not to be proportional to the size of pulse width (duty ratio). A table transforming frequency signal, that represented for working speed to proper pulse width was developed from seeding rate experiments. However, seeding rate at low frequency signal was not proportional to the working speed. Seeding rate control proportional to the frequency signal was achieved by shifting of the frequency signal.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

This paper present an 8kbps ACLMS-MPC(Amplitude Compensation and Least Mean Square - Multi Pulse Coding) coding method integrated with ACFBD-MPC(Amplitude Compensation Frequency Band Division - Multi Pulse Coding) and LMS-MPC(Least Mean Square - Multi Pulse Coding) used V/UV/S(Voiced / Unvoiced / Silence) switching, compensation in a multi-pulses each pitch interval and Unvoiced approximate-synthesis by using specific frequency in order to reduce distortion of synthesis waveform. In integrating several methods, it is important to adjust the bit rate of voiced and unvoiced sound source to 8kbps while reducing the distortion of the speech waveform. In adjusting the bit rate of voiced and unvoiced sound source to 8 kbps, the speech waveform can be synthesized efficiently by restoring the individual pitch intervals using multi pulse in the representative interval. I was implemented that the ACLMS-MPC method and evaluate the SNR of APC-LMS in coding condition in 8kbps. As a result, SNR of ACLMS-MPC was 15.0dB for female voice and 14.3dB for male voice respectively. Therefore, I found that ACLMS-MPC was improved by 0.3dB~1.8dB for male voice and 0.3dB~1.6dB for female voice compared to existing MPC, ACFBD-MPC and LMS-MPC. These methods are expected to be applied to a method of speech coding using sound source in a low bit rate such as a cellular phone or internet phone. In the future, I will study the evaluation of the sound quality of 6.9kbps speech coding method that simultaneously compensation the amplitude and position of multi-pulse source.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.145-152
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• 2020

Purpose: In ionization-chamber dosimetry for high-dose-rate electron beams-above 20 mGy/pulse-the ion-recombination correction methods recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) are not appropriate, because they overestimate the correction factor. In this study, we suggest a practical ion-recombination correction method, based on Boag's improved model, and apply it to reference dosimetry for electron beams of about 100 mGy/pulse generated from an electron linear accelerator (LINAC). Methods: This study employed a theoretical model of the ion-collection efficiency developed by Boag and physical parameters used by Laitano et al. We recalculated the ion-recombination correction factors using two-voltage analysis and obtained an empirical fitting formula to represent the results. Next, we compared the calculated correction factors with published results for the same calculation conditions. Additionally, we performed dosimetry for electron beams from a 6 MeV electron LINAC using an Advanced Markus^® ionization chamber to determine the reference dose in water at the source-to-surface distance (SSD)=100 cm, using the correction factors obtained in this study. Results: The values of the correction factors obtained in this work are in good agreement with the published data. The measured dose-per-pulse for electron beams at the depth of maximum dose for SSD=100 cm was 115 mGy/pulse, with a standard uncertainty of 2.4%. In contrast, the k_s values determined using the IAEA and AAPM methods are, respectively, 8.9% and 8.2% higher than our results. Conclusions: The new method based on Boag's improved model provides a practical method of determining the ion-recombination correction factors for high dose-per-pulse radiation beams up to about 120 mGy/pulse. This method can be applied to electron beams with even higher dose-per-pulse, subject to independent verification.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.1072-1075
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• 2001

$Al_2O_3$ ceramics are generally used as components in processing equipment, devices or machinery because it can perform some functions better than competing metals or polymers. Many of these applications rely on $Al_2O_3$ ceramics special electromagnetic properties, its relative chemical inertness, hardness, strength and its temperature capabilities. But $Al_2O_3$ ceramics are brittle materials, a fact that may cause problems and at the same time be helpful while machining with laser. This study described a basic study of the input parameters effect on the dimension of the microhole at the $Al_2O_3$ ceramics using Excimer laser. In the laser microhole machining of $Al_2O_3$ ceramics, major input parameters are pulse energy, pulse power, pulse frequency and pulse numbers. In conclusion, we can get a smaller microhole and diameter rate by an appropriate pulse energy, pulse frequency and pulse number.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.462-466
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• 2003

This study was conducted to examine the potential of biosparging process in removing diesel contaminated soil and groundwater. The experiment was carried out lab-scale biosparging reactor and the biodegradation rate of diesel was evaluated as function of air injection rate and pattern. When renter was operated as air injection rate of 1000$m\ell$/min and pulsed air injection(15min pulse, 15min downtime), DO concentration in the renter was higher than another operating condition. The evidence for biodegradation of diesel was the $O_2$ utilization and $CO_2$ product following the cessation of sparging. Especially, air injection rate of 2000$m\ell$/min and pulsed air injection(15min pulse, 15min downtime) enhanced the diesel biodegradation during the operating. After 120day, the biodegradation rate of diesel was decreased as the lack of carbon source.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.280-287
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effects of information on anxiety, blood pressure and pulse in cerebral angiography clients. Methods: The data were collected from June to November 2014. The participants were 42 (21 each for experimental and control group) patients who to received cerebral angiography. The information developed from researchers' materials for cerebral angiography was provided only to experimental group. Measured variables were anxiety, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate. Research tools for anxiety were Spielberger's state anxiety inventory, and 10 point visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: The difference in mean systolic blood pressure after intervention between the experimental group ($129{\pm}15.34$) and the control group ($141{\pm}17.70$) was statistically significant (t=-2.28, p=.028). The differences between the two groups in state anxiety, VAS anxiety, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate after intervention were not statistically significant (p>.05). Conclusion: The information using educational material was effective in to decreasing systolic blood pressure in patients who received cerebral angiography. Therefore this study material could be used as a nursing intervention for patients in cerebral angiography.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.686-694
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to examine the effects of moxibustion on physiological indices, such as 24-hr blood pressure, pulse pressure, and pulse rate, and autonomic nervous symptoms among adults with prehypertension. Methods: Participants were adults whose systolic and diastolic blood pressures were in the prehypertension stage and were not under treatment for the condition. Both experimental and control group consisted of 13 participants who were taking classes on acupuncture and moxibustion at a private institute. The experimental group received moxibustion once a day for 15 min, at least 5 days a week for 8 weeks. The results were analyzed using $x^2$-test, t-test, Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and repeated measures ANOVA with the SAS program. Bonferroni correction method was adopted for multiple comparisons. Results: No significant change was observed in the 24-hr systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups. Differences in the 24-hr pulse pressure and pulse rate were also not significant. However, significant decreases in headache, symptoms of flushing and fatigue were observed in the experimental group. Conclusion: The results suggest that moxibustion contributes to alleviating symptoms such as headache, flushing and fatigue associated with the autonomic nervous system among adults with prehypertension.