• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권6호
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• pp.933-943
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• 2021

Objective : Percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) fixation is a needle based procedure that requires fluoroscopic image guidance. Consequently, radiation exposure is inevitable for patients, surgeons, and operation room staff. We hypothesize that reducing the production of radiation emission will result in reduced radiation exposure for everyone in the operation room. Research was performed to evaluate reduction of radiation exposure by modifying imaging manner and mode of radiation source. Methods : A total of 170 patients (680 screws) who underwent fusion surgery with PPS fixation from September 2019 to March 2020 were analyzed in this study. Personal dosimeters (Polimaster Ltd.) were worn at the collar outside a lead apron to measure radiation exposure. Patients were assigned to four groups based on imaging manner of fluoroscopy and radiation modification (pulse mode with reduced dose) : continuous use without radiation modification (group 1, n=34), intermittent use without radiation modification (group 2, n=54), continuous use with radiation modification (group 3, n=26), and intermittent use with radiation modification (group 4, n=56). Post hoc Tukey Honest significant difference test was used for individual comparisons of radiation exposure/screw and fluoroscopic time/screw. Results : The average radiation exposure/screw was 71.45±45.75 µSv/screw for group 1, 18.77±11.51 µSv/screw for group 2, 19.58±7.00 µSv/screw for group 3, and 4.26±2.89 µSv/screw for group 4. By changing imaging manner from continuous multiple shot to intermittent single shot, 73.7% radiation reduction was achieved in the no radiation modification groups (groups 1, 2), and 78.2% radiation reduction was achieved in the radiation modification groups (groups 3, 4). Radiation source modification from continuous mode with standard dose to pulse mode with reduced dose resulted in 72.6% radiation reduction in continuous imaging groups (groups 1, 3) and 77.3% radiation reduction in intermittent imaging groups (groups 2, 4). The average radiation exposure/screw was reduced 94.1% by changing imaging manner and modifying radiation source from continuous imaging with standard fluoroscopy setting (group 1) to intermittent imaging with modified fluoroscopy setting (group 4). A total of 680 screws were reviewed postoperatively, and 99.3% (675) were evaluated as pedicle breach grade 0 (<2 mm). Conclusion : The average radiation exposure/screw for a spinal surgeon can be reduced 94.1% by changing imaging manner and modifying radiation source from real-time imaging with standard dose to intermittent imaging with modified dose. These modifications can be instantly applied to any procedure using fluoroscopic guidance and may reduce the overall radiation exposure of spine surgeons.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2015년도 제49회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.135-135
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• 2015

Tubes are of extreme importance in industries as for fluid channels or wave guides. Furthermore, some weapon systems such as cannons use the tubes as gun barrels. To increase the service life of such tubes, a protective coating must be applied to the tubes' inner surface. However, the coating methods applicable to the inner surface of the tubes are very limited due to the geometrical restriction. A small-diameter cylindrical magnetron sputtering gun can be used to deposit coating layers on the inner surface of the large-bore tubes. However, for small-bore tubes with the inner diameter of one inch (~25 mm), the magnetron sputtering method can hardly be accommodated due to the space limitation for permanent magnet assembly. In this study, a new approach to coat the inner surface of small-bore tubes with the inside diameter of one inch was developed. Instead of using permanent magnets for magnetron operation, an external electro-magnet assembly was adopted around the tube to confine the plasma and to sustain the discharge. The electro-magnet was operated in pulse mode to provide the strong axial magnetic field for the magnetron operation, which was synchronized with the negative high-voltage pulse applied to the water-cooled coaxial sputtering target installed inside the tube. By moving the electro-magnet assembly along the tube's axial direction, the inner surface of the tube could be uniformly coated. The inner-surface coating system in this study used the tube itself as the vacuum chamber. The SS-304 tube's inner diameter was 22 mm and the length was ~1 m. A water-cooled Cu tube (sputtering target) of the outer diameter of 12 mm was installed inside of the SS tube (substrate) at the axial position. The 50 mm-long electro-magnet assembly was fed by a current pulse of 250 A at the frequency and pulse width of 100 Hz and 100 usec, respectively. The calculated axial magnetic field strength at the center was ~0.6 Tesla. The central Cu tube was synchronously driven by a HiPIMS power supply at the same frequency of 100 Hz as the electro-magnet and the applied pulse voltage was -1200 V with a pulse width of 500 usec. At 150 mTorr of Ar pressure, the Cu deposition rate of ~10 nm/min could be obtained. In this talk, a new method to sputter coat the inner surface of small-bore tubes would be presented and discussed, which might have broad industrial and military application areas.

• 한국컴퓨터산업학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2007

[ $CO_2$ ] 레이저는 최소한 조직손상으로 이러한 효과를 얻는데 최적이라고 보며 0.1mm의 최소한의 세포조직 깊이에서 일어나는 효과의 근본적인 장점은 생체조직이나 내장기관에 안정적이다. 열에 의한 조직손상은 조직의 종류나 에너지밀도, 증발시간의 장단에 관계될 수가 있다 증발시간을 짧게 하면 주위세포의 열적손상은 $200\sim400um$이내에 일어나므로 레이저 빔은 비초점 영역에서 주위세포조직을 손상함이 없이 증발에 의한 제거나, 아주 얇은 층의 포를 깨끗하게 증발시킬 수 가 있다. $CO_2$레이저는 산부인과 응용에 표준이 되는 레이저시스템으로 외음부 상피내종양, 자궁암, 상피 종양에도 적용이 가능하다. 슈퍼펄스 출력은 거의 동일하나 펄스지속시간이 짧으면 레이저의 열적인 효과가 감소가 되므로 무엇보다도 산부인과용 펄스형 $CO_2$ 레이저의 펄스모듈 특성은 모드안정화가 매우 중요함으로, 본 연구에서는 짧은 펄스지속시간과 고출력밀도 되도록, DC-DC Converter에서 고주파로 스위칭 할수록 출력 DC의 ripple은 고주파화 되는데, 고주파화된 전류 리플은 출력 필터용 콘덴서의 량을 크게 줄일 수 있다. 출력의 ripple을 근사적으로 Zero까지 실현이 가능한 인덕터를 적용하여 특성실험을 통하여 실현하였다.

• KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems
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• 제5B권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2005

In this paper, a DC smoothing filterless soft switching pulse modulated high frequency AC power conversion circuit connected to utility. frequency AC power source is proposed for consumer induction heating hot water producer, steamer and super heated steamer. The operating principle of DC link filterless utility frequency AC-high frequency AC (HF AC) power conversion circuit defined as high frequency cycloinverter is described, which can operate under a principle of ZVS/AVT and power regulation based on alternate asymmetrical PWM in synchronization with the utility frequency single phase AC positive or negative half wave voltage. The dual mode modulation control scheme based on high frequency PWM and commercial frequency AC voltage PDM for the proposed high frequency cycloinverter are discussed to enlarge its soft switching commutation operating range for wide HF AC power regulation. This high frequency cycloinverter is developed for high frequency IH Dual Packs Heater (DPH) type boiler used in consumer and industrial fluid pipeline systems. Based on the experiment and simulation results, this high frequency cycloinverter is proved to be suitable for the consumer use IH-DPH boiler and hot water producers. The cycloinverter power regulation and power conversion efficiency characteristics are evaluated and discussed.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2012

Recently, several ultrasound imaging techniques for tissue characterization have been developed. Among them, ultrasound elastography is regarded as the most promising modality and has been rapidly developed. One of ultrasound elastography techniques is shear modulus imaging. Normal and cancerous tissues show big difference of shear moduli and they have good image contrast. However shear wave elastography requires more complicated hardware and more computations for image reconstruction algorithm. Therefore new efficient techniques are being developed. In this paper, we have developed a very flexible ultrasound system for elastography experiments. The developed system has capabilities to acquire ultrasound RF data of all channels and generate arbitrary ultrasound pulse sequences. It has a huge amount of memories for RF data acquisition and a simple and flexible pulse generator. We have verified the performance of the system showing conventional B-mode images and preliminary results of elastography. The developed system will be used to verify our own reconstruction algorithm and to develop more efficient elastography techniques.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.2274-2277
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• 2003

A cylindrical permanent magnet inside the four-phase permanent magnet (PM) stepping motor is employed as the rotor. The stator has four teeth around, which its coils are wound. The mode of excitation can be classified into 3 modes: single-phase excitation, two-phase excitation and ministep excitation. The ministep drive is a method to subdivide one step into several small steps by means of electronics. The paper presents the programmable ministep technique drive. This technique decodes the results obtained from the counter to locate the data in Read Only Memory (ROM). The Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) is transformed to binary file and saved to the ROM. The experiment is performed with the four-phase PM stepping motor and drives from a two-phase programmable sinusoidal ministep signal, instead of square wave. The results show that the performances of the proposed programmable ministep technique drive have high efficiency, smooth step motion, and high speed response. Moreover, the resolution of sinusoidal ministep signal can be controlled by the input frequency (f command).

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2015

This paper shows significant methods that improve the lifespan of LED modules as well as efficiently using an aluminum heat-sink for LED module in high power. It proposes a method that raises stability and lifespan to protect LED modules and the power unit when the LED module has been used for a long hours at high temperatures. During the research, we applied a method of pulse-width modulation (PWM) in order to prevent the phenomenon that the entire power of a system is turned off and the lifespan is reduced when the LED nodule reacts to the high temperatures. To protect the LED module and SMPS based on high efficiency, a temperature sensor is attached underneath the circuit board and the sensor measures the temperature of circuit board when the LED module is powered on. The electrical power connected to SMPS is controlled by PWM when the temperature of the LED module reaches a particular temperature.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.195-207
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• 2017

항공기 레이다에서는 고해상도 SAR 영상에서 지상의 이동 표적을 탐지하는 SAR-GMTI 모드의 운영이 점점 필수적으로 되고 있다. SAR는 고해상도 영상을 위하여 광대역 파형을 필요로 하는 반면, GMTI는 도플러 추출을 위하여 협대역의 파형을 필요로 하기 때문에 일반적인 LFM 파형은 사용에 어려움이 있다. 본 논문에서는 최근 들어 SAR-GMTI 모드의 파형으로 연구되고 있는 FJB(Frequency Jump Burst) 파형의 특성을 분석하였고, FJB 파형을 사용한 펄스압축과 SAR 영상생성을 위한 방법들을 구현하였으며, 시뮬레이션을 통하여 펄스압축과 SAR 영상에서 단일 LFM을 사용할 경우와 성능에서 거의 차이가 없음을 보였다. FJB 파형은 SAR와 GMTI 처리를 동일한 파형으로 수행할 수 있기 때문에 본 결과를 적용하면 항공기 레이다에서 SAR-GMTI 모드의 처리를 보다 효율적으로 수행할 수 있다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제66권5호
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• pp.792-799
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• 2017

The real time unmanned monitoring system of an equipment's internal parts and condition requires the monitoring device to be able to stop at a set location on the rail. However, due to the slip between the driving surface and the roller, an error occurs between the actual position and the command position. In this paper, a method to compensate the position error due to the roller slip is proposed. A proximity sensor located at both ends of the rail detects the starting point and the maximum position pulse, linearly compensating the error between the angular position of the motor and the mechanically fixed starting and maximum position pulse of the rail in forward and reverse direction. Moreover, unlike the existing servo position controller, the motor adopts the position detection method of Hall sensor in BLDC (Brushless DC) and applies an algorithm for low-speed driving so that a stable position control is possible. The proposed rail guided unmanned monitoring system with driving slip compensator was tested to verify the effectiveness.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.580-589
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• 2012

이 논문에서는 휴대용, 또는 저가형 초음파진단기에 비교적 고급 기능인 도플러 갭 필링 모드를 적용하고자할 때 적합한 알고리즘들을 찾아보았고, 그 결과 미러링 기반, 또는 자기회귀 모델 기반의 알고리즘들을 찾을 수 있었다. 또, 계산량이 지나치게 많아지지 않는 범위 내에서, 그러한 알고리즘들의 성능의 문제점을 보완하여 더욱 개선시켰다. 수정된 알고리즘들은 인공적으로 발생시킨 도플러 신호 및 실제 초음파장비를 써서 인체로부터 획득한 도플러 데이터를 써서 시뮬레이션 및 실험을 함으로써 유효성을 확인하였다.