• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.589-600
• /
• 2021

본 연구는 산란계 육성기 홰 재질(목재 및 철재)에 따른 체중, 혈액 특성 및 깃털 손상도를 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 산란계(Hy-Line Brown) 초생추 암컷 1,700마리를 공시하여, 두 처리구에 10반복을 두어 pen 당 85수씩 균등하게 배치하였다. 산란계 육성기간 중 체중과 균일도는 2주마다 총 10주간 조사하였으며, 혈액 특성 및 깃털 손상도 조사는 10주에 진행하였다. 산란계 육성기 10주 동안 체중 및 체중 균일도에서 목재홰와 철재홰의 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 혈청 생화학 분석 결과도 무기성 인 조절을 제외하고 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈청 내 인은 목재홰가 철재홰보다 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 혈구 조성(백혈구, 적혈구, HE/LY 비율)도 두 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 스트레스와 복지지표로 사용되고 있는 혈청 내 corticosterone 함량과 깃털 손상도는 홰 재질에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 평사 사육 시에 산란계 육성기 동안의 홰 재질은 생산성, 혈액특성, 깃털 손상도에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 본 연구 결과는 산란계 육성기 동안 홰 재질에 대한 영향을 조사하기 위한 기초 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권9호
• /
• pp.1434-1443
• /
• 2022

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that dietary quercetin (QUE) and coated sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation alleviate oxidative stress in the small intestine of diquat (DIQ)-challenged pullets. Methods: A total of 200 13-week-old pullets were divided into four groups: the control group (CON), the DIQ group, the QUE group, and the coated SB group, and injected intraperitoneally with either saline (CON) or diquat (DIQ, QUE, and SB) to induce oxidative stress on day 0. Results: On the first day, the malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations in the SB group were significantly different from those in the DIQ and QUE groups (p<0.05), and dietary supplementation with SB increased serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) levels compared with the DIQ group (p<0.05). Quercetin and SB increased the levels of CLAUDIN-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the jejunum. On the tenth day of treatment, QUE attenuated the decrease in GSH-PX levels compared to those of the CON group (p<0.05), while SB increased SOD, GSH-PX, and total antioxidant capacity levels compared to those of the DIQ group. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA levels in the QUE and SB groups increased (p<0.05) and CLAUDIN-1 mRNA levels in the QUE and SB groups were upregulated compared to those in the DIQ group ileum tissue. Conclusion: Supplementation of QUE and SB demonstrated the ability to relieve oxidative stress in pullets post DIQ-injection with a time-dependent manner and QUE and SB may be potential antioxidant additives for relieving oxidative stress and protecting the intestinal barrier of pullets.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 2004

The fractional synthesis rates(FSR) were measured with 2l-wk and 3l-wk-old broiler breeder pullets and hens to investigate the effect of sexual maturity on FSR. The FSR were obtained from chicken tissues and blood samples using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry(HPLC/MS). A L-l-13C, 15N -leucine saline solution was infused by bolus injection as a tracer into broiler breeder pullets in the experiment. A rapid HPLC/MS method was developed to measure the isotopic enrichments of leucine in plasma, tissue samples, and eggs. The enrichments of stable isotope leucine incorporated into protein and the enrichments of the stable isotope free leucine were measured in liver, breast muscle and blood samples. Two sets of experiments were conducted. In experiment one, 2l-wk-old, sexually immature broiler breeder pullets were divided into groups of three and blood samples were collected at 20 or 30 min intervals until 1.5 h from initial injection. The pullets were sacrificed in groups of three at varying time intervals for 7 h after injection. The liver, breast muscle and blood samples were removed for analysis. The FSR were estimated to be 8.7l%/day for liver, 4.06％/day for breast muscle, and 5.08％/day for blood samples in 30 minutes after injection from the enrichment ratios. In experiment two, sexually matured 3l-wk-old broiler breeder hens were assorted into groups of three and blood samples were obtained at 20 or 30 min intervals for 2 h. The FSR for blood samples were determined. The broiler breeder hens were sacrificed in groups of three at various time intervals until 7 h after injection and liver, breast muscle and blood samples were removed for analysis. The FSR were calculated to be 5.96％/day for liver. Eggs were collected from five chickens daily for 10 days after large bolus injection. The average of total enrichments of stable isotope in egg albumin was increased by 0.064% at 4 days after injection and was back to normal in 7 days.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제11권6호
• /
• pp.755-768
• /
• 1998

Nitrogen and phosphorus are major nutrients in animal feeds which partially remain in the environment as pollution. In addition, nitrogen and phosphorus along with energy are the main nutrients which determine the feed cost. Any decreases in the levels of these three nutrients can contribute to reducing the pollution problem as well as the cost of feed. The nutrient requirements for chickens in the work here reported should allow for the addition of mixed enzymes (phytases, proteases, glucanases, xylanases and others). Such minimal levels of crude protein in the research results which are here reported are 16% for 0-6 weeks of age, 13.5% for 7-12 weeks of age, 11.5% for 13-18 weeks of age for layer type chicks, 13% for layer, 18% for 0-3 weeks of age broiler and 16.5% for 4-7 weeks of age broiler. These research projects have been done without adding enzyme supplements to their experimental diets. The minimal values of phosphorus, shown as available phosphorus, are 0.25% for pullets, 0.09% for layers and 0.25% for broilers with the addition of phytase. The minimum energy requirement (metabolizable energy) for reducing the feed cost could be summarized as 2,750 kcal per kg feed for pullets, 2,800 kcal for layers and 2,700 kcal for broilers.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.4-6
• /
• 1975

Field trials and research works have shown that the sexually retarded pullets are better equipped to lay larger eggs at the commencement of lay than the pullets grown under the natural conditions with no control over the rate of maturity. The method of delaying the sexual maturity by restricting the nutrient intake is receiving a considerable attention from the research workers, since the nutrient restriction can be a method of reducing the rearing cost. Many experiments were carried out to study the effect of different methods of restricting the nutrient intake of the chicken. But the comparisons between these experiments are difficult because of the differences in the environment, management, type of breed and feed, and in the length of the time during which the feed intake was restricted. In addition the comparisons were not made on an economic basis in these experiments. This experiment was designed to provide information on the reproductive responses to three different methods of restricting the nutrient intake in a egg type stock and to establish which methods are economically profitable. (omitted)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권11호
• /
• pp.1576-1584
• /
• 2008

In this study, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was applied to estimate the relationship between three different sexual maturity traits (X set: days to first egg (DFE), weight of the first egg (WFE), body weight at first egg (BWFE)) and level of nutrient intake (Y set: energy (EI) and protein intake (PI)) or the egg production traits at two different periods (Z set: number of egg (NE1 and NET) and weight of egg (WE1 and WET) from 22 to 25 (Wfirst) and 22 to 33 wk of age (Wall), respectively), which were measured from 64 egg-type pullets (Isa Brown) manipulated for time of access to energy and protein sources to onset of egg production. Partial CCA (PCCA) was used to eliminate the contribution of differences in the levels of nutrient intake to canonical variables for X and Z sets at the first production period. Estimated canonical correlation coefficients between X set and Y set (0.429, p = 0.042), X set and Z set (0.390, p = 0.007 for Wfirst) and within Z set (between Wfirst and Wall; 0.780, p<0.001), and partial canonical correlation coefficient between X set and Z set (0.415, p = 0.009) were significant. Canonical weights and loadings from CCA indicated that the BWFE had the largest contribution compared to the DFE and WFE to variation of egg number produced at two different periods. The results from PCCA indicated that the contribution of PI and EI to the degree of the correlation between canonical variables for X and Z sets were unfavourable. In conclusion, the effect of body weight at sexual maturity upon the availability of nutrients can have a higher contribution to variation of egg production in pullets if the contribution of differences in nutrient intakes to onset of egg production were eliminated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권7호
• /
• pp.937-942
• /
• 2009

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects on growth and muscle development during the growing period of the sex-linked dwarf gene in the background of a Taiwan Country chicken strain, L2, selected for egg production. Eight crossbred males, heterozygous for the DW*DW mutation, were each backcrossed to six females of the L2 strain to produce two genotypes of BC females, either normal (DW*N+/-) or dwarf (DW*DW/-). The experiment included 251 normal and 207 dwarf pullets. The effect of the dwarf gene on body weight and shank length was highly significant from 2 weeks of age. The reduction of body weight by the dwarf gene reached 34.8% and 37.4% as compared to normal sibs at 16 and 20 weeks of age, respectively. Parameters of the growth curve were estimated: the age at inflection (TI) was higher in normal pullets (66.9 days) than in dwarf pullets (61.2 days). A significant effect of the dwarf gene on single muscle fiber cross-section area was found from 12 weeks of age onwards, whereas the dwarf gene had no effect on the total number of muscle fibers. Comparing the effect of the dwarf gene on shank length at different ages revealed an earlier effect on skeleton growth, observed from 2 weeks of age, than on muscle development, which was affected from 8 to 12 weeks of age.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제27권8호
• /
• pp.1196-1203
• /
• 2014

This study intended to compare the productive performance of three different layer raising systems; conventional cage (CC), barn (BR) and aviary (AV). The AV is welfare bestowed housing that allows free locomotion for birds within the BR. The BR allows bird's free locomotion inside BR but without multilevel structures. Both pullets and cockerels were housed together in both AV and BR, but only pullets in CC. Seventeen weeks old Lohmann Brown Lite (n = 800) pullets were housed in AV during this study. The same age layer pullets were simultaneously assigned to either at CC or BR to compare egg production performance with AV. The duration of experiment was 40 weeks (from 21st to 60th week). There were no remarkable differences in egg production, hen day egg production (HDEP) and average egg weight among three rearing systems. First 20 weeks (phase-1) average HDEP (%) of AV, CC, and BR were 85.9, 88.8, 87.1 and average egg weights (g) were 57.5, 59.9, and 56.9 respectively. Those of the remaining 20 weeks (phase-2) were 87.1, 87.9, 85.5 and 64.2, 63.0 62.1, respectively. Daily feed intakes (122 g, 110 g, 125 g); feed conversion ratio (2.4, 2.1, 2.5) and daily egg mass (53.9 g, 54.4 g, 52.8 g) data from AV, CC, and BR were not influenced significantly by the respective raising systems. Daily feed intake of layers in both AV (124 g) and BR (127 g) tended to be higher than that in CC (113 g) during phase-2. Overall, exterior egg quality (dirty and cracked eggs) in both phases was superior in BR compared with AV and CC, whereas CC generated intermediate results. This study indicated that the HDEP per se in AV and BR were not significantly different from that in CC. The study implied that the facility depreciation cost for AV and cost for increased feed intake in AV compared to CC are believed to be critical to evaluate the cost effectiveness of egg production in AV.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.35-40
• /
• 1994

본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 난용계(卵用鷄) 육성기(育成期) 사료비(飼料費)를 절감(節減)할 수 있는 새로운 사양체계(飼養體系)를 개발하기 위한 기초자료를 얻기위하여 각종 선택채식방법(選擇採食方法)에 의해 육성기의 사료(飼料) 및 영양소(營養素) 섭취(攝取) 형태(形態)를 조사하였다. 선택 채식시험을 위하여 옥수수사료, 대두박사료, 밀기울사료 그리고 대두박+어분사료를 각각 만든 후 배합사료(配合飼料)를 급여하는 대조구(對照區)(C)와 옥수수-대두박사료 선택채식구($T_1$), 옥수수-대두박-밀기울사료 선택채식구($T_2$), 옥수수-대두박+어분-밀기울사료 선택채식구($T_3$)등 4개 처리에 유색난용계(有色卵用鷄) 초생추(初生雛) 380수를 공시(供試)하여 육성기간(育成期間)(0~20주령) 동안 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 선택채식구(選擇採食區)들의 육성기간중 평균체중(平均體重)은 대조구(對照區)에 비해 억제(抑制)되었으며 특히 성장초기에 현저히 억제(抑制)되어 대조구(對照區) 체중(體重)(100%) 대비 6주령에 70%, 14주령에 81%, 20주령에 88%로 억제(抑制)되었다. 2. 육성기간(育成期間)중 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)은 대조구(對照區)(100%)에 비해 $T_1$은 86%로 적었으나 선택채식사료(選擇採食飼料) 중에 밀기울이 포함된 $T_2$(106%)와 $T_3$(112%)는 대조구(對照區)보다 오히려 많았다. 3. 선택채식구(選擇採食區)들의 육성기간(育成期間)중 에너지와 단백질(蛋白質) 섭취량(攝取量)은 선택채식방법(選擇採食方法)에 따라 차이가 있었으나 평균적으로 대조구(對照區)에 비해 각각 11%와 9% 정도 적었다. 4. 육성기간중 섭취(攝取)된 사료(飼料)의 대사에너지 수준(水準)은 모든 처리에서 성장기별(成長期別) 차이(差異)는 없었으며 대조구(對照區)(C)가 2,900 kcal/kg인데 비해 옥수수-대두박사료 선택채식구(選擇採食區)인 $T_1$은 3,200 kcal/kg정도로 매우 높았으며 선택채식사료중에 밀기울이 포함된 $T_2$와 $T_3$는 2,300 kcal/kg내외로 극히 낮았다. 한편 섭취된 사료의 단백질수준(蛋白質水準)은 대조구(對照區)가 2~6주령에 18%, 6~14주령에 15%, 14~20주령에 12%였는데 비해 선택채식구(選擇採食區)들 ($T_1$, $T_2$ 및 $T_3$)은 모두 선택채식(選擇採食) 방법(方法)이나 성장기에 관계없이 12~13%정도로 매우 낮았다. 결론적(結論的)으로 난용계(卵用鷄) 육성기(育成期)에는 육성기(育成期) 체중(體重)을 효과적(效果的)으로 조절(調節)하고 사료비(飼料費)를 절감(節減)할 수 있는 사료체계(飼料體系)의 근본적인 개선(改善)이 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.976-982
• /
• 2007

This study investigated whether supplemental Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn are needed in a practical diet for pullets. Four hundred and twenty females of an egg-laying strain (1-d-old, Lohmann Brown Layer) were randomly distributed into 4 groups, consisting of 7 replicates of 15 birds each. During the 18-week experimental period, chicks were given three basal diets in sequence, each with single or multiple Mn, Zn and Cu supplementation to improve the mineral balance gradually. In the Control, no Mn, Zn, and Cu were added; in the single Mn supplemented group (sMn) Mn was added to 120, 60, and 60 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn and Zn supplemented group (mMnZn), Mn was added to 180, 90, and 90 mg/kg and Zn was added to 120, 105, and 105 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn, Zn, Cu supplemented group (mMnZnCu), Mn, Zn, and Cu were added to the same multiple of basal Fe concentration relative to NRC (1994) recommendations. Energy and protein metabolizability were determined by subtracting energy/protein intake by energy/protein excretion (from both feces and urine) and dividing by energy/protein intake. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of feed intake, final body weight or tibia length throughout the experiment. Optimal growth performance was observed in the Control, while adding trace minerals to basal diets tended to result in decreased productive performance. Protein metabolizability was increased by mMnZn and mMnZnCu treatments, but energy metabolizability was not affected. Concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu in excreta varied greatly related to dietary content, and the retentions of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were all increased due to the improvement of mineral balance. Based on these results, it is suggested that the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in typical basal diets used in this study were adequate for normal growth for pullets from 1 to 18 weeks of age.