• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.238-249
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• 2017

Background: Currently establishment of public pharmaceutical companies became an issue for securing stable supply of national essential drugs in order to respond appropriately to national public health crisis. Pharmacy students as future pharmacists need to be interested in drug related issues under the discussion in our society. This study aimed to investigate perceptions of pharmacy students on the national drug supply strategy through public pharmaceutical companies. Methods: A 20-items questionnaire designed for this study was used. Pharmacy students nationwide were enrolled in July 2017. They responded to questions through on-line survey program. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results: 160 students from 26 pharmacy schools participated. 5th and 6th grade students accounted for two-thirds, and one third aspired future jobs in pharmaceutical industry. Among responders, 71.3% was unaware of current national essential drugs, 52.5% did not know the Rare and Essential Drug Center, and 91.9% was unaware of the legislation on the supply and management of essential drugs. 82.5% favored the establishment of public pharmaceutical companies. 80.6% agreed that government should intervene in pharmaceutical market for ensuring drug accessibilities, 73.8% agreed that public pharmaceutical companies make possible to reach a goal of stable supply of pharmaceuticals, and 85.1% agreed that active compulsory license by public pharmaceutical companies is necessary. Conclusion: We found that pharmacy students recognized the need for governmental control to achieve social values of pharmaceuticals. More attention and participation of the pharmacy students as well as pharmacists in the process of national debate on public pharmaceutical companies are expected.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.3-28
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• 2022

Recently, the targets and clauses of negotiation between 'National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)' and Pharmaceutical companies has been expanded. Due to newly adopted 'Quality management clause', 'Compulsory supply maintenance clause' and 'Penalty for breach of contract clause', not only 'Ministry of Health and Wellfare (MOHW)'s 'drug listing' and 'Price cap' announcement, but also 'negotiation between NHIS and pharmaceutical companies' can be a legal sanction to the suppliers. Once secretary of MOHW order NHIS to negotiate with pharmaceutical company, NHIS notify this order to the company and enter into the negotiation. 'The order' exists in the public domain between the government (MOHW) and public institutions (NHIS) and does not constrain the legal rights of companies (Therefore companies cannot pile a lawsuit about the order). However, 'the notice' or 'negotiation' is an act which has a counterpart, can be a target of administrative litigation if the company get some disadvantages from the talks. Negotiations can be divided into four types according to "the target (whether it is listed on the insurance benefit list)" and "the purpose (whether the target is price or conditional)." In particular, negotiations on listed drugs, whose goal is to set unfavorable conditions for companies, can be illegal if there is no price. So we need to consider compensation for the company as an incentive to negotiate.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.425-456
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• 2011

Background: Organizations in the pharmaceutical industry are highly dependent on the institutional environment. The introduction of pharmacoeconomics to the decision-making on the price and reimbursement decisions became strong constraints to pharmaceutical companies in Korea. As little is known about the issue on organization-environment interaction in the healthcare field, this study aimed to figure out how pharmaceutical companies adapted to the environmental changes. Methods: A multicase study method was used, selecting eight cases among multi-national pharmaceutical companies in South Korea. In-depth interviews were conducted with the managers of these organizations, and secondary data were reviewed to complement the interviews. Results: Pharmaceutical companies viewed the new policies as a big threat and sought for actions against them. One of the most distinguishing organizational changes was to construct a Market Access department. Other strategies managing the environment such as co-optation, forecasting, and bargaining were also implemented. These changes were consistent with the predictions of Resource Dependency Theory and Institutional Theory. Conclusions: The interactions between pharmaceutical companies and institutional environments in healthcare were first explored. This study presents a new perspective on how organizations change and the motives for the changes. The findings of this case study will form the basis of further empirical studies.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.2-22
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• 1999

To maximize the services of phatmacists, we studied the best national liscensing examination for improvement of pharmacist. Among 650 Pharmacist who are posed the questions, 282 pharmacist such as professor in college of pharmacy(46), pharmacists in drug store and hospital (136), administrators in The Ministry of The Health and Welfare(48) and researchers and phamacists in pharmaceutical company (52) replied it. By analyzing these questionares, the results were as follows: In the Korean national liscensing examination for medial care team, pharmacist has been examed over two times the subjects as compared with another national examinations for medical and public health liseneses and 6-year curriculum of medical school. Now, the national examination for pharmacy liscence have been tested the basic subjects such as pharmaceutical analytical chem-istry, medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, etc., but almost demander, pharmacist who has been engaged about over 80% in the drug stores and hospital pharmacy, want to have exam pharmacy practics which are clinical pharmacy, pathohysiology and pharma-cotherapy of diseases like The United State of America, but not basic chemisty and biology. If the Korean liscensing examination for pharmacy will be changed like America, pharmacy education in the college of phar-macy will be progressed in detail. There are no clerkships and internships in the pharmaceutical education program in Korea, and so most of pharmacist want to have 6-year curriculum for pharmacy education and to test the pharmacy practice for Doctor of Pharmacy(Pharm. D.) but not basic science.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.58-76
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• 2003

Background : Aim of this study is focused on the analysis of the needed abilities of medical representatives resulting in building up the market and increasing sales. It is to propose methods to increase this ability ensuring continuous growth in market share and profit. Methods : A survey was conducted between January 6 and May 31, 2003. Using SPSS(Version 10.0), the collected data was analyzed by Hotelling T2, factor analysis. Some hypotheses were selected to include the conclusion. Some questionnaires for physicians working in hospitals or clinics and the medical representatives working in a pharmaceutical company were created and asked to them to either prove or reject those hypotheses. The results were analyzed to find the primary factors that effect the interactions between physician and the medical representatives. These factors were also studied along with the theoretical research based on published references. Results : The results were as follows. The main reasons for the physician to meet with a medical representatives were collection of product informations needed for patient treatment and collection of informations on current medical issue and as well as personal interests. The main parameters by which physicians evaluate the medical representatives are human relationship including sincerity and manners and supply of accurate and unbiased information on products. Overall, the medical representatives' perception on the importance of medical knowledge and ability to deliver it are lower than that expected by physicians. Conclusion : Medical and pharmaceutical companies' environment are changed rapidly. And those changes forced medical representatives to set new roles and competency. In order to drive away from the past 'rule of thumb' and 'adaptation to circumstance', optimal method and systemic development to train and support the medical representatives should be quipped. They will help medical representatives to be specialists in medical knowledge and to understand the exact need of health care professions. Product competitiveness will be increased and eventually successful business can be achieved through it.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7479-7484
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• 2015

Diseases related to water impurities may present as major public health burdens. The present study aimed to assess the mutagenicity of drinking water from different zones of Tehran, and evaluate possible health risks through making tea with tea bags, by Ames mutagenicity test using TA 100, TA 98 and YG1029 strains. For this purpose, 450 water samples were collected over the period of July to December 2014 from 5 different zones of Tehran. Except for one sample, no mutagenic potential was detected during these two seasons and the MI scores were almost normal (${\leq}1-1.6$) in TA 100, TA 98 and YG1029 strains. Although no mutagenic effects were considered in TA 98 and TA 100 in the test samples of our three evaluated tea bag brands, one sample from a local company showed mutagenic effects in the YG1029 strain (MI=1.7-1.9 and 2) after prolonged (10-15 min.) steeping. Despite the mild mutagenic effect discovered for one of the brand, this cross sectional study showed relative safety of water samples and black tea bags in Tehran. According to the sensitivity of YG1029 to the mutagenic potential of water and black tea, even without metabolic activation by s9 fraction, this metabolizer strain could be considered as sensitive and applicable to food samples for quantitative analysis of mutagens.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.185-199
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to estimate the sites providing accurate and useful informations to the public by monitoring food and nutrition informations distributed through the internet quantitatively about 13 items of 7 necessary requisites. Total of 457 internet sites on the searching engines of Yahoo, Empas, Nate, Naver and Daum were monitored by 10 panels from May, 2004 to October. Thirty eight % of the sites got 7 & 8 total of 14 points and total sites showed a normal distribution. From the estimation of meta data, individual sites(5.19) were operated insufficiently compared with the commercial sites(6.10) and institutional sites(6.60) (p<0.000). According to administrators, sites were evaluated in the order of research institute> government organization> academic association> pharmaceutical company, club, food company, university> hospital> individual (p<0.000). While low-ranked sites were lack of authority because they didn't show the information provider and source, high-ranked ones lack of sustainable management(updating informations) and security. From this study, we suggest that 1) theme, contents and design have to prepared with variety to suit the need of target clients instead of that of site operator; 2) source and origin of information have to be provided; 3) informations have to be updated often and site to be managed sustainably.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.594-607
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a weight reduction program on the body weight, BMI, self-esteem, and self-efficacy of chronic mentally ill persons. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design was employed. Participants were 46 chronic mentally ill persons who agreed to participate in this study, and were assigned to an experimental group (n=23) and a control group (n=23). The weight reduction program was modified by the author, based on the Wellness program (Lilly Pharmaceutical Company, 2003), Lee (2007) and Kim (2013). Data analysis with frequency, ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, and t-test was performed using SPSS/Win 18.0 version. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in body weight and BMI and an increase in self-esteem in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The weight reduction program had a positive effect on body weight, BMI, and self-esteem. Evaluation of drug compliance and vocational rehabilitation is recommended for long term effect of the program and conduct of further studies will be required for use of various resources for self-efficacy for inclusion in drug education in a program for improved health outcome.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 2019

This study analyzed the problem of the time difference of medicine price cut in Korea according to the administrative and judicial process and sought to present the amendment in the related law to achieve substantial fairness. We considered unfairness of medicine price cut caused by the administrative and judicial process in three situations, the approval-patent linkage system, realistic differences in the practice of administration and suspension of price cut execution. Based on it, we reasoned out the solution to get substantial fairness in the administrative and judicial process of medicine price cut in Korea. Although each step of the administrative and judicial process is lawful and reasonable, the time difference of medicine price cut according to the administrative and judicial process can result in damages or windfall to both of pharmaceutical company and National Health Insurance Service. In the present legal system of Korea, it is unable to be correct. Thus, we present the amendment to correct the damages and windfall when it happens.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.143-167
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze changes of innovation activities and their performance in pre-IPO and post-IPO of KOSDAQ IPO listed companies in medical and pharmaceutical fields, which require high R&D investment, from 2000 to 2005 in Korea. The innovation efficiencies of the IPO companies were measured before and after three years based on the DEA model. The financial data and patent information of the listed company during total 6 years, which were 3 years before IPO and 3 years after IPO, were collected. The main results of this research are as follows. First, it took an average 12.86 years until IPO in the start-up of the IPO companies in the pharmaceutical sector, and innovation was on average more active than the IPO before. R&D investment was higher than the IPO before, and the number of the applied patent during 3 years after IPO was 16.67 which was increased from 8.43 during 3 years before IPO. In addition, the average scope of technology of the IPO companies was expanded from 11 to 22 technology fields during previous 3 year and after 3 year each, and financial growth after IPO was lower than the previous IPO. Second, the financial performance of R&D investment and the performance of patent activity were weakened in the efficiency after the IPO, and the integrated performance from the patenting activities and the R&D investment was decreased after the IPO. Finally, the efficiency of the financial performance of the patenting activity was lower than the efficiency of the financial performance of the patent and R&D investment and patent activities under the R&D investment. In particular, the inefficiency of the firms' patenting activities performance after the IPO was caused by the decreasing return to scale, according to the results of this study. This results implicate that the expansion of R&D investments through the IPO had not lead to the financial performance of the market, and that the overall inefficiency since the IPO is due to the inefficiencies at the stage for the outcome of innovation activity rather than the output obtained through the R&D investments that appear to lead the performance of the market.