• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.8
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• pp.59-87
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• 2009

This thesis started from the attempt to make it clear that 80's American artist Keith Haring(1958-1990) had conducted social intervention of criticism, resistance, and participation through his works, and so pursued public value. Haring of graffiti fame left popular and familiar cartoon style pictures on the street wall, the billboards, the posters and so on. Popular and playful works was explained as his unique characteristics, but Haring's creative way at the field has more value than just being grasped as artist's personal characteristics. Haring's work pieces became everyday art by joining with people's life, and are working as a social speaking place. So I think that these Haring's art works possess characteristics of 'the public sphere'. 'The Public Sphere' means that is independent and free from the government or partisan economic forces, so that is not connected with the interested relations, and that is the sphere of rational argumentation without 'disguise' or 'fabrication', and that is the sphere where general public can participate in and is inspected by them. The public sphere between the sphere of public authority such a nation and a market and the private sphere of free individual, it is mutually connected with them and works as the space forming public opinion. Private individuals communicate with this public sphere and perform a role of direct and indirect check, balance, and social criticism way off from power. Openness that should include the voice of not only leading power but also the socially weak such as citizens, women, homosexuals, minority races, and so on, and alienated class, is an index of the public characteristics. The public sphere is not working just with speech and mass media. Many artists as well as Haring open their mouth and act through an art at the center of society, and create another public sphere by an art. I understood that the real participatory and practical characteristics on the Haring's work is a phenomenon and current of a part of the art world including Haring. Such current started from 1960s is the in-depth effort to be connected with the life more closely, to communicate with people, and to improve problems of life. And it has pursued public value on the different way from the nation or public power. Artists have intervened in the society with strategic and positive ways in order to raise pushed-out value and sinked rights as the public agenda, and labored to accept the value of variety and difference at the society. The aspect of such social intervention is the notable features, findable on the Haring's works and process. Haring's works include art historical meanings and are expressed with familiar and plastic language, so they were able to communicate with various classes. And he secured various customers at the field and the street. This communicative and public approach factor raised the possibility much for his works to work as the public sphere. Haring presented critical and resistant speech toward society with his works based on this factor. He asserted his position and justice of gender identity as a sexual minority. And his such work continued to movement for alienated class and social week over his own rights. His speech and message on the wall painting, poster, T-shirts, billboard of the subway, and so on worked as a spectacle and pressed concern with social issues and consciousness shift. And he's been trying to protect and care people who is injured by HIV and drug and to realize social justice through social week protection. Haring's works planned to meet many people as much as possible performed its role of intervening in society through criticism, resistance, speech, and participation, and controlling and checking social issues. These things considered, Haring's works show his consciousness about public attributes of art, and obviously include public value seeking. And also we can find the meaning of such his work as that an art is working as the public sphere and shows the possibility to discuss and practice public issues.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.113-131
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the exposure levels of worker exposed to welding fume and metals in confined spaces of a shipyard. The airborne concentration of welding fumes and metal elements in confined spaces were compared with those in open working areas. Results of the study were as follows. 1. The geometric mean of welding fume concentration in a confined space was $16.6mg/m^3$, which contained $3.9mg/m^3$ Fe, $1.2mg/m^3$ Mg, $0.8mg/m^3$ Zn, $0.008mg/m^3$ Cu, $0.008mg/m^3$ Pb, $0.005mg/m^3$ Ni, $0.003mg/m^3$ Cr, $0.003mg/m^3$ Cd. The geometric mean of welding fume concentration in open working areas was $5.2mg/m^3$, which contained $1.1mg/m^3$ Fe, $0.3mg/m^3$ Mg, $0.3mg/m^3$ Zn, $0.004mg/m^3$ Cu, $0.008mg/m^3$ Pb, $0.005mg/m^3$ Ni, $0.003mg/m^3$ Cr, $0.0003mg/m^3$ Cd. The geometric mean of welding fume concentration in confined spaces was 3,2 times higher than that in open working areas. The geometric mean concentrations of such metals as Fe, Mg, Zn, or Cu within fume in confined spaces were 2-4 times higher than those in open working areas, while little difference made such metals as Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd. 2. In 32 samples out of a total of 39 samples (82.1%) collected in confined spaces, the concentrations of welding fume exceeded TLV. while so did 19 samples out of 33 samples (57.6%) in open working areas. As for the concentrations of metals in welding flume from confined spaces, Fe exceeded TLV in 14 out of a total of 38 samples (36.8%), Mn exceeded TLV in 23 out of a total of 38 samples (60.5%). As for the concentration of metals in welding fume from open working areas, Fe exceeded TLV in 3 out of a total of 34 samples (8.8%), Mn exceeded TLV in 6 out of a total of 34 samples (17.6%). Considering additive effect among metals, in 31 out of a total of 39 samples (79.5%) collected in confined spaces, the concentrations of welding fume exceeded TLV, while so did 14 out of 38 samples (55.6%) in open working areas. 3. In respect of base metal and welding type the concentration of total welding fume by $CO_2$ gas W./mild steel was the highest, followed by semiauto MMA/mild steel, then followed by TIG or $CO_2$ gas W./stainless steel. ; as for concentration of metal within fume, a decreasing order was Fe, Zn, Mn, and Pb in $CO_2$ gas W./mild steel and semiauto MMA/mild steel, but Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ni in TIG or $CO_2$ gas W./stainless steel. 4. In case of welding base metal covered by paint, contents of Zn within red paint chip and within gray paint chip were 14.0% and 0.08% respectively, which showed a little difference, while the airborne concentrations of Zn within fume during welding base metal covered red paint and gray paint were $1.351mg/m^3$ and $1.018mg/m^3$ respectively, which showed little difference. As for Pb, contents of red paint chip and gray paint chip were 0.14% and 0.08% respectively, and the airborne concentrations within fume during welding base metal covered red paint and gray paint were $0.009mg/m^3$ and $0.007mg/m^3$ respectively, both of which showed little difference.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.327-345
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• 2012

This is a study on types and current status of school library in japan that are open to public. it aims to increase library access and further improvement of accessible information environment by opening the libraries within schools. In case of Japan, libraries' importance to school education enacted world's first School library act by 1953 and installation rate of school libraries is achieved up to 100%. These libraries opened to its local community is in the process of increasing library usage and now in total of 11.6% of lower, middle, and upper school are already opened to their local community. Considering decreasing usage of facilities in schools, teacher vacant time, expanding libraries, and other various alternatives should be considered together. It will lead to equal access to information environment and lifelong education. The study suggests ways of installing school libraries in appropriate sizes and forms within their local societies. It also propose possible ways to open school libraries to perform their own functions.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.394-403
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• 2017

This study investigates the problems of cultivating and revitalizing traditional market through Busan Yeongdo-gu Namhang-Market, cultural-tourism market type. The study's result shows culture-tourism market should establish integrated regeneration plans to satisfy residents, traders, and tourists with the security of public facilities considering local franchise specializing street, open space, and living area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.76-90
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to extract landscape design elements regulation of the District Unit Plan(DUP) in new town areas, and to find out characteristics in terms of urban design elements in comparison with the psychological and physical aspects. For this purpose, we reviewed urban design elements and design elements in terms of the landscape by DUP and analyzed the activation of landscape on the selected case-area by interviewing experts such as planners, public officials, and professors in the department of urban planning and landscape, as well as the university students. The analysis framework for the case-study consists of 4 components: the section of region, street, building, open space, etc. The new development areas in Daejeon Metropolitan City was chosen as the case study area, because they have been developed by DUP regulations. As a result of this study, we can extract characteristics of landscape. The results indicate that `skyline design',`view corridor design',`landscape design',`street furniture design' and `building design(form, height, color, and elevation)' are the key planning and design factors influencing differences in the landscape preference. This research identifies that there are no detailed planning and design guidelines adopted within the four case study areas in Daejeon for regulating the characteristics of skyline, planting and street furniture while detailed guidelines established for density, building height and site layout. Considering their significant correlation with the level of landscape preference, this study suggests that detailed planning and design guidelines for the characteristics of skyline, rooftop and streetscape should be established in future DUP.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.11-20
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• 2012

The student hall and its convenient facilities are hot-core space for various student activities in university campus. It has been for most of the student a place of sweet memories and romance imprinted by a positive image of a cozy atmosphere of unique eating establishments or student hectic activities that used to take place. However, it is questionable whether that facilities are open for all of the students and other users including the handicapped. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate student convenient facilities and to provide an improvement guideline for the wellbeing of students and other users, based on universal design concept. For that purpose, eight universities were selected for an investigation and 81 survey items were developed based on universal design concept; supportive, adaptable, accessible, and safety-oriented design. The analysis found that accessibility to main entry areas, main entry doors, stairs, and handicapped parking were positively evaluated, while information system for handicapped, handicapped public bath, and corridors lacked some notion of supportive and accessible design. Finally the study suggested some useful planning and design guidelines for an extensive and precise application of universal design concept.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.45-54
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• 2012

This research work is to analyze architectural characteristics of Sungnyemun especially in King Yeongjo's reign in Joseon dynasty. The result of this research is summarized as following: 1. The architectural characteristics of Sungnyemun in King Yeongjo's reign are closely related with Confucian ceremonies such as Jeon-jwa and Heon-goek-rye. To perform these ceremonies, some lower walls of Sungnyemun's wooden pavilion were removed and used as ceremonial space. And after ceremony it was restored. 2. The floor type of center bay of the 1st story of wooden pavilion should have a type of floor using long and narrow fine tree plate, which is same type before the repair work of 1960's dismantlement. 3. The width of east stairway which is reached to east small gate, was changed just before Japanese's rule(1910~1945), should be broaden than present width, which is proven through the recent excavation. 4. The reason of asymmetric characteristic of locations of both east and west narrow-gate, and widths of east and west stairway, are related with order of King's ceremony. * Jeonjwa : a ceremony to see national affairs or receive royalty from officials in main hall or main gate of palace in Joseon dynasty (some times open to public) * Heon-goek-rye : a ceremony after win a war and offering to king enemy's ear or head in Joseon dynasty.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.140-151
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• 1999

This research was designed to study the different kinds of ancient patterns applied to the Korean traditional suit and the symbolism associated with these patterns being used the prevalent Han-bok collections in markets. The shapes and changes in the use of the patterns can be summarized as follows. The published collections in the last 5 years were specifically concentrated between 1996 and 1997, proving that the development in Han-bok designs was most active during that time. But the trend decreased due to the effects of a depressed domestic economy. The plant pattern was the most utilized pattern for practical purposes. It looks beautiful and it is also easily manufactured with open space. Symmetrical and linear arrangements make customers feel stable at sight and these patterns tend to attract public gaze resulting in increased sales. There is a problem whether to continue using the existing patterns of the Han-bok without any correction or whether to copy the pattern of the kimono or the western suit. Copying other patterns definitely hurts the elegance of the Han-bok. It is time for us to not only keep our own traditions but also to study and develop new patterns that are distinct from the Chinese and Japanese patterns. The following are suggested as the basic materials.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.142-152
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• 2017

This study investigated Renaissance and Baroque architectural characteristics found in contemporary public buildings in Seoul, which are National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Seoul Branch(MMCA) and Dongdaemun Design Plaza(DDP). Among H. $W{\ddot{o}}lfflin^{\prime}s$ five categories for Renaissance-Baroque art study, four categories (Clearness/Unclearness, Plane/Recession, Closed form/Open form, Multiplicity/Unity) are applied for the analysis as the architectural issues of Transparency/Concealment, Exhibited/Experienced Depth, Formal/Figural, and Composed harmony/Generated Unity. As a result, MMCA showed the characteristics of the extreme of Modern classic such as transparency, homogenization of space, formalism, and composition of multiple elements. Meanwhile, the study could find various Baroque characteristics from DDP such as separation of indoor and outdoor, phenomenological depth, rule breaking, and generation of figure. The study finally argued that DDP would not be an anti-modern, but try to inherit and overcome the modern architecture to explore different possibilities, and that the similar relationship between Renaissance and Baroque art could be found in these two cases.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.43-52
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• 2021

This study examines the spatial structure of Jeju-eupseong (Town-castle) in the Joseon Dynasty. The spatial structure of Jeju-eupseong has distinctive features and regional characteristics that are substantially different from typical eupseong in inland regions. This is mainly attributed to the geographical characteristics of the island and the administrative system with strengthened military functions. Jeju-eupseong displays a distinctive layout of major buildings and road system with a plaza located in its center in comparison with the ones found in inland regions. Gwandeokjeong Plaza in Jeju-eupseong served as the center of Jeju's politics, administration, and culture during the Joseon Dynasty, and it, in the modernization period, has become an open public space in the heart of Old Downtown used for community gatherings. Therefore, this study aims to explore the historical background and distinctive spatial structure of Jeju-eupseong in comparison with eupseong in other parts of Korea. Moreover, the study examines the characteristics of Gwandeokjeong as a plaza that has not been dealt with in other studies of eupseong.