• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.1525-1534
• /
• 2014

In recent years, the passengers are likely to decide their route on impulse due to the development of the integrated public transport system, and real-time information system. Especially, public transport fare integration in Seoul Metropolitan area, 2004 makes them not to have resistance about changing the modes or routes and their route choice is most effected by the degree of congestion. Assignment model have limitations to describe route changes by congestion. In this study, the concept of a link cost function used in road assignment and Effective frequency is introduced to describe the passengers' behavior when the capacity of public transport is over and the waiting time variation. Two situations, new transit line operation and accident, are set up to validate the model, as a result of the transit assignment by this model, the traffic on networks is not over the capacity. It is expected that this study will be of help to reflect the various behaviors in transit assignments.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.45-56
• /
• 2007

As function and scale of the transit center get larger, the efficient guidance system in the transit center is essential for transit users in order to find their efficient routes. Although there are several studies concerning optimal path for the road, but insufficient studies are executed about optimal path inside the building. Thus, this study is to develop the algorithm about optimal path for car owner from the basement parking lot to user's destination in the transfer station. Based on Dijkstra algorithm which calculate horizontal distance, several factors such as fatigue, freshness, preference, and required time in using moving devices are objectively computed through rank-sum and arithmetic-sum method. Moreover, optimal public transportation is provided for transferrer in the transfer station by Neuro-Fuzzy model which is reflected on people's tendency about public transportation mode choice. Lastly, some scenarios demonstrate the efficiency of optimal path algorithm for pedestrian in this study. As a result of verification the case through the model developed in this study is 75 % more effective in the scenario reflected on different vertical distance, and $24.5\;{\sim}\;107.7\;%$ more effective in the scenario considering different horizontal distance, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.22 no.3 s.74
• /
• pp.7-16
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to find the characteristics of travel behavior and accessibility in terms of spatial structure. We analyzed travel behaviors and accessibility using a mode choice model and the Complementary Accessibility Index(CAI). The urban spatial structures that were compared were a compact city (CC) versus a sprawled city (SC), and high residential density districts (HD) versus low residential density districts (LD). First, CC and HDs residents had a shorter commuting distance than the CC and LDs residents. Second, behavior models showed that the use of Private cars for commuting in SCs was found to be greater than private car use in CCs, and that public transportation modes would be encouraged in CCs. Third, changes associated with the time and cost of commuting by private car generally affect the demand for public transportation modes in the CC. Also, analysis of cross elasticity suggests that changes of subway travel time affect the demand for buses very elastically. Fourth, the CAI of SC and LD were superior to the CC and HD even though the SC inefficient urban forms in terms of spatial structure. So, the spatial distribution of population density was also found to be an important factor affecting accessibility and energy savings.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.1083-1091
• /
• 2016

This research uses public transportation card data to analyze the inter-regional transfer times, transfer frequencies, and transfer resistance that passengers experience during transit amongst the metropolitan public transportation modes. Currently, mode transfers between bus and rail are recorded up to five times during one transit movement by Trip Chain, facilitating greater comprehension of intermodal movements. However, lack of information on what arises during these transfers poses a problem in that it leads to an underestimation of transfer resistances on the Trip Chain. As such, a path choice model that reflects passenger movements during transit activities is created, which attains explanatory power on transfer resistance through its inclusion of transfer times and frequencies. The methodology adopted in this research is to first conceptualize the idea of metropolitan public transportation transfer, and in the case that mode transfers include the city-rail, to newly conceptualize the idea of transfer resistance using transportation card data. Also, the city-rail path choice model within the Trip Chain is constructed, with transfer time and frequency used to reevaluate transfer resistance. Further, in order to align bus and city-rail station administrative level small-zone coordinates to state and regional level mid-zone coordinates, the big node methdod is utilized. Finally, case studies on trip chains using at least one transfer onto the city-rail is used to determine the validity of the results obtained.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.27-43
• /
• 2010

The present study was conducted to assess relative importance of hospital attributes considered by patients with spinal diseases in choosing specialty or general hospitals. A total of 230 patients hospitalized with spinal diseases in sampled study sites, including 2 specialty and 2 general hospitals, participated in a self-administered questionnaire survey from April 26 through May 8 2007. Patients were asked to rate the degree of agreement on each of the 15 attributes on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 : strongly disagree, 5 : strongly agree) for which they chose the hospital because of that specific attribute. Based on a Factor analysis, the attributes were grouped into 4 : facility and environment, accessibility, interpersonal factor, and credibility. Both patient groups from specialty (mean scale score ; 3.75) and general hospitals (3.62) commonly considered 'credibility' to be the most important attribute, followed by 'facility and environment (3.05 and 3.21).' Logistic regression analysis showed that men(Odds ratio(OR)=0.333) and those with monthly income of $\geq$ 4 million won (OR=0.298) were less likely to choose specialty hospitals. Age groups of 30 to 39 years old (OR=5.140) and $\geq$ 60 years old(OR=4.761), and professionals (OR=5.207) tended to choose specialty hospitals. Patients expressing more importance on 'facility and environment' attribute were less likely to use specialty hospitals (OR=0.571), whereas those emphasizing 'accessibility' were more likely to use specialty hospitals(OR=1.487). The findings of significant difference in patient's demographic characteristics and consideration in hospital attributes would contribute to have a better understanding on patient's choice behaviour and to develop strategy to improve patient's satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.21-44
• /
• 1988

In Korea, fee-for service reimbursement has been adopted from the begining of medical insurance system in 1977, and the importance of the relative value unit is currently being investigated. The purpose of this study was to find out the level of propriety of the difference in the fees for different surgical services, and the appropriateness of the classification of the insurance fee schedule. For the purpose of this study, specific subjects and the procedural methodology is shown as follows: 1. The propriety of the Relative Price System(RPS). 1) Choice of sample operations. In this study, sample operations were selected and classified by specialists in general surgery, and the number of items they classified were 32. For the same group of operations the Insurance Fee Schedule(IFS) classified the operations into 24 separate items. In order to investigate the propriety of the RPS, one of the purpose of this study, was to examine the 24 items classified by the IFS. 2) Evaluation of the complexity of surgery. The data used in this study was collected The data used in this study was collected from 94 specialists in general surgery by mail survey from November I to 15, 1986. Several independent variables (age, location, number of bed, university hospital, whether the medical institution adopt residents or not) were also investigated for analysis of the characteristics of surgical complexity. 3) Complexity and time calculations. Time data was collected from the records of the Seoul National University' Hospital, and the cost per operation was calculated through cost finding methods. 4) Analysis of the propriety of the Relative Price System of the Insurance Fee Schedule. The Relative Price System of the sample operation was regressed on the cost, time, comlexity relative ,value system (RVS) separately. The coefficient of determination indicates the degree of variation in the RPS of the Insurance Fee Schedule explained by the cost, time, complexity RVS separately. 2. The appropriateness of the classification of the Insurance Fee Schedule. 1) Choice of sample operations. The items which differed between the classification of the specialist and the classification of medical, Insurance Fee Schedule were chosen. 2) Comparisons of cost, time and complexity between the items were done to evaluate which classification was more appropriate. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows: 1. The coefficient of determination of the regression of the RPS on-cost RVS was 0.58, on time RVS was 0.65, and on complexity RVS was 0.72. This means that the RPS of Insurance Fee Schedule is improper with respect to the cost, time, complexity separately. Thus this indicates that RPS must be re-shaped according to the standard element. In this study, the correlation coefficients of cost, time, complexity Relative Value System were very high, and this suggests that RPS could be reshaped I according to anyone standard element. Considering of measurement, time was thought to be the most I appropriate. 2. The classifications of specialist and of the Insurance Fee Schedule were compared with respect to cost, time, and complexity separately. For complexity, ANOVA was done and the others were compared to the different values of different classifications. The result was that the classification of specialist was more reasonable and that the classification of Insurance Fee Schedule grouped inappropriately several into one price unit.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.174-182
• /
• 1999

This study. aimed to categorize attitude of smoking behaviors among adolescents and to provide useful data for development of anti-smoking programs for students was conducted from February 1 to August 15. 1999. using the Q method. After reviewing the literature and preceding studies. the researcher proceeded to interview 15 middle and high school students and thereupon. developed a statement form consisting of 34 items. Then. 33 students were sampled. The collected data were coded after having been scaled from '1' to '9'. and then. was analyzed using the PC QUANL program. After all. three types of adolescents were identified. The first type or 'negation' type students perceive smoking as bad habit. and therefore. do not admit of smoking. The second type or 'self-choice' type students conceive that anyone can smoke depending on their judgement. and therefore. admit of other students' smoking. The third type or 'self-perceived refusal' type admit of other students' smoking. but refuse smoking for themselves. Lastly. it is believed that the results of this study would be useful for designing anti-smoking health programs for our adolescents. It is also hoped that this study would be followed up by such studies suggested by the data for the development of anti-smoking programs for each category of students.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 1991

This study was conducted to provide information of effective student guidance in nursing education. The sample consisted of 103 nursing students in the area of Seoul and 143 students in Cholla Province. Data were collected by using a questionnaire, which consisted of items about personnal campus life and their major. The results are summarized as follows: 1. There was on significant difference in campus life adaptation on nursing students between Seoul and local areas. 2. In Seoul area, there was no significant difference in campus life adaptation according to academic years. In local area, significant difference was revealed in the academic years. The scores of campus life adaptation were possitively correlated with their academic years. 3. The variables which can be explained in the regional difference were social recognition of nursing and a family atmosphere. In conclusion, the results of the study indicate that, in Seoul and local areas, the personal and educational backgrounds of campus life adaptation were equalized. In addition, it is very important that the counselling on choice of major should be provided to high school students.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.40-50
• /
• 2018

Objective: This study presented the analysis period, the complexity of combined therapy and comparator choice as the key limitations in the economic evaluation of new drugs, and discussed programs for coping with these limitations. Methods: This study evaluated the post-evaluation, risk-sharing agreement, extra funding program, and flexible incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) threshold as actions or programs that would increase accessibility to costly new drugs. The study also presented the cases of other countries. The application of the post-evaluation was considered to deal with high uncertainty regarding new drugs. Results: The risk-sharing agreement was introduced in European countries as well as South Korea and has been responsible for the shift from using the financial schemes to outcome-based schemes. The drug funding program has had troubled in securing stable extra funds. The application of higher ICER in the economic evaluation of expensive and innovative oncology drugs was criticized because of the inequity between oncology patients and patients with other diseases. Conclusion: Therefore, introducing and applying actions that would increase the accessibility to costly new drugs in South Korea have been deemed necessary after careful reviews and discussions with various stakeholders (insurer, policy makers, pharmaceutical companies and patients).

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.179-188
• /
• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to compare three therapies - auricular acupuncture, transdermal nicotine patch and therapy - in combination with auricular acupuncture and nicotine patch. Methods : The subjects of this study included 188 male smokers in their 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s, who visited Wonmi Public Health Center. They were evaluated with the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, amounts of daily smoking and success rate of smoking cessation. The subjects decided on a therapy method strictly of their own choice. They were divided into three groups according to the therapy; auricular acupuncture group (62 persons), nicotine patch group (69 persons) and combination therapy group (57 persons). Results : All three groups resulted in statistically significant reducing effects of nicotine dependence and amounts of daily smoking. In the combination therapy group, nicotine dependence was significantly decreased by more than those of the other groups. There were no statistically significant differences in decrements of daily smoking and success rate of smoking cessation among the three groups. Conclusions : The above results suggest that auricular acupuncture and transdermal nicotine patch have significant effects of smoking cessation. If they are combined, it is expected that therapies for smoking cessation would be developed.