• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제29권12C호
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• pp.1692-1706
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• 2004

최근 정보통신기술의 급속한 발달로 무선인터넷을 이용한 전자상거래 사용자가 폭발적으로 증가하고 유선에서 유/무선 통합 환경으로 변화함에 따라 보안상의 많은 문제점이 제시되고 있다. 특히 무선전자상거래에서는 무선 환경의 제한적 특정에 따라 경랑화된 보안기술, 종단간 보안 기술 및 프라이버시 보안 등에 관한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 현재 무선 전자상거래에서는 주로 신용카드기반의 지불 프로토콜인 WPP와 ASPeCT에서 제안한 인증과 지불초기화를 위한 AIP프로토콜을 사용하고 있다. WPP에서 사용하는 보안 프로토콜 WAP는 무선과 유선을 연계하는 G/W에서 전달되는 데이터의 모든 내용이 누출되는 보안상의 취약점이 있어 종단간 보안도 제공하지 못하는 단점이 있고, AlP 프로토콜은 인증서 체인을 이용하여 인증을 수행하므로 계산량이 많은 단점과 인증서에서 사용자의 신원이 노출되어 프라이버시 보호를 위한 익명성이 보장되지 않는 단점이 있다. 이 논문에서는 기존 AIP프로토콜을 기반으로 초특이 타원곡선인 Weil Pairing을 적용한 ID 기반 공개키 암호기법을 사용하여 거래정보의 기밀성을 보장하고 은닉전자서명 기법을 통한 인증서를 사용하여 프라이버시 보호, 공개키와 사용자 인증 및 부인방지를 해결했으며 또한 두 객체만 공유하는 세션키를 사용하여 종단간 보안이 제공되는 특정 무선 플fot폼에 독립적이며 안전하고 효율적인 지불 프로토콜을 제안하였다. 또한 제안한 프로토콜은 사용자와 서비스 제공자간의 온라인 인증기관이 지불 프로토콜의 인증과정에 참여함으로써 다른 도메인에 존재하는 서비스 제공자에게도 효율적이고 안전한 서비스를 받을 수 있도록 하였다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.125-148
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• 1998

Accurate vital statistics are essential for a national health planning and evaluation. Among various vital statistics, birth and death rates, and infant and matemal mortality rates together with the causes of death are the very basic ones for above purposes as well as for the maternal and child health management. These statistics are based on the birth and death reports. It is required by law to report every birth and death within one month after its occurrence. However, in case of a neonatal death occurring prior to the birth report, most of the birth and death are not reported. Thus accurate infant and maternal mortality rates are not available yet in Korea. The main objective of this study is to develop a birth and infant death reporting system via computer network. We designed a new birth report form based on the current form and data from the analysis of medical record forms of 14 hospitals. A new form is basically addition of essential medical information to the current birth report form. Since a revision of the rules and regulations related wtih the birth report is necessary to use a new form, we kept the current from intact to make it acceptable to the government office for a field trial. We also developed computer programs for data input for birth and death reports at a medical faciltiy, data processing for production of maternal and child health indices at a health center, and management of maternal and child health services including immunization and postantal care at health center. The birth certificate and birth report can be printed out at a medical facility. The computer packages were programmed by Borland Delphi 3.0 and can be run under Windows 95 system. We proposed a new birth and death reporting system via computer network after a field trial for data input, transmission, and processing. The medical and demographic data o birth and death at medical facilities will be sent to health centers directly via computer network. The health center will retain the medical data for analysis and forward only the data for birth and death reports required by current regulations to the Dong, Up, or Myun Office. Once the birth or death is reported via computer network to the Dong Office, then the Dong Office will notify the baby's mother of the birth report and request to submit the baby's name by mail. When the baby's name its submitted. the Dong Office will forward the birth reports to the Common Court and Statistics Agency in the same way as the current system, Upon the completion of birth registration of the Common Court, the court will issue the birth certificate to mother which will be used in lieu of the family record. The advantages of proposed birth and death reporting system via computer network ar as follows ; I) The accuracy, timing, and completeness of reporting will be improved and more accurate maternal and child health indices can be obtained, ii) The maternal and child health services of health center will be obtained, iii) Epidemiologic data for pregnancy and birth can be obtained, iv) Manpower for birth and death reporting will be saved.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.1357-1366
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• 2015

본 연구(II)에서는 전 연구(I) 수행과정에 직무교육 훈련을 받고 있는 도로분야 건설기술자들이 질의했던 현안사항에 대하여 추가로 설문조사를 실시하고, 그 결과를 분석하여 미래지향적인 건설정책 대안을 도출하였다. "건설사업관리(CM) 용어가 2가지로 분리된 점에 대한 의견"을 묻는 질문에 응답자의 45%가 선진외국과 같이 '건설사업관리'로 단일화하자고 답했다. "CM전문가 육성 방안"에는 많은 응답자들이 민간교육기관에서 일정기간의 교육을 수료하면 CM전문가 자격을 얻을 수 있는 방안을 선호하였다. "설계 시공 및 품질관리 특급기술자의 역량지수(ICEC) 등급을 75점 이상에서 78점 이상으로 상향 조정(안)" 질문에는 '당초(안)처럼 75점 이상으로 하자'가 52%였다. "CM제도의 적용이 아직도 활성화되지 못하고 있는 이유"에는 응답자의 62%가 공공건설사업 발주기관 담당자들의 CM도입 의지가 부족하기 때문이라고 답했다. 건설사업의 아웃소싱을 기반으로 하는 CM제도의 활성화를 위해서는 국토교통부 본부의 조직 개편 방안이 선행되어야 한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.359-365
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• 2005

Objectives : An abrupt economic decline may widen the socioeconomic differences in health between the advantaged and disadvantaged in a society. The aim of this study was to examine whether the South Korean economic crisis of 1997-98 affected the socioeconomic inequality from all-causes and from cause-specific mortality between 1995 and 2001. Methods : Population denominators were obtained from the registration population data, with the number of death (numerators) calculated from raw death certificate data. The indicator used to assess the geographic socioeconomic position was the per capita regional tax revenue. Administrative districts (Si-Gun-Gu) were ranked according to this socioeconomic measure, and divided into equal population size quintiles on the basis of this ranking. The sex- and 5-year age-specific numbers of the population and deaths were used to compute the sex- and age-adjusted mortality rates (via direct standardization method), standardized mortality ratios (via indirect standardization methods) and relative indices of inequality (RII) (via Poisson regression). Results : Geographic inequalities from all-causes of mortality, as measured by RII, did not increase as a result of the economic crisis (from 1998-2001). This was true for both sexes and all age groups. However, the cause-specific analyses showed that socioeconomic inequalities in mortalities from external causes were affected by South Korean economic crisis. For males, the RIIs for mortalities from transport accidents and intentional self-harm increased between 1995 and 2001. For females, the RII for mortality from intentional self-harm increased during the same period. Conclusions : The South Korean economic crisis widened the geographic inequality in mortalities from major external causes. This increased inequality requires social discourse and counter policies with respect to the rising health inequalities in the South Korean society.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and total mortality, cancer mortality and other disease mortalities in Korean adults. Methods: A total of 14 161 subjects of the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort who were over 40 years of age and who were cancer-free at baseline enrollment reported their lifestyle factors, including the smoking status. The median follow-up time was 6.6 years. During the follow-up period from 1993 to 2005, we identified 1159 cases of mortality, including 260 cancer mortality cases with a total of 91 987 person-years, by the national death certificate. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of cigarette smoking for total mortality, cancer mortality and disease-specific mortality, as adjusted for age, gender, the geographic area and year of enrollment, the alcohol consumption status, the education level and the body mass index (BMI). Results: Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk of total mortality, all-cancer mortality and lung cancer mortality (p-trend, < 0.01, <0.01, <0.01, respectively). Compared to non-smoking, current smokers were at a higher risk for mortality [HR (95% CI)=1.3 (1.1 - 1.5) for total mortality; HR (95% CI)=1.6 (1.1 -2.2) for all-cancer mortality; HR (95% CI)=3.9 (1.9-7.7) for lung cancer mortality]. Conclusions: This study's results suggest that cigarette smoking might be associated with total mortality, all-cancer mortality and especially lung cancer mortality among Korean adults.

• 지적과 국토정보
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.123-135
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• 2016

최근 위치정보 기반 광고, 개인용 내비게이션 등과 같은 공간정보 응용 서비스는 스마트폰의 보편적인 기능으로 인식되고 있으며, 고부가 콘텐츠와 연계하여 온라인 지도 편집과 같은 전문적인 기능을 제공하는 웹 서비스의 수요도 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 공간정보 기반 웹 서비스들을 장애인들이 비장애인들과 동등하게 사용하는 것을 쉽지 않다. 물론 이 같은 실정이 공간정보 관련 서비스에 국한된 것은 아니다. 모든 사람들이 동등하게 다양한 분야의 웹 서비스를 제공받고 정보를 획득할 수 있도록 웹 콘텐츠를 다루는 데 필요한 기술적 사양이 필요하다. 이에 월드와이드웹 컨소시엄(W3C)에서는 웹 콘텐츠 접근성 지침을 개발하여 공표하였으며, 한국형 웹 콘텐츠 접근성 지침 2.1은 이를 참조하고 있으며 이에 대한 인증심사제도가 마련되어 있다. 그러나 국내외를 막론하고 다른 웹 서비스 분야에 비해 공간정보 분야에서는 웹 콘텐츠 접근성 적용에 관한 전문적인 연구나 실무 적용 서비스 사례가 많지 않다. 이 연구에서는 우선 웹 콘텐츠 접근성과 한국형 웹 콘텐츠 접근성 지침 2.1에 관한 내용을 정리하고, 여러 응용 분야 중에서 공간정보 웹 시각화 분야를 중심으로 이 지침을 적용하는 데 필요한 기본적인 방법을 제시하고자 한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.604-615
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• 1998

Although previous studies revealed the association of physical activity with mortality rate, it is unclear whether there is a linear trend between physical activity and mortality rate. In this study, the association of physical activity with the risk of all-cause mortality was analysed using Cox's proportional hazard model for a cohort of 14,204 healthy Korean men aged 40-59 years followed up for 4 years(Jan. 1993-Dec. 1996). Physical activity and other life style were surveyed by a postal questionnaire in December 1992. Total of 14,204 subjects were grouped into quartiles by physical activity. Using death certificate data, 123 deaths were identified. The second most active quartile had a lowest mortality .ate with relative risk of 0.44(95% C.I. : 0.23-0.84) compared with most sedentary quartile, showing a J-shape pattern of physical activity-mortality curve. By examining the difference in proportion of cause of the death between most active quartile and the other quartiles, there was no significant difference of proportional mortality from cardiovascular deaths, cerebrovascular deaths or deaths from trauma. The covariates were stratified into two group between which the trend of RR was compared to test the effect modification. There was no remarkable effect modification by alcohol intake, smoking, body mass index, calorie consumption, percent fat consumption. In conclusion, moderate activity was found to have more protective effect on all-cause mortality than vigorous activity and that the J-shape pattern of physical activity-mortality curve was not due to the difference of mortality pattern or effect modification by alcohol intake, smoking, body mass index, calorie consumption and percent fat consumption.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1471-1475
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• 2014

Background: The epidemiological patterns of cancer incidence have been investigated widely in western countries. Nevertheless, information is quite limited in Jiangxi province, southern China. Materials and Methods: All data were reported by 6 population-based cancer registries in Jiangxi Province. The results were presented as incidence rates of cases by site (ICD-10), sex, crude rate (CR), age-standardized rates (ASRs) and truncated incidence rate (TR) per 100,000 person-years, using the direct method of standardization to the world population. Results: 8,765 new cancer cases were registered in our study during the period 2009-2011. Diagnosis of cancer was based on histopathology in 61.0%, clinical or radiology findings in 4.87% and death certificate only (DCO) in 3.0% of the cases. The median age at diagnosis was 62.0 years (mean, 61; standard deviation, 15). The ASRs were 170.8 per 100,000 for men and 111.2 for women. The ASRs for all invasive cancers from the urban areas (145.7 per 100,000) was higher than that of rural areas (137.1). Incidence rates for lung cancer were higher in rural (35.8) than in urban areas (27.0). Similarly, relatively high rates were observed for stomach cancer in rural (20.1) relative to urban areas (15.5). Conclusions: Our results reveal that the most common cancers were breast and lung in women and lung and liver in men. Interestingly, this study suggested a higher incidence rates for lung and stomach cancer in rural males than in urban population, which may suggest other potential causes, such as over-consumption of smoked meats and high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection, respectively. Public education and the promotion of healthy lifestyles should be actively carried out.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.347-357
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• 1996

Although occupational low back pain accounts for $20\sim40%$ of all occupational illness and injury, there are limited numbers of studies regarding the effectiveness of back school program. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic benefit of back school program for early return to work of occupational low back pain patients in the current occupational injury compensation and management system. The cost-benefit analysis in this study was conducted to evaluate the relative magnitude of benefit to cost. The total cost was estimated by calculating the value of components in back school program according to governmental budget protocol. The back school program was consisted of three major approaches, pain center, work-hardening program and funcional restoration program and each of components had various facilities and experts. The total amount of cost was estimated as 250,866,220 won per year. The most promising type of back school program were quite intensive (a 3 to 5-week stay in a specialized center), therefore, if we adopted the 5-week stay course, 10 courses could be held in a year. Following to the medical act, 20 patients per doctor could participate in a each course, ie, total 200 patients in a year. As a result, we could estimate the cost of 1,254,331 won a patient. We estimated the benefit by using data of a few local labor offices about average medical treatment beneficiary and off-duty beneficiary of 46 occupational low back pain patients in 1994. Ullman and Larsson (1977) mentioned that the group of chronic low back pain patients who participated in back school program needed less time to recover by 48.4% of beneficiary duration. And in the trying to estimate the benefit, we asked 10 rehabilitation board certificate doctors about reduction proportion of treatment cost by introducing back school program. The answered reduction proportions were in the range of $30\sim45%$, average 39%. As a final result, we could see that the introduction of back school program in treatment of chronic occupational low back pain patients could produce the benefit to cost ratio as 3.90 and 6.28. And we could conclude that the introduction of back school program was beneficial to current occupational injury compensation and management system.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2005

Objectives: Studies on the geographical differences in mortality tend to use a census population, rather than a registration population, as the denominator of mortality rates in South Korea. However, an administratively determined registration population would be the logical denominator, as the geographical areas for death certificates (numerator) have been determined by the administratively registered residence of the deceased, rather than the actual residence at the time of death. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the total number of a district population, and the associated district-specific mortality indicators, when two different measures as a population denominator (census and registration) were used. Methods: Population denominators were obtained from census and registration population data, and the numbers of deaths (numerators) were calculated from raw death certificate data. Sex- and 5-year age-specific numbers for the populations and deaths were used to compute sex- and age-standardized mortality rates (by direct standardization methods) and standardized mortality ratios (by indirect standardization methods). Bland-Altman tests were used to compare district populations and district-specific mortality indicators according to the two different population denominators. Results : In 1995, 9 of 232 (3.9%) districts were not included in the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the population differences. A total of 8 (3.4%) among 234 districts had large differences between their census and registration populations in 2000, which exceeded the 95% CI of the population differences. Most districts (13 of 17) exceeding the 95% CI were rural. The results of the sex- and age-standardized mortality rates showed 15 (6.5%) and 16 (6.8%) districts in 1995 and 2000, respectively, were not included in the 95% CI of the differences in their rates. In addition, the differences in the standardized mortality ratios using the two different population denominators were significantly greater among 14 districts in 1995 and 11 districts in 2002 than the 95% CI. Geographical variations in the mortality indicators, using a registration population, were greater than when using a census population. Conclusion: The use of census population denominators may provide biased geographical mortality indicators. The geographical mortality rates when using registration population denominators are logical, but do not necessarily represent the exact mortality rate of a certain district. The removal of districts with large differences between their census and registration populations or associated mortality indicators should be considered to monitor geographical mortality rates in South Korea.