• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.1-39
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• 2013

Considering the relationship between state-owned enterprise (SOE) CEOs and political circles, this study examines the performance impacts of CEO's succession type, board chair separation, and industry expertise and finance expertise of CEOs and outside directors. I propose the definition of political independence in SOE CEOs based on the independence in appearance that might affect general people's perception. It means that there are no relationships or circumstances that might affect SOE CEO's judgment, activity, and report. The definition is able to overcome the limitations of the prior research that could not discover the CEOs who were affiliated to political circles because the research just distinguished the CEOs following their pre-jobs. This study focused on the performance impacts of political independence impaired CEO as well as the CEO's impacts on the relationship between the performance and other corporate governance variables. I selected as dependent variables the average return on asset as operating income divided by total assets and the average customer satisfaction rate evaluated by Korean government during the first three years following the year of the events of explanatory variables. My theory and evidence from the various CEO's personal background and financial information from SOEs in Lee Myung-bak Administration and Rho Moo-hyun Administration suggest the following important things. First, the analysis based on whether or not a SOE CEO keeps political independence shows that a political independence impaired CEO made a significantly negative impact on customer satisfaction rate. Second, the separation between a board chair and a CEO in SOEs introduced by Korean Act on Management of Public Institutions made a significantly positive impact on customer satisfaction rate. However, the positive impact of the board chair separation was removed in a political independence impaired CEO's SOE. Third, outside director's industry expertise made a significantly positive impact on return on asset. However, the positive impact of the outside director's industry expertise was removed in a political independence impaired CEO's SOE. Fourth, the comparison between Lee Myung-bak Administration and Roh Moo-hyun Administration on the corporate governance and performance of SOEs shows that the ratio of political independence impaired CEO was significantly higher in Lee Administration and the ratio of outside director's industry expertise and finance expertise were respectively significantly higher in Roh Administration. Based on these results, I suggested a few policy alternatives for CEO's improved political independence and requirements for executive's expertise in SOEs.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2002

The present study attempts to find the ways to efficiently manage dental caries, one of the major causes of tooth loss, and to cope with oral diseases that deteriorate oral health. For this purpose, this study seeks to obtain fundamental data needed in planning the oral health projects. The study was conducted to the first-grade elementary school students in Hwa-Seong city, Gyeonggi-do, from April 1 - 30, 2002. The result was as follows: 1) Among a total of 2,710 subjects, 598 (274 boys and 324 girls) have more than 1 permanent tooth with a caries legion whether it was treated or not. 2) The number of permanent teeth examined is 6,029, in which girls' teeth are more (3,165) than boys' (2,864). 3) Out of a total of 6,029 teeth examined, 1,106 permanent teeth (508 boys' and 598 girls') have caries legions. 4) Out of 1,106 permanent teeth with caries legions, 170 (15.4%) were treated - 67 teeth for boys (13.2%) and 103 teeth for girls (17.2%). 5) 22.1% of the children have experienced dental caries in their permanent teeth. Among them, 20.1% are boys and 24.1% are girls. 6) The rate of the permanent teeth that once had, or now have caries legions are 21.2%, among which the rate for boy's teeth is 20.1% and that for girl's teeth is 22.1%. 7) The number of the permanent teeth that had caries legions is 0.5 for all the subjects. A boy has 0.4 and a girl has 0.5 teeth with caries legions regardless of whether it was treated or not. 8) The rate of the permanent teeth with caries legions is 86.7% for overall subjects - 88.3% for boys and 85.3% for girls. 9) The rate of treated permanent teeth is 13.3% for all the subjects - 11.7% for boys and 14.7% for girls. Based on the above result, the study draws a conclusion that in order to prevent dental caries in young students and to perform an early treatment for the dental caries that already occurred an oral health office should be installed at all the elementary schools so that elementary school students don't experience a loss of time and effort for learning and suffer nutritional imbalance or disorder. Besides, the oral health education concerning the importance of dental care should be conducted to the citizens, especially to the young people, in the community as an essential project of oral health centers in the community health offices, the public medical institutions.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.53-77
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• 2015

Korea has witnessed an increasing number of domestic patent applications, but a majority of them are not utilized to their maximum potential but end up becoming obsolete. According to the 2012 National Congress' Inspection of Administration, about 73% of patents possessed by universities and public-funded research institutions failed to lead to creating social values, but remain latent. One of the main problem of this issue is that patent creators such as individual researcher, university, or research institution lack abilities to commercialize their patents into viable businesses with those enterprises that are in need of them. Also, for enterprises side, it is hard to find the appropriate patents by searching keywords on all such occasions. This system proposes a patent recommendation system that can identify and recommend intellectual rights appropriate to users' interested fields among a rapidly accumulating number of patent assets in a more easy and efficient manner. The proposed system extracts core contents and technology sectors from the existing pool of patents, and combines it with secondary social knowledge, which derives from tags information created by users, in order to find the best patents recommended for users. That is to say, in an early stage where there is no accumulated tag information, the recommendation is done by utilizing content characteristics, which are identified through an analysis of key words contained in such parameters as 'Title of Invention' and 'Claim' among the various patent attributes. In order to do this, the suggested system extracts only nouns from patents and assigns a weight to each noun according to the importance of it in all patents by performing TF-IDF analysis. After that, it finds patents which have similar weights with preferred patents by a user. In this paper, this similarity is called a "Domain Similarity". Next, the suggested system extract technology sector's characteristics from patent document by analyzing the international technology classification code (International Patent Classification, IPC). Every patents have more than one IPC, and each user can attach more than one tag to the patents they like. Thus, each user has a set of IPC codes included in tagged patents. The suggested system manages this IPC set to analyze technology preference of each user and find the well-fitted patents for them. In order to do this, the suggeted system calcuates a 'Technology_Similarity' between a set of IPC codes and IPC codes contained in all other patents. After that, when the tag information of multiple users are accumulated, the system expands the recommendations in consideration of other users' social tag information relating to the patent that is tagged by a concerned user. The similarity between tag information of perferred 'patents by user and other patents are called a 'Social Simialrity' in this paper. Lastly, a 'Total Similarity' are calculated by adding these three differenent similarites and patents having the highest 'Total Similarity' are recommended to each user. The suggested system are applied to a total of 1,638 korean patents obtained from the Korea Industrial Property Rights Information Service (KIPRIS) run by the Korea Intellectual Property Office. However, since this original dataset does not include tag information, we create virtual tag information and utilized this to construct the semi-virtual dataset. The proposed recommendation algorithm was implemented with JAVA, a computer programming language, and a prototype graphic user interface was also designed for this study. As the proposed system did not have dependent variables and uses virtual data, it is impossible to verify the recommendation system with a statistical method. Therefore, the study uses a scenario test method to verify the operational feasibility and recommendation effectiveness of the system. The results of this study are expected to improve the possibility of matching promising patents with the best suitable businesses. It is assumed that users' experiential knowledge can be accumulated, managed, and utilized in the As-Is patent system, which currently only manages standardized patent information.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.159-193
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• 2015

Owing to causes such as population aging, increased use of various medical devices, long-term hospitalization of various patients with reduced immune function such as cancer, diabetes, and organ transplant patients, and the growing size of hospitals, hospital infections are continuing to increase. As seen in the MERS crisis of 2015, hospital infections have become a social and national problem. In order to prevent damage due to such hospital infections, it is necessary to first strictly implement measures to prevent hospital infections, while, on the other hand, providing proper relief of damage suffered due to hospital infections. However, the mainstream attitude of judicial precedents relating to hospital infection cases has been judged to in fact shift responsibility over damages due to hospital infections on the patient. In light of the philosophy of the damage compensation system, whose guiding principle if the fair and proper apportionment of damages, there is a need to seek means of drastically relaxing the burden of proof on the patient's side relative to conventional legal principles for relaxing the burden of proof, or the theory of de facto estimation. In relation to such need, the German civil code (Burgerliches Gesetzbuch), which defines contracts of medical treatment as typical contracts under the civil code, and has presumption of negligence provisions stipulating that, in cases such as hospital infections which were completely under the control of the medical care providers, if risks in general medical treatment have been realized which cause violations of the life, body, or health of patients, error on the part of the person providing medical care is presumed, was examined. Contracts of medical treatment are entered into very frequently and broadly in the everyday lives of the general public, with various disputes owing thereto arising. Therefore, it is necessary to, by defining contracts of medical treatment as typical contracts under the civil code, regulate the content of said contracts, as well as the proof of burden when disputes arise. If stipulations in the civil code are premature as of yet, an option may be to regulate through a special act, as is the case with France. In the case of hospital infection cases, it is thought that 'legal presumption of negligence' relating to 'negligence in the occurrence of hospital infections,' which will create a state close to equality of arms, will aid the resolution of the realistic issue of the de facto impossibility of remedying damages occurring due to negligence in the process of occurrence of hospital infections. Also, even if negligence is presumed by law, as the patient side is burdened with proving the causal relationships, such drastic confusion as would occur if the medical care provider side is found fully liable if a hospital infection occurs may be avoided. It is thought that, alongside such efforts, social insurance policy must be improved so as to cover the expenses of medical institutions having strictly implemented efforts to prevent hospital infections in the event that they have suffered damages due to a hospital infection accident, and that close future research and examination into this matter will be required.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2010

This study is aimed at reviewed and analyzed in order to suggest the improved plans related to natural monuments. The summary of this study is as followings; First, Replacing the current term 'cultural properties', which denotes the meaning of 'goods', we need to devise an new categorization that separates such properties into cultural heritage and natural heritage under the national heritage framework. Second, the designation criteria for natural monuments should be divided into the individual realm for animals and plants respectively, since they are not divided in the current Act. Third, the guidelines for naming of natural monuments should be established with the following new categories in accordance with the clear standards. Fourth, such imbalances require us to give priority to the relatively neglected types and areas. Fifth, as the big and old trees account for more than a half of the designated plants, it is necessary to search out new resources(wet plant communities, seashores, sand dune plant communities, etc.) such as geological resources, mineral springs, hot springs, and fossils that are in danger of completely being exploited and exhausted. While most of the designated animals are protected nationally, the existing designation system is required to protect habitats and breeding places for the systematic and efficient conservation. Sixth, as long as we need to preserve those historical and cultural resources for the future generations from national and global perspectives, we should enhance their values by designating them as natural monuments even though they are protected by other regulations such as the natural environment area. Seventh, as a result of the survey, we found that more budgets and experts in the local governments, more empowered organizations, more active public participation should be provided for the better Natural Monument management in Korea. Eighth, the Lap of Natural Heritage in the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage needs to be developed to the Natural Heritage Institute to conduct the diverse activities such as researches, restoration, exhibition and education programs in a systematic and efficient way. Ninth and the last, major damages to natural monuments can be generally categorized into the artificial one and natural one, respectively. The artificial damages include toxics, soil covering, excessive humidity, fire, construction and management works, unlawful damages, fishing, oil spillage, etc, and the natural ones include lightning, storms(typhoons), heavy snowfalls, damage by insects and diseases, lack of prey, etc. This study will become meaningful in that it proposes specific measures for the improvement of the institutions, designation, and management of natural monuments on the basis of the comprehensive analysis on natural monuments. We wish to leave the other subjects related with this study to the future researches.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.130
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• pp.305-335
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• 2014

Counseling is conducted through dialogue in relation to counselor and client. Therefore the philosophical counseling first must consider the circumstances, prescribe the main concepts and proceed to the specific methodology in order to be the practical study. The philosophical counseling includes the six necessary concepts-subjects, time, place, object, method, and purpose-because of its behavioral concepts. The subjects are counsellor and client, the place is where public institutions authorize officially for counseling, the time is when the two parties are meeting face to face, the object is the client's facing problems right now, the method is the philosophical assistance, and the purpose is to dissolve the client's problems. The client's facing problems here are the developmental tasks according to the developmental stages and the maladaptive behaviors related to the cognitive distortions appearing in the process. And the philosophical assistance methods are the types to make the facilitating environment and dispute the wrong thoughts and the irrational beliefs. However, the client's problems in counseling often appear in the causes combined between the cognitive elements and the emotive elements which are treated mainly in the psychological counseling. In that case, the way to solve the problems in the philosophical counseling should be applied to with the psychological methods in parallel or in regular succession. Therefore the six necessary concepts of the philosophical counseling are not the absolute meanings but the meanings in general. If so, the concept of the philosophical counseling can be defined as the process in which counselor and client meet face to face and dissolve the client's facing problems through mainly the philosophical methods with the counselor's assistance. If the main concepts of the philosophical counseling can be prescribed as mentioned above, post study needs to proceed to the specific methodology.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.27-40
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• 2021

This study was carried out for the description of the conflicts on the measurement of the root collar diameter of the landscape trees that are currently being produced, distributed, and planted in S. Korea, and for determination of the standard for root collar diameter measurement. The difference in consciousness of appropriate measurement of root collar diameter among different ages of landscape practitioners was statistically significant at p<0.05 level. It seemed to be due to the difference in the amount of field experiences among different age groups. On "the ambiguity of measuring the root collar diameter' of landscape trees", the consciousness was significantly different at p<0.05 level among job positions. On "Improvement of measurement criteria for landscape trees," it was significantly different at p<0.05 level among job types. This was thought to be due to the disagreement between the client and the contractor. On "prevention of topsoil removal" when excavating landscape trees, the consciousness was significantly different at p<0.001 level among different age groups, and different at p<0.01 level among different occupations, and different at p<0.05 level among different working area. The consciousness on "removing top soil when excavating landscape trees and rooting after transplantation" was not significantly different. The consciousness on the conflict caused by "ambiguity in root collar diameter measurement criteria" was high with an average of 3.85 for job type, occupation, jop position, and work experience. It was higher for landscape contractors than public institutions. The higher job positions and more experiences, the more conflicts. The consciousness on the appropriate position of root collar diameter measurement for landscape trees revealed that measuring at above-ground part (66.5%) was prefered to the underground part (33.0%). During the excavation of landscape trees for transplant, topsoil removal up to average depth of -2cm to -4cm was favored by 84.0%, and the purpose of removing topsoil was recognized as 'to increase the size and unit cost' by 59.7%.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.17
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• pp.157-202
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• 2008

Archival Objects are defined as objects having historical, aesthetic, and artistic value as well as archival value created and used with a particular purpose in business process. Increasingly, many countries including Canada, Australia, China are recognized the importance of Archival Objects and designated them as national records. In Korea, Archival Objects are involved in national records through '2006 Plan for the Archives and Records Management Reform'. So National Archives and Records Service provided a foothold for comprehensive plan of national records management including Archival Objects. And also, by revising Records and Archives Management Act in 2007, National Archives and Records Service declared aggressive will to management Archival Objects. Until now, Objects held in public institution were easy to be damaged because definition or scope of Archival Objects was ambiguous and management system for material character wasn't exist. Even though the revised Records and Archives Management Act suggest definition and declare the responsibility of management, management system focused on various shape and material of objects need to be established. So this study has defined Archival Objects shortly and carried out a research 5 institutions on the actual management condition. By researching the result of institution survey, Records and Archives Management Act and actual Records Management System, we could find some problems. In solving these problems, We provide objects management process in the order capture ${\rightarrow}$ register ${\rightarrow}$ description ${\rightarrow}$ preservation ${\rightarrow}$ use${\rightarrow}$disposition. In addition, close cooperation between records center and museum of institution should be established for the unitive management at national level. This study has significance in introducing a base to manage Archival Objects systematically. By studying more, we hope to advance in management of valuable Archival Objects.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.186-203
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• 2015

This article attempts to examine both the outcome and future task of the art history research on Central Eurasia, better known under the name of "Silk Road". The term Central Eurasia encompasses Xinjiang Uygur, Tibet, Mongolia, former Soviet Republics, the northwest region of India, Iran and Turkey. The article analyzes the 30-year history of the region's art history research and further presents a desirable direction that the study should move towards. Though short in its research period, the ROK's art history study on Central Eurasia has shown eye-catching achievement in several areas such as the northwest region of India and the Xinjiang Uygur, Dunhwang of China. Two factors allowed for this accomplishment. First was the actual improvement of the work environment, where the scholars were finally able to travel to Central Eurasia and explore the historic sites for themselves since 1990. More important was the 'arena of study' for the next-generation scholars made possible by institutions like The Korean Association for Central Asian Studies and the Center for Central Eurasian Studies. Slowly but consistently, the two academic societies induced scholars' attention towards the field and fostered new experts. Circumstances changed, marking 2012 as the starting point. International academic forums held by the government branches surged in number. The intention behind it was to link the ROK with the Silk Road and ultimately to obtain the "Eurasia initiative". As of now, the public has shown heightened interest in the issue. The academia is subsequently riding on this second "wave of interest" following the first wave in the 1980s. However, increased popularity comes with some negative consequences, and this art history research on Central Eurasia is no exception. There are criticisms regarding the objectivity of recent academic forums. Some argue that the aim of the forums are sternly set most of the times, prohibiting the presenters to voice their own perspectives. Still, this heated attention will definitely play its role as a stepping stone for further development. The academia should commit to fostering rising researchers who will systemically and professionally study the field. This is imperative in order for the Korean culture to successfully communicate with the world and take itself to a new level. Without completing this task, the ROK's art history research on Central Eurasia is likely to remain idle.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.38-57
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• 2018

Led by the Cultural Heritage Administration, studies on the cultural heritage of railways have merely focused on modern registered cultural heritage and on excavating the cultural heritage of modern rail transportation. Endeavors of institutions relevant to railways to protect the cultural heritage of railways were not sufficiently made. Only the internal guideline to protect the cultural heritage of railways made by the railway corporation is being implemented. This study aims to assert the need to examine the protective measures of the heritage of railroad cars and to vitalize plans of conserving the heritage of railroad cars. Also, plans to protect the heritage of railroad cars and methods to invigorate schemes of protecting the heritage of railroad cars will be suggested. The current situation of protecting the heritage of railroad cars was investigated via a field trip. Through exploring overseas examples of protecting the heritage of the railroad cars, ways to vitalize plans of widely publicizing the heritage of the railroad cars with their historical values were suggested. Results showed that first, the way of openly exhibiting conserved railroad cars by setting up stands other than the way of exhibiting and conserving in one site was necessary. Second, in order to properly preserve and manage the cultural heritage of railways, railroad cars, much like natural monuments or intangible cultural properties, need to be perceived as cultural properties. Also, it is necessary to amend the Cultural Properties Protection Law to include railway heritage. Third, the perception of the cultural heritage of railways should be heightened, and SNS, blogs, and cafes need to strategically promote this heritage in order to increase the public's interest. Fourth, in addition to enacting legislations and gaining institutional support for the cultural heritage of railways, the budget to operate the responsible department, and employing staff for the heritage of railroad cars should be resolved as a priority in order to enhance the capability of managing this cultural heritage. In order to rationally protect the cultural heritage of railways and invigorate plans to protect the cultural heritage of railways, it is necessary to garner administrative and financial support, and enact the appropriate legislation. The heritage of railroad cars is priceless and has a social value in terms of regional icons, historic marks, and the record of life. It is considered that in this situation, the standard of amending both policy and the Cultural Properties Protection Law for the heritage of railroad cars should be urgently established.