• The Korean Nurse
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.45-58
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• 1994

This study was conducted for the purpose of identifying the trends of nursing research and to suggest the direction of future research in the graduate levels of the study. The data was collected from 469 abstracts of master's and doctoral rapers from three graduate schools, one in Nursing, another in Education, and the other in Public Health Graduate College. The results of the study are as follows: The number of research was increased from 102 to 286 between the 1970 s and 1980's. The most frequently employed research design was descriptive studies in the master's level, but there was some balance between descriptive and experimental studies along with some qualitative approaches in the doctoral thesis. Patients were the most often studied sample group reaching 42% of the cases, though it Was noted that there was steady shift: toward the non-ratient population. With this shifting of the study sample, the places of the study also have showed some changes moving toward community. The most widely studied area was in clinical practice. Chronic illness, preventive, and health promoting areas of studies also increased in numbers. However, most of them were at the descriptive level of phenomena and only a few were concerned with cost/effective measures of nursing intervention. The number of variables studied repeatedly more than five times was 43. They were not only physical but also psychosocial aspects which imply the efforts to incorporate the whole person in nursing discipline. However, most researches with repeated studies showed little relation to previous studies, and thus little accumulation in knowledge. There was also little evidence of linkage to nursing theory in most studies of master's level. For the doctoral rapers, 17 out of 51 rapers showed specific theories related to the researches. Based on the above findings, the following suggestions were made. Various research design should be employed including case studies, historical studies, as well as qualitative approaches. There should be more effort to establish linkage between theory and research. The areas needing more attention are Korean Nursing History, Ethics in our Culture, Cost/Effective Measures of Nursing Intervention, Concept and Thory Development, and the Strategies for the Implication of the Research Results in clinical practice.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1011-1019
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• 1996

The incidence of spinal cord injury increase due to traffic accident, industrial accident and leisure sports. Spinal cord injury damages motor and sensory function below the injury level, also affects autonomic functions associated with voiding and defecation. Sexual dysfunction and psychosocial, vocational maladaptations are also some of the unwanted consequences of injury. The purpose of this study is look for means to prevent and to manage complications in spinal cord injury through investigation and analysis. The subjects of this study in spinal cord injured patients were admitted to the department of physical therapy, Kwangju christian Hospital, Nam Kwang Hospital, Chun Nam university Hospital and Cho Sun university Hospital, from April, 1, 1995 to March, 31, 1996. The results are as follows: 1. The subjects comprised 96 cases of spinal cord injury, ranging from 17 to 85(mean-40.8 yrs) and included 72 males and 24 females. Among these patients, 58 were cervical injury, 20 were thoracic injury and 18 were lumbar injury. 2. As for a major causative of spinal cord injury were traffic accident(59.4%), fall down (27.1 %), and motocycle(4.2%).. 3. The bladder control were taken by indwelling cathetar(41.7%), Crede maneuver(37.5%) and self voiding(16.7%). The bowel control were taken by all aid(61.5%), assitance(32.3%) and self defecation(6.2%). 4. Possible of sexual function were 35 cases (47.9%). 5. The device of transfer used wheel chair(69.8%) and bed(16.7%). 6. The patients with higher cord lesion got more serious pain than lower cord lesion. Also the patients with higher cord lesion got a serious spasticity. 7. The incidence of decubitus ulcer among 96 patients were in case 46(47.9%). The largest group of the pressure sore sites were sacral portion(82.0%), less than 1 month of onset occured a large numbers(50%). Incidence of pressure sore by spasticity occured many patients in case of mild or moderate. Incidence of pressure sore by pain occured many patients in case of severe pain.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.687-694
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• 2012

Objective: This study aims to survey the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders(MSD) among Korean hospital workers and to analyze the relationship of MSD symptoms and workload perceived by workers. Background: Despite of high exposure to the MSD risk factors and high MSD symptom prevalence among health care workers, there were not enough studies of MSD prevalence among the hospital workers. Method: This study designed a survey based on Nordic questionnaire to obtain MSD symptoms and the degree of four perceived workloads: work repetition, urgency, physical exertion and satisfaction. In this survey, 1,846 workers in a hospital participated. The prevalence of MSD was analyzed for each body part, and MSD cases, which were predetermined in this study, were identified. The relationship between the MSD cases and each perceived workload was analyzed using chi-square test. Results: The pain in the shoulder was the most prevalent among the workers as 52%, and the low back(37%) and leg discomfort(36%) followed. The MSD cases, in which degree of pain was more than severe, were also the most prevalent in the shoulder(13%). Female workers had higher rate of MSD cases than the males. Among the four workload variables, the physical exertion was the statistically related to MSD cases for all the body parts. In addition, the others also had significant relation to MSD cases except one or two body parts. Conclusion: This study found that Korean hospital workers had MSD symptoms mainly in the shoulder, low back and legs in order, and the perceived workload surveyed in this study was highly correlated with MSD symptoms. Application: This study provides another evidence that subjective physical exertion perceived by workers is an important factor to explain MSD cases as same as the objective one.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5627-5632
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• 2012

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of shisha smoking and associated factors among medical students in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Management and Science University from December 2011 until March 2012. The questionnaire consisted of five sections including socio-demographic, social environment, knowledge about shisha, psychosocial factors, and personal shisha smoking behavior. Obtained data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 13). T-test was used to determine the relationships between shisha smoking and socio-demographic characteristic. Results: A total number of 300 medical students participated in this study. Mean age was $22.5{\pm}2.5$ years. The majority were female, Malay, single, from urban areas (67%, 54%, 97%, 73%; respectively). The prevalence of shisha smoking among medical students was found to be 20%. The study revealed that many students believed that shisha does not contains nicotine, carbon monoxide, does not lead to lung cancer, dental problems and does not lead to cardiovascular diseases (25%, 20.7%, 22.3%, 29%, 26.7%; respectively). Age and sex were found to be significantly associated with smoking shisha status among medical students (p=0.029, p<0.001; respectively). Furthermore, having parents, siblings and friends smokers of shisha were found to be significantly associated with shisha smoking status (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001; respectively). Furthermore, family problems, problems with friends, financial problems and university life were found to significantly associated with shisha smoking status among medical students (p<0.001, p=0.002, p<0.001, p=0.002; respectively). Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of shisha smoking and a poor knowledge about its impact on health among medical students. More attention is needed to focus on medical education in this regard. The policies that are currently employed in order to reduce the cigarettes smoking should be applied to shisha smoking and shisha products.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.497-509
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine frequency of job performance, level of urgency, index of importance experienced by 138 new nurses who were working at 6 hospitals that had over 400 bed in Incheon and Bucheon. The data were analyzed using a SPSS program for descriptive statistics [numbers of job performance, level of urgency, index of importance(job performance+1/4 level of urgency)]. Some of the most frequent job performance were application of aseptic technique, application of principle of infection control, and medication (IV, PO, IM, supply fluid and electrolyte). Some of the most uncommon job performance were activity as a lecturer in nursing department, activity of arrangement of community resources, and participation in multidisciplinary conference. Some of the highest level of urgency were use of aseptic technique, CPR, application of principle of infection control, defibrillation for dysrhythmia, blood transfusion, observation of patient's status in procedure (operation), v/s check, intervention for improvement of respiratory function and medication of antihypertensives. Some of the lowest level of urgency were activity as a lecturer in nursing department, preceptor's activity, supervisor and delegation of job to nurse aids, attendance at nursing conference, activity of arrangement of community resources, participation in clinical teaching practice, participation in multidisciplinary conference, and delegation of patient care. Those were indirect patient care. The order was physiologic integration(60.99%), safety and effective nursing environment, psychosocial care, and health maintenance and improvement. The most importance item in maintenance of physiologic integration was medication. Some of the highest index of importance were aseptic technique and application of principle of infection control, v/s check, observation of patient's status in operation and medication. Some of the lowest index of importance were activity as a lecturer in nursing department, preceptor's activity, activity of arrangement of community resources, participation in multidisciplinary conference, nursing conference, participation in clinical teaching, and delegation of job to nurse aids.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.5-27
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• 2008

Purpose: This study aims to better understand the quality of life (QOL) for Korean breast and gynecological cancer survivors by examining the differences in multi-dimensional QOL outcomes according to stage of cancer survivorship. Methods: To identify the multiple dimensions of health status and psychosocial outcomes, three standardized QOL and psychological distress measures were administered to 110 Korean breast and gynecological cancer survivors. These participants were divided into three groups based on the stage of cancer survivorship. Results: Analyses of covariance revealed that once important confounders were controlled for, QOL outcomes were partially different depending on the stage of cancer survivorship. Results for SF-36 measure showed significant differences between acute and long-term survival stages, indicating that QOL for cancer survivors had gradually improved in the physical domain. However, there were no significant group differences in the psychological domain of SF-36. Additionally, QOL-CS and BSI-18 measures did not show significant QOL differences according to the stage of cancer survivorship. Conclusions: Evidence that, for Korean survivors, QOL outcomes differ according to the stage of cancer survivorship serves as a rationale for developing discriminatory strategies and interventions that take into account survival stage.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.152-163
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• 2003

Pupose : The Korean cancer pain assessment tool (K-CPAT) was developed in 2003 is consisted of questions concerning the pain location, quality of pain, present pain intensity, symptoms associated with pain, and psychosocial/spiritual pain assessments. This study was done to evaluate the reliability and validity of K-CPAT. Methods : A Stratified, proportional-quota, clustered, systematic sampling has been employed. Study population (903 cancer patients) was 1% of the target population (90,252 cancer patients). A total of 314 (34.8%) questionnaires have been collected. Results : Average pain score (5 Likert scale) by cancer type and at-present average pain score (VAS, $0{\sim}10$) were correlated (r=0.56, P<0.0001), and showed a moderate agreement (kappa=0.364). Mean score of satisfaction was 3.8 ($1{\sim}5$). The average time of completion of the questionnaire was 8.9 minutes. Conclusions: The K-CAPT is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of Cancer Pain for Korean.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.186-193
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this narrative study was to understand how family caregivers interpreted themselves life during caring for dying patients with gliobalstoma, and how they integrated these experiences into their personal biographies. Methods: Three family caregivers were recruited for the study. Data were collected through a series of audio-taped unstructured interviews and conversations with participants. The interviews and observation were conducted between October and November, 2011. Data were analyzed using psychosocial analytical methods that combined case based, in-depth staged analysis of narratives. Results: The life experiences of the family caregivers with a dying family member were summarized as, in their own voices, 'the repetition of gliobalstoma,' 'a smart patient,' 'being obsessed with rehabilitation treatment,' 'the frustration from nothing but just looking at the suffering of the patient,' and 'a stubborn son'. Conclusion: Caregiving was characterised by various roles and life changes from the moment of diagnosis. Family caregivers of brain tumor reported experiences similar to those described by caregivers of people with other cancers. What differed for this group was the rapidity of change and the need for immediate information and support to assist with caring for a person with high-grade glioma.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.155-173
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• 2018

Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is an unwanted adverse event in any operation. It leads to functional limitations and psychological trauma for patients, and leaves the operative team with feelings of failure and humiliation. Therefore, it is crucial that preventive strategies for CPSP are considered in high-risk operations. Various techniques have been implemented to reduce the risk with variable success. Identifying the risk factors for each patient and applying a timely preventive strategy may help patients avoid the distress of chronic pain. The preventive strategies include modification of the surgical technique, good pain control throughout the perioperative period, and preoperative psychological intervention focusing on the psychosocial and cognitive risk factors. Appropriate management of CPSP patients is also necessary to reduce their suffering. CPSP usually has a neuropathic pain component; therefore, the current recommendations are based on data on chronic neuropathic pain. Hence, voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists, antidepressants, topical lidocaine and topical capsaicin are the main pharmacological treatments. Paracetamol, NSAIDs and weak opioids can be used according to symptom severity, but strong opioids should be used with great caution and are not recommended. Other drugs that may be helpful are ketamine, clonidine, and intravenous lidocaine infusion. For patients with failed pharmacological treatment, consideration should be given to pain interventions; examples include transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, botulinum toxin injections, pulsed radiofrequency, nerve blocks, nerve ablation, neuromodulation and surgical management. Physical therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and lifestyle modifications are also useful for relieving the pain and distress experienced by CPSP patients.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and abdominal expansion maneuver (AEM) on trunk stabilization, as well as trunk muscle activities and differences in quadruple visual analogue scale, Korean Oswestry Disability Index, and Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire scores, in patients with chronic low back pain and lumbar spine instability. To increase intra-abdominal pressure during the trunk stabilization exercise, the technique of pushing the abdomen out using diaphragmatic abdominal breathing suggested by Pavel Koral was used, which we termed the AEM. Fifty patients who tested positive on more than three of the five lumbar spine instability tests were separated from 138 patients with chronic low back pain of these patients, 16 were placed in the control group (trunk stabilization exercise), 17 were placed in the ADIM group (trunk stabilization exercise with ADIM), and 17 were placed in the AEM group (trunk stabilization exercise with AEM). Each group participated in the study for 30 minutes three times weekly for 4 weeks. Surface electromyography was used to measure the trunk muscle activities during the kneeling forward and supine bridging positions, and one-way repeated analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance of the trunk muscle activities in the rectus abdominis, internal oblique (IO), erector spinae, and multifidus (MF) muscles. The ADIM and AEM groups showed relatively larger improvements in psychosocial and functional disability level than control group. There were significant changes among the three groups, those from the measured values of the AEM group was significantly higher than the other two groups in changes in IO and MF trunk muscle activities (p<.05). This finding demonstrates that trunk stabilization exercises with AEM is more effective than ADIM for increasing trunk deep muscle activity of chronic low back pain patients with lumbar spine instability.