• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.64-80
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting family caregiver burden, and to identify the relationship between family caregiver burden and family function /self-care of psychiatric out-patient. These data were collected by questionnaire from September 20 to October 8, 1993. The subjects were 285 family caregiver of psychiatric out-patients. The instruments used in this study were Caregiver Burden Inventory(CBI) by Novak(1989), self-care performing by Yu(1992), and Family APGAR by Smilkstein(1979). The data were analyzed by cronbach's $\alpha$, mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression with SPSS /pc+ program. The result of this study were as follows ; 1. The means of family caregiver Burden revealed total 2.00, Time-Dependence Burden 78, developmental Burden 2.22, physical Burden 1.90, social Burden 1.43, emotional Burden 2.18, financial Burden 1.51. family caregiver burden score showed moderate level. time-dependence burden showed the highest score and social burden showed the lowest score. 2. The means of family function revealed total 5.67. 7 through high-21.4% (61), low through 3-38.6%(110). family function score showed moderate level. 3. The means of patient's self-care performance revealed total 137.71. self-care performance showed moderate level. 4. A ststistically significant correlation between family caregiver burden and patient's demographic variables, age (F=3.83, p<.01), marrital status(F=3.50, p<.01), job(F=3.17, p<.01), diagnosis(F=4.46, p<.01), income (F=4.46, p<.01). No significant differences between family caregiver burden and prevalent period, religion, sex (p>.05). S. A ststistically significant correlation between family caregiver burden and family's demographic variables, age (F=7.34, p<.01), sex(t=-2.63, p<.01), education level(F=7.61, p<.01), income (F=8.13, p<.01), relation with patient (F=6.92, p<.01), job(F=2.03, p<.05), medical service (F=3.89, p<.05), presence of chronically ill without patient(t=-2.01, p<.05) 6. Family function was the highest factor predicting family caregiver burden(R=.4168, $R^2=.1737$), low education level of family, patient's self-care, family income accounted for 36% in family caregiver burden.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2018

Purpose: The Korean government has tried to decrease the suicide death rate over the last decade. Suicide attempts, particularly non-fatal attempts, are the most powerful known risk factor for a completed suicide. An analysis of suicide attempt methods will help establish the effective preventive action of suicide. Fit prevention according to the method of suicide attempt may decrease the incidence of suicide death. Self-poisoning is suggested as a major method of both suicide attempts and suicide death. The aim of this study was to determine if a self-poisoning patient is a suitable target for the prevention of the suicide. Methods: This was retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort, which included patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) after a self-harm or suicide attempt from Jan 2013 to Dec 2017. The proportion of methods in suicide attempts, psychological consultation, and fatality according to the suicide attempt method were analyzed. The types of poison were also analyzed. Results: Poisoning was the most common method of suicide attempts (52.1%). The rate of psychological consultations were 18.8% for all patients and 29.1% for poison patients (p<0.001). The rate of mortality in poisoning was 0.6%. Psychological consultation was performed more frequently in admission cases than discharged cases. The most common materials of poisons was psychological medicines and sedatives that had been prescribed at clinics or hospital. Conclusion: Self-poisoning is a major method of suicide attempt with a high rate of psychiatric consultation, low mortality rate, versus others methods. The prevention of suicide death for suicide attempts may focus on self-poisoning, which is the major method of suicide attempts. A suitable aftercare program for self-poisoning may be an effective method for preventing suicide if an early diagnosis and management of psychiatric disorders through psychiatric consultation can be made, and early connection to social prevention program for non-fatal patients are possible.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.112-124
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• 2010

Studies that can find resolutions to problems of subjective psychiatric analysis must be performed and indeed they are in the process. However there still lies many problems in researches of mentality examination, which should be the foundation of finding potential resolutions. One of the biggest problems in the conventional system is that there are many different opinions by psychiatrists depending on their educations and experiences. There is no objective standard on the subjects and there is no effective psychiatric analysis method. Also, the characteristic of such examinations is that it cannot be applied to disabilities, foreigners and infants alyce the examination is ch examinconversation. The objective of this atudy is to standardize TAT(Thematic Apperception Test)analysiBallken index method so that subjective data from the examination can be excluded and the examination thus maklysithe examination objectified. Furthermore, objective result and patients' brain wave pattern is read with BCI(Brain Computer Interface) ch exaTherenvironment to Alsare it to brain wave characteristics vectors to reate brain-wave characteristics vector DB. Therefore, such DB can be utilize durlysithe examination and diagnosis to reate objective examination method and standardized diagnosis system. Thus, mentality examination can be performed only with brain-wave scans with BCI based TAT system.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.236-266
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• 2016

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric conditions. In 2007, the Korean Academy of child and Adolescent Psychiatry developed Korean ADHD practice parameter. Advances in the scientific evidence of ADHD caused practice parameter to be modified and updated. The present guidelines developed by ADHD translational research center summarize current literature for the treatment of ADHD in children and adults. This parameter includes the clinical evaluation for ADHD, comorbid conditions associated with ADHD, clinical feature and course, research on the etiology of the disorder, and psychopharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.249-259
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• 2009

Objectives : Anxiety is a symptom that many psychiatric patients experience. And in the traditional Korean medicine, anxiety is often categorized as a Gyeong Gye(驚悸) and Jung Choong(怔忡). In this case report, we will show the effective method in treatment of anxiety. Methods : First, We treated the patient with anxiety by the differential diagnosis of blood stasis(瘀血) that is summarized as stasis of blood, pollutant of blood and external blood of vessel. And we gave him Hyeolbuchukyeo-tang(血府逐瘀湯) whose effect is to eliminate blood stasis. And Second, we treated the patient with anxiety in the viewpoint of analytic psychology that claims anxiety has a meaning that makes patient be aware of the problem of himself. Results : The patient's symptom improved significantly. And this patient also can insight himself via the symptom of anxiety. It also help the patient improve. Conclusions : In the treatment of anxiety, the approach by the differential diagnosis of blood stasis(瘀血) can be helpful to improve patient's symptom. And treatment should include the insight of patent by the meaning of anxiety.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2017

Objectives: The study aimed to identify the characteristics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that was not diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but only in adulthood. Methods: The characteristics of patients diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood were compared with those of patients diagnosed in childhood were assessed via a retrospective review of the medical records at one university hospital from 2005 to 2013. If the age at which they were confirmed as having ADHD was less than 19 years old, they were grouped as childhood-diagnosed group (CD); if they were 19 years old or more, they were grouped as adulthood-diagnosed group (AD). Results: The CD and AD included 50 (46.3%) and 58 (53.7%) patients, respectively. Inattention was the most common symptom in both groups. Behavioral and emotional problems were the second most frequent symptoms in the CD and AD, respectively. The intelligent quotient was significantly higher in the AD than in the CD. The most common comorbidity was depression in the CD and personality disorder in the AD. The most common reason for visiting the hospital was referral by acquaintances in the CD and media coverage in the AD. Conclusion: Clinicians should put ADHD on the index of suspicion when they examine adults with various psychiatric symptoms, because the diagnosis of ADHD might have been missed in childhood and the symptoms of ADHD might have changed as they grew up.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.11
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• pp.337-343
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• 2017

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood. This disorder, in addition to its main symptoms, creates significant difficulties in education, social performance, and personal relationships. Given the importance of rehabilitation for these patients to combat the above issues, the use of virtual reality (VR) technology is helpful. The aim of this study was to highlight the opportunities for VR in the rehabilitation of children with ADHD. This narrative review was conducted by searching for articles in scientific databases and e-Journals, using keywords including VR, children, and ADHD. Various studies have shown that VR capabilities in the rehabilitation of children with ADHD include providing flexibility in accordance with the patients' requirements; removing distractions and creating an effective and safe environment away from real-life dangers; saving time and money; increasing patients' incentives based on their interests; providing suitable tools to perform different behavioral tests and increase ecological validity; facilitating better understanding of individuals' cognitive deficits and improving them; helping therapists with accurate diagnosis, assessment, and rehabilitation; and improving working memory, executive function, and cognitive processes such as attention in these children. Rehabilitation of children with ADHD is based on behavior and physical patterns and is thus suitable for VR interventions. This technology, by simulating and providing a virtual environment for diagnosis, training, monitoring, assessment and treatment, is effective in providing optimal rehabilitation of children with ADHD.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2014

Objective : Panic disorders are frequently accompanied by major depressive disorder (MDD). There is insufficient information about which clinical factors in panic disorder are associated with comorbid MDD. The aim of this study is to identify clinical factors related with comorbid MDD in patients with panic disorder. Methods : Two experienced psychiatrists diagnosed panic disorder based on DSM-IV criteria. This diagnosis in the 275 subjects was confirmed again by Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Lifetime comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were examined by MINI. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) were used to assess the severity of depressive, anxiety and panic symptoms. Results : The result of MINI showed that 95 patients (34%) with panic disorder satisfied the diagnosis of MDD. Multivariate logistic regression model showed that comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and the symptom of "fear of losing control or going crazy" were associated with MDD in patients with panic disorder. In female patients, the "chills or hot flushes" symptom was also associated with comorbid MDD. Conclusion : These results showed that coexisting GAD and certain symptoms of panic are associated with comorbid MDD.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.65-73
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• 2020

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a single-gene disease of the cerebral small blood vessels caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene on chromosome 19. Although CADASIL was known as a rare disease, recent research has suggested that the NOTCH variants could be found frequently even in the general population. The main clinical features included recurrent stroke, migraine, psychiatric symptoms, and progressive cognitive decline. On brain magnetic resonance imaging, patients with CADASIL showed multifocal white matter hyperintensity lesions, lacunar infarcts, microbleeds, and brain atrophy. Among them, lacunar infarcts and brain atrophy are important in predicting the clinical outcomes of patients with CADASIL. In the Jeju National University Hospital, we have diagnosed 213 CADASIL patients from 2004 to 2020. Most NOTCH3 mutations were located in exon 11 (94.4%), and p.Arg544Cys was the most common mutation. The mean age at diagnosis was 61.0±12.8 years. The most common presenting symptoms were ischemic stroke (24.4%), followed by cognitive impairment(15.0%), headache (8.9%), and dizziness(8.0%). Although the exact prevalence of CADASIL in Jeju is still unknown, the disease prevalence could be as high as 1% of the population considering the prevalence reported in Taiwan. Therefore, it is necessary to discover efficient biomarkers and genetic tests that can accurately screen and diagnose patients suspected of having CADASIL in this region. Ultimately, it is urgent to explore the exact pathogenesis of the disease to identify leading substances of treatment potential, and for this, multi-disciplinary research through active support from the Jeju provincial government as well as the national government is essential.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2022

Purpose: This study was undertaken to investigate how sedative-hypnotics affect the occurrence and severity of the patient's symptoms. In addition, we conducted a study to determine the type of patients who reacted severely and required hospitalization; patients were accordingly classified as hospitalized patients and patients discharged from the emergency room. Methods: From January 2017 to December 2019, we investigated the demographics, drug information, history, laboratory tests, and severity of patients who visited our emergency department and were diagnosed with benzodiazepine, zolpidem, and doxylamine succinate overdose. We further compared details of hospitalized patients and discharged patients. Results: Subjects who had overdosed and visited the ED included 120 for benzodiazepine, 147 for zolpidem, and 27 for doxylamine succinate. Comparisons between the three groups revealed differences in their early diagnosis, psychiatric history, and sleep disturbance. Differences between groups were also determined for mental state, poisoning history, treatment received in the intensive care unit, and intubation and ventilator support. In cases of benzodiazepine overdose, we obtained a high hospitalization rate (40.0%), admission to the intensive care unit (24.2%), and intubation rate (18.3%). Comparisons between hospitalized patients and discharged groups showed differences in transferred patients, early diagnosis, and mental state. Conclusion: Patients poisoned by sedative-hypnotics are increasing every year. In cases of benzodiazepine and zolpidem, the hospitalization rates were high, and benzodiazepine overdose resulted in hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and pneumonia in a majority of cases. Therefore, active treatment and quick decisions in the emergency room are greatly required.