• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2016

As an attempt to determine the identity of the old trees of flowering cherries planted in the yard of the Catholic Archdiocese of Daegu, we conducted comparative phylogenetic analyses between wild and cultivated Prunus yedoensis Matsum. We generated the phylogeny (MP) and haplotype network (TCS) of 25 individuals, including wild P. yedoensis, from Jeju Island, cultivated P. ${\times}$yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino' from Korea and Japan, and P. spachiana f. ascendens (Makino) Kitam. from Jeju Island and Japan based on highly informative sequences of two cpDNA regions (rpl16 gene and trnS-trnG intergenic spacer). The wild and cultivated P. yedoensis were distinguished from each other in both the phylogeny and haplotype networks, and the old flowering cherry trees in Daegu had a cpDNA haplotype identical to that of the cultivated P. ${\times}$yedoensis 'Someiyoshino'. Compared to the cultivated P. ${\times}$yedoensis 'Somei-yoshino', wild P. yedoensis appears to have greater haplotype diversity, presumably originating from the genetic diversity of P. spachiana f. ascendens that functioned as a maternal parent in the hybrid origin of wild P. yedoensis. A future detailed study requires extensive sampling of P. spachiana f. ascendens from Japan and Korea to determine their precise phylogenetic relationships relative to wild and cultivated P. yedoensis. We concluded that the old flowering cherry trees planted in the yard of the Catholic Archdiocese of Daegu are highly likely to be of cultivated origin rather than wild types from Jeju Island, as previously speculated.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.391-399
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• 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant efficacies between extracts of Prunus yedoensis(PY) and Betulae platyphyllae var. japonica(BP). HPLC pattern was different between barks and extract solvents. Content of total phenolic compound was the highest in ethanol extract of BP(382.201 mg/g ext.) and its content was 1.9 times higher than that from the water extract of PY. Total antioxidant efficacy also was the highest in ethanol extract of BP (292 copper reducing equivalents). Nitric oxide scavenging activity was almost 70% in ethanol extract of BP treated 200 ug/ml and it was higher than positive control(ascorbic acid). DPPH radical scavenging ability was up by 80% in all samples. ABTS cation decolorization from each barks was activated over 85% in all samples at 100 ug/ml concentration, especially, the activity was the highest (94.4%) in ethanol extract of BP. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were also highest (45%) in ethanol extract of BP at 200 ug/ml concentration and were as high as positive control. Stimulation of the macrophages RAW 264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased intracellular ROS levels and ethanol extract of BP at 200 ug/ml concentration reduced ROS levels up to 41 %. The results indicated that the barks of PY and BP has potent antioxidant activities and ethanol extract of BP of them has the highest antioxidant activities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.3
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• pp.394-404
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• 2022

This study was conducted to optimize the amount of drip irrigation for Prunus×yedoensis Matsum., one of the major medium-sized landscaping trees used mainly for streetscapes and as ornamentals. The experiment was conducted in a container nursery, where we assessed the growth and physiological characteristics of 4- and 8-year-old seedlings watered at different rates (x) by a drip irrigation system. The relative growth rates (based on height and root collar diameter (RCD) measurements) were highest at 288 and 416 L/year/tree for the 4- and 8-year-old containerized seedlings, respectively. These age and treatment combinations also produced significantly different dry weight and seedling quality index values, indicating good growth. The two age groups had significantly different total root lengths, root diameters, and root volumes under these respective irrigation treatments. In addition, the 4-year-old containerized seedlings irrigated at 288 L/year/tree and the 8-year-old containerized seedlings irrigated at 416 L/year/tree had the highest activations in their chlorophyll contents. Overall, the results (differences in irrigation amounts affect the seedlings morphological relative growth, biomass growth, seedling quality, and physiological reaction) indicate that the optimal irrigation amounts for container-grown Prunus×yedoensis are 288 L/year/tree for 4-year-old (RCD class, 3cm) and 416 L/year/tree for 8-year-old (RCD class, 7 cm) containerized seedlings.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.40-46
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• 1986

Change of color of woods is a trouble frequently found in decorative wood products. In this paper, studies were carried out on discoloation sensitivities of wood specimens to iron (0.1%, $FeCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$), alkali (pH12.0, NaOH), acid (pH 1.0 $C_2H_2O_4$) and exposing to sunlight (40 hrs.). Four soft-woods and eleven hard-woods grown in Korea were used in this test. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In iron stain, strong discolored wood species were Larix leptolepis, Quercus mongolica. Zelkova serrata and Prunus yedoensis, and light discolored were Paulownia lomentosa and Pinus rigida. 2. In alkali stain. light discolored wood species were Abies holophylla, Kalopanax pictum, Populus ${\times}$ albaglandulosa, Acer mono, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Prunus yedoensis, Zelkova serrata, Populus euramericana, Pinus koraiensis and Paulownia tomentosa, but there was no wood species of strong discolored compared with the color difference values of other reports. 3. In acid stain, light discolored wood species were Pinus rigida, Paulownia tomentosa. Pinus koraiensis, Quercus mongolica, Kalopanax piclum and Acer mone, but there was no strong discolored species compared with the color difference values of other reports. 4. In exposing to sunlight, strong discolored species were Larix leptolepis, Acer mono, Paulownia tomentosa, Populus euramericana, Pinus densijlora, Robinia pseudoacacia, Abies holophylla, Populus ${\times}$ albaglandulosa, Zelkova serrata, Prunus yedoensis and Pinus rigida, and light discolored was Alnus japonica. In general, it was shown that Korean wood species were susceptible to change of color by exposing to sunlight and iron stain compared with by alkali stain and acid stain.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 2022

Prunus subg. Cerasus is the most planted street and landscaping tree in South Korea, but it is difficult to identify species according to their macro-morphologies, leading to problems when attempting properly to manage species quantities. The purpose of this study is to understand the current status of plant types and species compositions in Bundang Central Park in Bundang-gu of Seongnam City and to discuss the necessity of the management of landscaping tree planting. In April of 2021, during the cherry blossom season, a total of 5,866 planted cherry trees were investigated within an area of 6 km² of Bundang-gu in Seongnam City. As a result, 5,744 trees were sorted into eleven taxa, but the remaining 122 trees were not determined due to their complex morphologies. Prunus ×yedoensis Matsum. accounted for the highest proportion (52.1%), followed by P. serrulata Lindl. var. pubescens Nakai and P. jamasakura Siebold ex Koidz. P. ×nudiflora (Koehne) Koidz., a plant native to Jejudo Island, was not found in this survey. In order to help identify cherry trees based on micro-morphologies, an identification key was presented for the eleven taxa planted as major landscaping trees. It is known that cherry trees frequently form interspecific hybrids in nature. In order to prevent a loss of the genetic originality of native species due to hybridization and gene introgression from foreign cherry trees, it is necessary to manage planting species near the habitats of native taxa and track their origins.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.63-69
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of present study was to investigate the vasorelaxant activities and mechanisms of action of the ethanol extract of P. yedoensis leaf (PYL) on isolated rat aortic rings. Methods : Dried P. yedoensis leaves were extracted 3 times with 100% ethanol for 3 h in a reflux apparatus. Isolated rat aortic rings were suspended in organ chambers containing 10 ml Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution. The rings were maintained at $37^{\circ}C$ and aerated with a mixture of 95% $O_2$ and 5% $CO_2$. Changes in their tension were recorded via isometric transducers connected to a data acquisition system. Results : PYL relaxed the contraction of aortic rings induced by phenylephrine (PE, 1 ${\mu}M$) or KCl (60 mM) in a concentration dependent manner. However, the vasorelaxant effects of PYL on endothelium-denuded aortic rings were lower than endothelium-intact aortic rings. And the vasorelaxant effects of PYL on endothelium-intact aortic rings were reduced by pre-treatment with $N{\omega}$-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 ${\mu}M$), methylene blue (10 ${\mu}M$), 1-H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo-[4,3-${\alpha}$]-quinoxalin-1-one (10 ${\mu}M$), tetraethylammonium (5 mM). In addition, PYL inhibited the contraction induced by extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in endothelium-denuded aortic rings pre-contracted by PE or KCl in $Ca^{2+}$-free K-H solution. Conclusions : These results suggest that PYL exerts its vasorelaxant effects via the activation of Nitric Oxide (NO) formation by means of L-arginine and NO-cGMP pathways and via the blockage of receptor operated calcium channels, voltage dependent calcium channels and calcium-activated potassium channels.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.101-117
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• 1983

The phenological phenomena in terms of year day index (YDI) in South Korea were studied. The YDI was proposed here, because the remainer index such as Nuttonson's index is unadequate for the interpretation on the phenological phenomena of early spring season in sourthern coastal area. The YDI was calculated by summing daily mean temperature of the year days (YD) above physical zero degree in centigrade, based on the data of the Monthly Weather Reports from 1967 to 1980 by the Central Meteorological Office. The pattern of YDI increase with the increase of YD was similar to that of the remainder index such as the Nuttonson's index. The some YDI distribution maps were made by Yim and Kira (1975), dividing into 30'$\times$40' meshes, in latitude and longtude, on the topographical map(1 : 500,000) of the Korea Peninsula. According to the year day of different localities flowering dates of Prunus yedoensis and other phenological phenomena in various species delayed about 3.5 day as the increase of 1 degree of latitude, which coincides with the Hopkins bioclimatic law. It was found that the YDI is useful to interprete the phenology of plant and animal species and to select the optimum range of cultivars in South Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.911-942
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of indigenous habitat of Donghae-si and Samcheok-si in Gangwon-do, Korea. The vascular plants were collected 18 times (from March to October 2011), and were identified as 804 taxa; 127 families, 445 genera, 720 species, 8 subspecies, 69 varieties, 5 forms and 2 hybrids. In the flora of this area, the calcicolous plants were 55 taxa; Cheilanthes argentea, Clematis serratifoliam, Quercus variabilis. Epipactis papillosa, etc. The endangered plants designated and protected by the wildlife protection law, the Ministry of Environment, Korean were counted to one taxon; Cymbidium macrorhizum. The red list of vascular plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined, endangered species (EN); Prunus yedoensis and Cymbidium macrorhizum, Vulnerable species (VU); Juniperus chinensis, Pulsatilla tongkangensis, Diarthron linifolium and Swertia wilfordii, Near Threatened species (NT); Paeonia japonica, Allium senescens, Epipactis papillosa and Pogonia minor, Least Concern species (LC); Asplenium ruta-muraria, Platycladus orientalis, Monotropa hypopithys and Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis, etc., Data Deficient species (DD); Paeonia lactiflora var. trichocarpa, and Not Evaluate species (NE); Prunus choreiana, Panax ginseng and Polygonatum infundiflorum etc. Korean endemic plants of this area were 26 taxa; Aconitum pseudolaeve, Corydalis hirtipes, Vicia chosenensis, Salvia chanroenica and Hemerocallis hakuunensis, etc. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 130 taxa comprising 11 taxa of grade V, 15 taxa of grade IV, 33 taxa of grade III, 15 taxa of grade II, 56 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were identified as 67 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 8.3% of total 804 taxa vascular plants.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop an efficient mass propagation method for the mature $Prunus$ $yedoensis$ Matsumura (43 to 58 years old). Cutting was conducted depending on cutting time, auxin treatments (IBA and NAA treatments mixed with talc powder), and cuttings position on shoots in a plastic house equipped with a fog system without heating. Rooted cuttings were transplanted to a nursery bed, and their growth characteristics were investigated in order to check whether the cuttings are successful or not for roadside tree planting. The average rooting rate was highly significant ($P$ < 0.0001) in all treatments: cutting on June 1st (61.4%) was more than two times greater in rooting rate than that on August 1st (23.6%); IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (90.8%) and IBA 500 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (89.2%) showed much greater rooting rates than those of the other treatments; upper part of the cuttings treated with IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ showed the highest rooting rate, 96.7%. The interactions among treatments in the average rooting rate were also significant. There were significant differences ($P$ < 0.0001) among the auxin treatments in the survival rate of leafed cuttings transplanted to a nursery bed. The average survival rate was 46.5%, and IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment was the highest in leafed cuttings 79.2%, but most of leafless cuttings were dead. There were significant differences ($P$ < 0.0001) among the cuttings, grafts, and in the seedlings height, diameter at root collar, the number of roots, branches, and leaves, etc., and the cuttings was the best. We can expect a possibility of mass propagation of improved $P.$ $yedoensis$ Matsumura and a high planting survival rate through the transplanting of cuttings to a nursery bed in which the cuttings should be the following conditions: cutting in June to July, use of the upper part of cuttings, IBA treatment, and rooting in August in a cutting-greenhouse equipped with a fog system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.304-308
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• 2014

Accurate prediction of peak bloom dates (PBD) of flowering cherry trees is critical for organizing local cherry festivals and other associated cultural and economic activities. A two-step phenology model is commonly used for predicting flowering time depending on local temperatures as a result of two consecutive steps followed by chill and heat accumulations. However, an extensive computation requirement for parameter estimation has been a limitation for its practical use. We propose a sequential parameterization method by exploiting previously unused records of development stages. With an extra constraint formed by heat accumulation between two intervening stages, each parameter can then be solved sequentially in much shorter time than the brute-force method. The result was found to be almost identical to the previous solution known for cherry trees (Prunus ${\times}$ yedoensis) in the Tidal Basin, Washington D.C.