• Applied Microscopy
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1969

Conidio spores of Aspergillus niger (strain No. NRRL 330) cultured on potato dextrose agar media were studied by electron microscopy, using the thin sectioning techniques. Conidio spores to be sectioned were fixed by triple methods with $K_2Cr_2O_7$, Glutaraldehyde and $OsO_4$. After dehydrated with alcohol, the specimens were embedded in metacrylate and epon resin media, and thinly sectioned by Porter-Blum MT-2. After sectioned these specimens were negative-stained with uranyl acetate and observed. by Hitachi HS-6 electron microscope. The results of this experiment were summarized as follows. 1. The structures of spore ,wall system seem to be formed 4 layers; exosporium, basal layer, spore coat and unit cell membrane. The protuberance of spore surface that was looked like hair appears to be protrusived from the basal layer. 2. The 3 layers of unit cell membrane was constituted outer layer membrane, inner layer membrane and inter-mediate light layer. 3. The structures of intra cytoplasmic membrane appear as spiral form which was consisted of 3 layers membrane system; outer membrane, inner membrane, and intermediate layer, which has pits. 4. The cement substance of spore coat and cortex may be changed quantitatively by physiological state in cell. 5. In some cases, we observed that the ribosome was transformed into poly ribosome group, and the storage materials and the protein crystals were changed variously. It. has been suggested that the morphological change of some cytoplasmic materials may be caused by some specialized function of the physiological stage.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.380-390
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• 2015

The morphological characters were observed in six taxa in the genus Dioscorea of Korea (D. polystachya, D. japonica, D. nipponica, D. quinqueloba, D. tenuipes, and D. dokoro). The underground structure and the formation of bulbil were useful characters for separating sect. Enanatiophyllum from sect. Stenophora. The important characters for discriminating taxonomic entities were as follows: the position of the anther and the shape of the pistil in the microstructural characters, including the protuberance of the base of the petiole, the shape and color of the flower, the shape of the fruit, and the shape of the seed wing. Based on the results, a key to Korean Dioscorea is provided and the distribution of these species in Korea is described.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.214-216
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• 2010

An osteochondroma is an osseous protuberance with cartilaginous growth potential, usually arising in skeletal bone and relatively uncommon in the craniofacial bone. Osteochondroma of the craniofacial region usually occurs at the condyle or the tip of the coronoid process, and rarely arises in the mandibular body, symphysis, ramus, and similar areas. Excision of the lesion including the periosteum is curative, and recurrence or malignant change (usually to a chondrosarcoma) after treatment is rare. We present an atypical case of osteochondroma in the left mandibular inferior border with review of literature.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.251-270
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• 2008

Members of the genus Asarum of Korea were reviewed taxonomically, and classified into seven species. Among them, four species - A. koreanum, A. maculatum, A. patens and A. versicolor - were recorded as Korean endemics. The most valuable taxonomic characters in identifying the Asarum taxa were shape, size and color of the calyx tube and lobe. In addition, the presence of white spots on the adaxial surface, size and color of leaf, presence of trichome, shape and size of the stylar protuberance and thickness of the calyx lobe were also important characters. Keys to the species including descriptions and figures of floral structures of each taxon were provided here for the accurate identification of each species.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• no.nspc5
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• pp.61-70
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• 2005

A new marine interstitial nematode species belonging to the subgenus Quadricoma of order Desmoscolecida is described from Jindo Island, South Korea. The new species, Tricoma (Quadricoma) jindoensis sp. nov., is most allied with T. (Q.) crassicomoides Timm, 1970 in sharing the similar cephalic setae, broadly truncated border of head, lip region including 6 labial papillae, and slender and long spicule among the seven congeners with 44 quadricomoid rings. However, T. (Q.) jindoensis differs from it by the globular protuberance on the penultimate ring, 7 tail rings, and 9 pairs of subdorsal setae in male. This is the first record of Quadricoma nematodes from East Asia.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.529-535
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• 2016

Background The trapezius muscle flap is not usually the first reconstructive option for skin and soft tissue defects in the posterior neck and scalp due to surgeons' unfamiliarity with the surgical anatomy and developments in free tissue transfer techniques. The goals of this study were to describe the clinical use of trapezius flaps in posterior neck and scalp reconstruction, and to investigate the vascular anatomy of trapezius flaps in Asians in order to obtain information facilitating the safe design and elevation of flaps in which most of the muscle is preserved. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of 10 patients who underwent trapezius muscle flap for posterior neck and scalp defects. We also performed an anatomical study of 16 flaps harvested from 8 preserved Asian adult cadavers and evaluated the main landmarks relevant for trapezius muscle flap. Results In the anatomical study, the mean vertical height from the inferior angle of the scapula to the point at which the superficial cervical artery penetrated the trapezius was $4.31{\pm}2.14cm$. The mean vertical height of the trapezius muscle flap pivot point was $9.53{\pm}2.08cm$ from the external occipital protuberance. Among the 10 flaps, partial necrosis on the overlaid skin graft occurred in 1 patient and postoperative seroma occurred in another patient. Conclusions Vascular variations in the trapezius muscle flap are uncommon in Asians, but when present, such variations appear to have little impact on harvesting the flap or on its circulation. The trapezius muscle flap is a viable alternative for posterior neck and scalp reconstruction.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2014

Objectives This study was performed to analyze relationship between pillow height and patients of arm paresthesia. Methods The data were collected from December 2013 to April 2014. The subjects who visited in Korean Medical hospital for Arm paresthesia were 65. The pillow height was measured from the surface to occipital protuberance. And the angle of cervical spine was measured from the tragus to the acromion. Results 1. The average height of pillow was $5.36{\pm}2.37cm$, and the average of the angle of cervical spine was $18.62{\pm}8.94^{\circ}$. 2. Correlation and regression analysis were performed on the pillow height, the angle of cervical spine and paresthesia. There was a significant correlation between the pillow height and paresthesia (R=0.389). And it had correlation between the angle of cervical spine and paresthesia (R=0.269). 3. The regression analysis was used to determine the influence of elements. The pillow height can influence to the arm paresthesia. Conclusions Through this study, we found out significant relationship between pillow height, cervical angle and patients of arm paresthesia. This result suggests that the higher pillow height and cervical angle can cause the more painful arm paresthesia.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.301-306
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• 2004

Multiple shoots of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were propagated in bioreactors containing MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose for 3 weeks. Microbulbs were induced on MS medium supplemented with 0.1mg/L NAA and 11% sucrose for 9 weeks. For multiple shoot proliferation, leaves in the shoot must be removed before cultures. When the multiple shoots were cultured without removal of leaves, more than 90% of hyperhydricity and no microbulb formation were observed. Histological observation also indicated irregular size and shape of the cells in hyperhydricity of the shoot. Microbulbs were strarted to form from the shoot after 7 weeks of culture by protuberance of adventitious shoot buds followed by inner periclinal divisions and simultaneous anticlinical division in the epidermis of meristematic bulge. Analysis of ploidy level indicated no phenotypic variations in both multiple shoots and microbulbs induced from the mother plant, suggesting genetic homogeneity among the regenerants.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.454-461
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• 2015

Objective : In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying ethiological factors in chiari malformation (CM) type-I (CMI) via performing volumetric and morphometric length-angle measurements. Methods : A total of 66 individuals [33 patients (20-65 years) with CMI and 33 control subjects] were included in this study. In sagittal MR images, tonsillar herniation length and concurrent anomalies were evaluated. Supratentorial, infratentorial, and total intracranial volumes were measured using Cavalieri method. Various cranial distances and angles were used to evaluate the platybasia and posterior cranial fossa (PCF) development. Results : Tonsillar herniation length was measured $9.09{\pm}3.39mm$ below foramen magnum in CM group. Tonsillar herniation/concurrent syringomyelia, concavity/defect of clivus, herniation of bulbus and fourth ventricle, basilar invagination and craniovertebral junction abnormality rates were 30.3, 27, 18, 2, 3, and 3 percent, respectively. Absence of cisterna magna was encountered in 87.9% of the patients. Total, IT and ST volumes and distance between Chamberlain line and tip of dens axis, Klaus index, clivus length, distance between internal occipital protuberance and opisthion were significantly decreased in patient group. Also in patient group, it was found that Welcher basal angle/Boogard angle increased and tentorial slope angle decreased. Conclusion : Mean cranial volume and length-angle measurement values significantly decreased and there was a congenital abnormality association in nearly 81.5 percent of the CM cases. As a result, it was concluded that CM ethiology can be attributed to multifactorial causes. Moreover, congenital defects can also give rise to this condition.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2009

Strong winds according to global warming cause the increase of the frequency and the repair cost of damaged roofs. In the United States, Factory Mutual Insurance Company(FMIC) promotes the roofing design that resists heavy wind-load, as the means of strict criteria. This fact reveals that more durable roofing system will be also required in Korea. Therefore, this study aims at developing such a system with high wind-resistance performance using Thermoplastic polyolefin(TPO) and Electromagnetic induction technology(EIT) than the previous systems. The system presented in this study consists of 4 main devices as follow; 1) a disc to fix sheets for TPO & EIT method, which can conduct structural design according to site condition, such as region, building height, and wind load. 2) a nail to have about 30% stronger lifting-up capacity than that of the previous nail. 3) a disc to fix sheets, which has triangle protuberance not to damage sheets in the repeatable wind load, and 4) a electromagnetic induction device to combine a disc and a sheet by heating uniformly and quickly adhesive agent on the disc. The results of mock-up test illustrate that the system provides wind-resistant performance to achieve satisfactorily the structural design criteria of FMIC. In addition, the system is faster, chipper, and easier than the existing system, and is expected that this roofing system can be applied to the rehabilitations of an existing as well as a new building.