• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.74-84
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• 2021

Objective: Feed additives that modify rumen fermentation can be used to prevent metabolic disturbances such as acidosis and optimize beef cattle production. The study evaluated the effects of liquid and powdered forms of polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum on rumen fermentation parameters in ruminally cannulated non-lactating dairy cows that were adapted or unadapted to a high concentrate diet. Methods: A double 3×3 Latin square design was used with three PAP treatments (control, powdered, and liquid PAP) and two adaptation protocols (adapted, unadapted; applied to the square). Adapted animals were transitioned for 2 weeks from an all-forage to an 80% concentrate diet, while unadapted animals were switched abruptly. Results: Interactions between sampling time and adaptation were observed; 12 h after feeding, the adapted group had lower ruminal pH and greater total short chain fatty acid concentrations than the unadapted group, while the opposite was observed after 24 h. Acetate:propionate ratio, molar proportion of butyrate and ammonia nitrogen concentration were generally greater in adapted than unadapted cattle up to 36 h after feeding. Adaptation promoted 3.5 times the number of Entodinium protozoa but copy numbers of Streptococcus bovis and Fibrobacter succinogens genes in rumen fluid were not affected. However, neither liquid nor powdered forms of PAP altered rumen acidosis variables in adapted or unadapted animals. Conclusion: Adaptation of cattle to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets promoted a more stable ruminal environment, but PAP was not effective in this study in which no animal experienced acute or sub-acute rumen acidosis.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.140-146
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• 2021

As the environment using intelligent IoT devices increases, various studies are underway to ensure the integrity of information sent and received from intelligent IoT devices. However, all IoT information generated in heterogeneous environments is not fully provided with reliable protocols and services. In this paper, we propose an intelligent-based multi-blockchain model that can extract only critical information among various information processed by intelligent IoT devices. In the proposed model, blockchain is used to ensure the integrity of IoT information sent and received from IoT devices. The proposed model uses the correlation index of the collected information to trust a large number of IoT information to extract only the information with a high correlation index and bind it with blockchain. This is because the collected information can be extended to the n-tier structure as well as guaranteed reliability. Furthermore, since the proposed model can give weight information to the collection information based on blockchain, similar information can be selected (or bound) according to priority. The proposed model is able to extend the collection information to the n-layer structure while maintaining the data processing cost processed in real time regardless of the number of IoT devices.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

The interest in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs), along with the rapid development of underwater industries, has increased. To operate UWASNs efficiently, it is important to adopt well-designed medium access control (MAC) protocols that prevent collisions and allow the sharing of resources between nodes efficiently. On the other hand, underwater channels suffer from a narrow bandwidth, long propagation delay, and low data rate, so existing terrestrial node pairing schemes for non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) cannot be applied directly to underwater environments. Therefore, a multi-dimensional node pairing scheme is proposed to consider the unique underwater channel in UWASNs. Conventional NOMA schemes have considered the channel quality only in node pairing. Unlike previous schemes, the proposed scheme considers the channel gain and many other features, such as node fairness, traffic load, and the age of data packets to find the best node-pair. In addition, the sender employs a list of candidates for node-pairs rather than path loss to reduce the computational complexity. The simulation results showed that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional scheme by considering the fairness factor with 23.8% increases in throughput, 28% decreases in latency, and 5.7% improvements in fairness at best.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2021

Objectives: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, we measured the primary and secondary stability of two surface-treated implants placed in the posterior maxilla, applied 3-month loading protocols, and compared and analyzed the short-term outcomes of the implants. Patients and Methods: From June 2018 to June 2019, patients with a residual bone height of 4 mm in the posterior maxilla were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups to place SA implants (Osstem Implants, Korea) in Group A and NH implants (Hiossen, USA) in Group B. Finally, 14 implants placed in 13 patients in Group A and 17 implants placed in 14 patients in Group B were analyzed. The measured primary and secondary stability of each implant was represented by implant stability quotient (ISQ), and treatment outcomes were evaluated. Results: Group A consisted of patients with an average age of 62.2 years (range, 48-80 years), and Group B consisted of patients with an average age of 58.1 years (range, 35-82 years). Primary stability was 73.86±6.40 and 71.24±5.32 in Groups A and B, respectively (P=0.222). Secondary stability was 79.07±5.21 in Group A and 78.29±4.74 in Group B (P=0.667). A steep increase in ISQ during the healing period was observed in Group B, though it was not significant (P=0.265). The mean follow-up period was 378.5±164.6 days in Group A and 385.3±167.9 days in Group B. All implants in each group met the success criteria, and the success rate was 100%. Conclusion: Two surface-treated implants placed in the posterior maxilla with greater than 4 mm alveolar bone height exhibited successful one-year treatment outcomes if a primary stability of 65 or higher ISQ was obtained and a 3-month early loading protocol was applied.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2021

We performed to explore the applicability of protocol to improve the curriculum literacy for special education pre-teachers. For this, protocol of Park et al (2018), which can be used in the educational field, was partially modified and applied to enhance the special education curriculum expertise of pre-teachers. The literacy protocol of the special education curriculum was applied as Protocols 1 and 2, and Protocol 1 was focused on adaptation the 2015 special education curriculum and understanding literacy. Protocol 2 consisted of reorganizing the subject level centering on the five subjects presented in the special education curriculum, and establishing an integrated theme setting and reorganization plan. We applied the research design during a total of 15 weeks of special education curriculum subjects. The class format was flipped learning (e.g, pre-video lectures, theory lectures (E-Sheets), and learner-led activities (W-Sheets) for each topic was carried out. We found that pre-teachers' thought that the academic achievement and satisfaction of students with disabilities could be increased by adaptation the curriculum. Pre-teachers reported that the experience of reorganizing each subject/intersection helped improve their literacy but found it difficult.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.73
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• pp.91-117
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• 2018

In the tribute system controlling international relations of pre-modern East Asia, conciliation diplomacy between royal authorities was a principle of diplomatic relations among each nation. Therefore, capitals where royal authorities really existed were political centers and diplomatic stages at the same time. Notably, diplomatic relations between United Silla and Japan were maintained dually by conciliation diplomacy between royal authorities and practical diplomacy through Dazaihu located in Tsukushi. Tsukushi located at the northwestern tip of Kyushu was a gateway to foreign nations and stronghold in terms of national defense. Amidst an East Asian war named Baek River Battle in 663, the royal court of Daehwa established Dazaihu here because it was necessary for diplomatic and military responses. Dazaihu established as part of diplomatic negotiation not only took diplomatic functions as an official residence since the latter half of the 7thcentury. and but also was used as a stage of official diplomacy between Silla and Japan. Diplomatic negotiation between Silla and Japan through Dazaihu was made in practical methods and such a situation could be confirmed through diplomatic documents exchanged between Silla and Dazaihu in the middle of the 8thcentury. At that time, protocols became an importan tissue.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.113-124
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• 2002

Proposals for a password-based authenticated key exchange protocol that have been published so far almost concentrated on the provable security. But in a real environment such as mobile one, efficiency is a critical issue as security. In this paper we discuss the efficiency of PAK which is secure in the random oracle model ［l］. Among 4 hash functions in PAK the instantiation for $H_1$, which outputs a verifier of the password, has most important effect on the computational efficiency. We analyze two different methods for $H_1$ suggested in ［1］ and we show that $H_{lq}$ has merits in transforming to EC or XTR variants as well as in the efficiency. As an efficient variant. we propose PAK2-EC and PAK2-XTR which do not require any additional step converting a hash output into a point of elliptic curve or XTR subgroup when compared to the previous work on the PAK［2］. Finally we compare PAK2 with the password-based authenticated key exchange protocols such as SPEKE, SRP, and AMP.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.71-82
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• 2011

The RFID system provides undeniable advantages so that it is used for various application. However recent RFID system is vulnerable to some attacks as eavesdropping, replay attack, message hijacking, and tag tampering, because the messages are transmitted through the wireless channel and the tags are cheap. Above attacks cause the tag and reader impersonation, denial of service by invalidating tag, and the location tracking concerning bearer of tags, A lot of RFID authentication protocol bas been proposed to solve the vulnerability. Since Weis, Sanna, Rivest, and Engel, proposed the bash-based RFID authentication protocol, many researchers have improved hash-based authentication protocol and recent bash-based authentication protocols provide security and desirable privacy. However, it remains open problem to reduce the tag identification time as long as privacy and security are still guaranteed. Here we propose a new protocol in which the tags generate the message depending on the state of previous communitions between tag and reader. In consequence, our protocol allows a server to identify a tag in a reasonable amount of time while ensuring security and privacy, To be specific, we reduced the time for the server to identify a tag when the last session finished abnormally by at least 50% compared with other bash-based schemes that ensure levels of security and privacy similar to ours.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.209-230
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• 2020

Objectives : Practice-Based Research Networks (PBRNs), collaborations of practitioners and academic researchers, have provided platforms for conducting research to address clinical questions generated from daily routine care. This review aimed to critically analyse articles from PBRNs that are related to complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) and to suggest future directions for a PBRN which is appropriate for Korean Medicine (KM). Methods : PubMed, PBRN registries in Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and relevant PBRN websites were searched up to November 2019 for research articles from PBRNs that focused on CIM regardless of study design. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed. The included studies were read in full, classified and summarised according to their topics. Results : A total of 51 articles published from 1998 through 2020 were included in this review. They were categorised into three principal themes based on research questions and findings: health services research (embracing researches examining characteristics of patients and CIM practitioners/practices, and communication between patients and practitioners); effectiveness and safety of CIM practices/interventions; and feasibility studies of instruments and interventions in PBRN settings. The study designs varied including surveys (n=30), prospective observational studies (n=6), 2ndary analyses of existing studies (n=7), protocols (n=7), retrospective chart review (n=1) and qualitative study (n=1). Quality of the included studies greatly varied. Conclusions : PBRNs can serve as a feasible platform for conducting practice-relevant research on KM and CIM. Considering growing demands on evidence-base for routine practice of KM amid various stakeholders, a PBRN in KM community and further researches nested within PBRN designs are warranted.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of tools (i., extracorporeal shock wave therapy, massage gun, and foam roller) on range of motion, muscle tone and pain threshold among patients with hamstring stiffness. Methods : Fourteen participants with hamstrings stiffness were recruited. Interventions were performed 6 times, and each session was for 30 seconds using the three tools. The range of motion, muscle tone, and pain threshold were measured. The order of the use of the three tools was randomly determined. The foam roller was made to move from the bottom of the hip crease to the upper part of the back of the hamstring. Additionally, velocity 5 vibration stimulation was performed on the hamstring using a massage gun. Moreover, vibration stimulation was performed on the hamstring with extracorporeal shock wave therapy 5 minutes, 5 Hz, and 1,500 strokes. The flexibility of the posterior thigh muscle was based on maintaining the knee and hip joints in a 90 ° bend in the supine position. The joint angle of the knee was measured, when the knee was actively extended, at the maximum point where the posterior thigh muscle was stretched. The elasticity of the posterior thigh muscle was measured while the subject was prone and in a relaxed state without any force. Measurements were made at the muscle abdominal area of the semitendinosus muscle of the posterior femur, and the area to be measured was marked with a pen. The measurement of the tenderness threshold of the posterior femur was measured using a tenderness meter(Commander Algometer, J-Tech, USA). The force value at the point at which the pressure sensation change to pain was measured after applying vertical pressure to the posterior femur muscle, which was the halfway point between the ischial tuberosity and the popliteal surface of the subject lying on their stomach. Results : The extracorporeal shock wave therapy increased stiffness and, muscle tone, and caused changes in the pain threshold, whereas the other two tools had no effect on these indices. Conclusion : Extracorporeal shock wave therapy has important effects on range of motion and muscle stiffness and can be used in warmup protocols.