• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 1970

To study the varital response of grain, protein and oil yield to different sowing dates and calcium levels in soybean, the most important crop as a protein source in Korea, this experiment was conducted in 1969. Three leading soybean varieties (Choongbukbaek, Ryooku＃3 and Changdanbaekmok) were sown at May 22,, June 11 and July 1 under 3 different calcium levels, 0.50 and 100kg per 10a respectively. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Ryonku ＃3 showed the highest grain yield because of the highest number of pods per hill. In order of protein content, and oil content of grain, Choongbukbaek>Ryooku＃3>Changdanbaekmok and Changdanbaekmok>Choogbukbaek>Ryooku＃3 were found. Ryooku＃3 also showed the highest protein and oil production per unit area owing to the highest grain yield. However. varietal differences of the grain yield the protein and the oil production per unit area varied along the different sowing dates. Interactions between varieties and sowing date on the grain yield should be considered in practice. 2. No difference in the grain yield was found between the first sowing date (May22) and the second (June11) on average. The grain yield in the plot of the third sowing date (July l)was strikingly decreased mainly by the smaller number of pods per hill. The protein and the oil content were not varied significantly by the different sowing dates. The protein and oil production per unit area were lowest in the plot of the third sowing date owing to the decreased grain yield. 3. More calcium application increased the number of branches per hill, the number of pods per hill, and the grain yield. The highest grain yield was found in the plot received 100 kg of calcium hydroxide per 10are. Protein content increased in higher calcium level, but oil content was highest in the plot of noncalcium. More protein production per unit area was gotten by more calcium application because of higher grain yield and protein content. all production increased in higher calcium level by the increased grain yield. 4. High plus (+) correlation was found between stem length and stem weight per hill stem length and grain weight, stem length and grain yield, stem weight per hill and number of pods per hill and grain weight, number of branches per hill and grain weight, number of pods per hill and grain yield, and grain weight and protein content of grain. Minus(-) correlation was recognized between number of pods per hill and grain weight.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1813-1821
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to identify useful secondary traits for estimating genetic ability of milk production traits. We investigated the value of using plasma metabolites concentrations. Two hundred and nineteen cattle out of 271 had only milk production traits records (G1), 33 had only metabolites records (G2), and 19 had both milk production traits and metabolites records (G3). Fifty two calves with metabolites records (G2 and G3) were born from 1992 to 1997. Forty three calves (29 females, 14 males) were used from 10 to 90 d of age and the others (3 females, 6 males) from 10 to 60 d of age. A total of 566 records of milk yield, fat yield and protein yield for 240 to 305 d on 238 heads (G1 and G2) were collected The collected blood samples were divided into three age groups: AG1, 10 to 30 d; AG2, 40 to 60 d; and AG3, 70 to 90 d. Heritabilities of milk yield, fat yield and protein yield were $0.45{\pm}0.04$, $0.50{\pm}0.04$ and $0.38{\pm}0.04$, respectively. Heritability of plasma glucose concentration at AG1 was $0.45{\pm}0.08$. Genetic correlations between plasma glucose concentration and milk yield, fat yield and protein yield were -$0.35{\pm}0.28$, $0.64{\pm}0.24$ and $0.36{\pm}0.35$, respectively. When the plasma glucose concentration at AG1 was used to estimate genetic ability of these milk production traits, reliability of milk yield of animals without milk record increased 8.2%, fat yield increased 24.2% and protein yield increased 9.5%. Heritability of plasma total cholesterol concentration at AG3 was $0.83{\pm}0.04$. Genetic correlation between plasma total cholesterol concentration and milk yield, fat yield and protein yield were $0.58{\pm}0.21$, $0.42{\pm}0.20$ and $0.45{\pm}0.22$, respectively. When the plasma total cholesterol concentration at AG3 was using to estimate genetic ability of these milk production traits, reliability of milk yield of animals without milk record increased 19.0%, fat yield increased 9.6%, and protein yield increased 13.5%. The annual genetic gain is in proportion to the reliability of selection. These results show that the plasma metabolite concentrations would be useful for improvement of genetic ability for milk production traits in the genetic improvement in herd of cows, where half of the animals selected are from a herd without its own milk record.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.519-522
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• 2006

Randomized field experiments were conducted to study the interactive effect of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) on seed, oil and protein yield of two cultivars of groundnut {Arachis hypogea: cv Amber $(V_{1})$: cv Kaushal, $(V_{2})$.} Two dosage levels of sulphur ($0\;and\;20kg\;ha^{-1}$) and two dosage levels of N ($23.5\;and\;43.5kg\;ha^{-1}$) in various combinations were tested as micronutrient treatments, $T_{1},\;T_{2},\;and\;T_{3}$. Results indicated significant enhancement of the yield components namely seed and oil yield as well as seed protein. Maximum response was observed with treatment $T_{3}$(having 20kg S and 43.5kg N $ha^{-1})$. Increase in seed and oil yields of 90% and 103% in $V_{1}$, and 79 and 90% in $V_{2}$, respectively were recorded as compared to the control treatment $T_{1}$(having 0kg S and 23.5kg N $ha^{-1}$). Effect of S and N interaction was observed on protein, N and S content in seeds. The results obtained by these experiments clearly suggest that judicious balanced application of N and S could improve the yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.857-864
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to apply the Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS) in subtropical Taiwan. This was done by means of 3 trials, viz, in situ, lactation and metabolic trials, the latter using the urinary purine derivatives (UPD) to estimate the ruminal microbial yield. Dietary treatments were formulated according to different nutrient requirement systems including, (1) a control NRC78 group on NRC (1978), (2) a NRC88 group on NRC (1988), and (3) a CNCPS group on Cornell Net carbohydrate and protein system model. Results from the lactation trial showed that DM intake (DMI) was higher (p<0.05) in the NRC78 than the other treatment groups. The treatments did not significantly influence milk yield, but milk yield after covariance adjustment for DMI was higher in the CNCPS group (p<0.05). The FCM, milk fat content and yield were greater in both the NRC78 and the NRC88 group over the CNCPS group (p<0.05). The treatments did not significantly influence the DMI adjusted FCM. The solid-non-fat and milk protein contents were higher in the CNCPS group (p<0.05) with or without DMI covariance adjustment. Lactating efficiency was higher in the CNCPS group (p<0.05) compared to the other groups. The significantly lowest milk urea-N (MUN) with better protein utilization efficiency in the CNCPS group (p<0.05) suggested that less N would be excreted into the environment. Cows in the CNCPS group excreted significantly more and the NRC88 group significantly less urinary purine derivatives (UPD) implying that more ruminal microbial protein was synthesized in the CNCPS over the NRC88 group. The CNCPS could become the most useful tool in predicting the trends in milk yield, microbial yield and MUN.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.490-496
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• 2000

In vivo digestibility, nitrogen retention and microbial protein yield from diets of 100% ammonia treated rice straw (ARS) ($D_1$); 65% untreated rice straw (URS)+30% rice bran (RB)+5% SBM ($D_2$) and 85% ARS+15% RB ($D_3$) were determined using three Japanese Corriedale wethers in a $3{\times}3$ Latin Square Design. Results showed that DM consumption and organic matter digestibility were highest in $D_3$; but did not promote high protein digestibility, which RB+SBM had effected in URS based-diet. Dry matter intake and OM digestibility were the same for $D_1$ and $D_3$. Solubility of fiber bonds was increased by ammoniation, resulting in higher NDF digestibility. Nitrogen retention and microbial protein yield of rice bran supplemented groups was higher than ARS, but supplementation did not significantly increase efficiency of microbial protein synthesis from ARS which did occur when RB+SBM was added to untreated straw. The quality of ammoniated rice straw could be improved through RB supplementation because of its positive effects on DM digestibility, nitrogen retention and microbial protein yield. However, the addition of RB+SBM to URS resulted to more efficient N utilization.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2012

The grain and agronomic characteristics of Korean barley cultivars were investigated with respect to ethanol yield. Test weight, grain yield, and starch yield showed noticeable variation among the cultivars. Grain yields were higher in covered barley and non-waxy barley. Starch yield was higher in non-waxy barley than waxy barley. Protein, ${\beta}$-glucan, and starch content of tested cultivars ranged in 10.0-12.9%, 4.4-7.5% and 49.7-65.3%, respectively. Naked barley cultivar had higher starch content than covered barley cultivar. However, covered barley had high starch yield because it has higher grain yield than naked barley. Covered barley cultivar had higher husk content, ranging 7.6-14.0%, than that of naked barley cultivar, ranging 5.3-8.0%. Starch content was positively correlated with amylose content, test weight, ethanol yield and negatively correlated with protein, husk, ${\beta}$-glucan content. Ethanol yield per ton was positively correlated with starch content, but negatively correlated with husk content. Ethanol yield per hectare was positively correlated with starch yield, grain yield, grain weight and negatively correlated with protein, test weight. From this research, the important characteristics of barley cultivar as a bioethanol producing material were starch content and grain yield. Optimum barley genotype was non-waxy naked barley that had low protein, ${\beta}$-glucan, husk content, and high starch content and grain yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.311-317
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• 1998

A total of 1033 Brown Swiss and 610 Canadienne cows were phenotyped for the genetic variants ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. In Brown Swiss, frequency distributions were: 97.3% B and 2.7% C variant of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein; 31.6% $A^1$, 51.8% $A^2$, 0.5% $A^3$ and 16.1% B variant of ${\beta}$-casein; 70.4% A, 29.3% B, and 0.3% C variant of ${\kappa}$-casein; 41.7% A and 58.3% B variant of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin; and 100% B variant of ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. Corresponding frequencies in Canadienne for those five milk proteins were: 98.6 and 1.4%;58.5, 33.5, 0.08 and 7.9%; 78.8, 21.1 and 0.1%, 42.4 and 57.6%; and 100%. Analysis of variance by least squares showed possible association between milk protein phenotypes and some lactational production traits. There were no significant association of phenotypes of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin with milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage and protein percentage in both breeds during the three lactations. In the Brown Swiss, ${\kappa}$-casein phenotype was associated with 305-day fat yield and protein yield during the first lactation. ${\kappa}$-Casein AB was associated with higher milk, fat and protein yield during the second lactation. During the third lactation, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin AA in Canadienne cows was associated with higher protein content in the milk (3.70%) when compared to phenotypes AB (3.54%) and BB (3.64%).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to investigate to adaptability of forage rape(Brassica napus oleifera) and the determine its proper sowing time for a second cropping on the fallow field after sweet corn yield in the Hongchon area The forage rape, Ramon was sown at intervals of about ten days given eight different sowing times as treatments the early August to the middle October 1988. Plant height and DM yield were significantly higher for the early August(P<0.05) than for the other sowing times. Crude protein contents of the early August, mid August, mid September and late September were higher(P<0.05) 26.5, 24.3, 27.1 and 30.9% as much as that of the late August(l4.9%), respectively. Sowing time having high content of crude fiber shown low content of crude protein. Yields of crude protein were 3.52, 2.36, IAltha in the early, mid and late August, respectively. The highest crude protein yield was shown in the early August(P<0.05). Crude fiber yield was higher in early, mid and late August than in the other sowing times. These results indicate that forage rape sown in the early August as a second cmpping on the fallow field after sweet corn yield in Hongchon area, could be used as the high quality forage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1159-1163
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• 2006

This experiment was performed to examine the influences of high ambient temperature on milk production, nutrient digestibility, energy and protein sufficiency ratio, and plasma metabolites concentration in lactating cows. In a $2{\times}2$ crossover design, four multiparous lactating Holstein cows were maintained in a chamber under treatment of constant moderate ($18^{\circ}C$) ambient temperature (MT) or high ($28^{\circ}C$) ambient temperatures (HT). The DMI and milk protein yield were significantly lower in HT (p<0.05). The milk yield, milk lactose yield, and milk SNF yield tended to be lower in HT (p<0.10). No statistical differences for 4% fat-corrected milk and milk fat yield were observed. Rectal temperatures were significantly higher in HT than MT (p<0.05). The apparent DM, OM, ether extract, CF, and ash digestibility did not differ between treatments. On the other hand, the apparent CP digestibility was increased significantly (p<0.05) and nitrogen free extract tended to increase (p<0.10) in HT. The sufficiency ratio of ME and DCP intake for each requirement tended to be lower in HT than in MT (p<0.10). Concentrations of total protein (TP), albumin, and urea nitrogen in plasma did not differ between treatments. Plasma 3-methylhistidine (3MH) concentration as a marker of myofibrillar protein degradation tended to be higher in HT (p<0.15). In conclusion, high ambient temperature was associated with a lower energy and protein sufficiency ratio, and decreased milk protein production, even though the body protein mobilization tended to be higher.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 1994

The experiment was canied out to investigate the effects of cutting frequencies (3, 4 and 5 cuts per year) in relation to fertilization of mineral nitrogen on crude protein yield and the contents of crude protein and acid detergent fibre in orchardgms(Dacty1is glomerata L.). Tne results are as follows : 1. The content of crude protein increased according to the increase in cutting frequency and showed the highest in the 1st cut in all treatments. At 4 and 5 cutting frequencies per year, the content of crude protein increased in a large extent according to the increased fertilization of mineral nitrogen. However at 3 cutting frequency, the content of cmde protein appeared higher for no application of mineral nitrogen than for the treatments with fertilization. 2. 'Ihe content of acid detergent fibre(ADF) was considerably reduced at 4 and 5 cutting frequencies and in all treatments, the lowest were recorded in the 1st cut or in the last cut. At 3, 4 and 5 cutting frequencies, the highest ADF were shown in the 2nd cut, 3rd cut and 3rd cut respectively. However, the general trend was that the content of ADF was greatly reduced according to increased level of mineral nitrogen fertilization. 3. The yeild of cmde protein was the highest at 5 cutting frequency(l.2 ton DMIha) and it indicated that the yield of cmde protein increased in accordance to the increase in fertilization of mineral nitrogen and cutting frequency. 4. In all treatments, positive correlation(p<0.001) between the yeilds of crude protein and annual dry matter yield appeared. Negative correIation(p