• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.210-217
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• 2005

This study was designed to evaluate the quality comparison of emulsion-type sausages made from different Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) sources. The pigs were fed a supplemented concentrate diet with a RVS supplement of $4\%$ feed for 5 weeks before slaughter. The RVS extract was prepared from 100g of RVS sawdust and 1L of distilled water for 48 hours. Emulsion-type sausages were made using lean meat or dietary RVS han1 lean $(51.07\%)$, ice water or RVS extract $(19.63\%)$, back fat $(26.60\%)$ and other additives $(2.70\%)$. The treated sausages were divided into non-dietary meat with water (T1, Control), dietary RVS meat with water (T2), non-dietary meat with RVS extract (T3), and dietary meat with RVS extract (T4). The crude fat was significantly lower (p<0.05) in dietary RVS meat-added sausages (T2, T4) than in control sausage (T1). The lightness ($L^{\ast}$) and redness ($a^{\ast}$) were significantly lower (p<0.05) in RVS extract-added sausages (T3, T4) during refrigerated storage. The $a^{\ast}$ value was higher (p<0.05) in T2 than in the other treatments. The VBN and TBARS values were significantly lower in RVS extract-added sausages (T3, T4) during refrigerated storage. The hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were significantly lower (p<0.05) in T2 than in the other treatments. This results showed that feeding of RVS in diet and/or RVS extract had a significant impact on the quality of emulsion-type sausage. The RVS extract-added emulsion-type sausages (T3, T4) showed dark and reddish color although they were more effective in delaying the protein deterioration and lipid oxidation. Consequently, the sausage prepared from pigs fed $4\%$ RVS with water (T2) was more effective in increasing the $a^{\ast}$ value, textural properties, and delaying the protein deterioration, lipid oxidation than that without RVS in diet.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.207-217
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• 2013

This study was conducted to estimate organic Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop wheat and triticale as winter forage crops were grown on different applying sources (no fertilizer, organic fertilizer or cattle slurry), and mixed sowing in combination with hairy vetch and forage pea at the level of 50% cattle slurry application during the period of 2009~2011. The experimental plots were consisted of 5 treatments. Each treatment was triplicates and allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop wheat, annual mean dry matter (DM) yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for fertilizer application treatments than for no fertilizer treatment, and crude protein (CP) yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for forage pea and hairy vetch-mixed sowing treatments than for no fertilizer and organic ferilizer treatments. Mean CP, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and relative feed value (RFV) contents of legumes-mixed sowing treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. As diets replaced with 70% whole crop wheat were provided for 450kg of Hanwoo heifers, legumes-mixed sowing treatments could raise more heifers than organic fertilizer and no fertilizer treatments. For triticale, annual mean DM, CP and TDN yields were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fertilizer application treatments than for no fertilizer treatment, and CP content of legumes-mixed sowing and cattle slurry application treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of other treatments. When 450kg of Hanwoo heifers were fed on diets replaced with 70% triticale, it was estimated that legumes-mixed sowing treatments at the level of 50% cattle slurry application could rear average 3.3~3.4 heads/ha/year, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than no fertilizer treatment (2.5 heads/ha/year). It was indicated that DM yields of whole crop wheat and triticale were much more effective in cattle slurry application than organic fertilizer, and Legumes-mixed sowing at the level of 50% cattle slurry application rather than whole crop wheat or triticale alone increased yields per unit area and nutritional value such as CP content. In conclusion, it is conceived that whole crop wheat or triticale produced in the manner above can be used instead of grains imported as dietary protein sources in the organic Hanwoo feeding regimen.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.767-776
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary herbal product(Miracle$^{\circledR}$) supplementation on the performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora and blood parameters in pigs. Forty eight cross bred(Y${\times}$L${\times}$D) weanling pigs (average initial body weight 7.84kg${\pm}$0.17, 28 d old) were used in 35 d feeding trial. Pigs were allotted to 16 raised floor cages(W 35.5cm${\times}$L45cm${\times}$H 55cm). Each treatment had four replications of 3 pigs each. Treatments were: control (T1), CTC 100ppm (T2), Miracle$^{\circledR}$ 0.15% (T3) and CTC 100ppm + Miracle$^{\circledR}$ 0.15% (T4). The herbal product supplementation(T3) tended to improve the weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain but there were no significant differences among treatments. Nutrient digestibility was significantly(P〈0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The pigs fed T3 diet showed the lowest digestibility of DM, crude protein, NFE, P, and amino acids among treatments. Serum cholesterol level of pigs fed T3 diet was lowest and significantly(P〈0.05) lower than those fed antibiotic supplemented diet(T2). Triglyceride and HDL level of the pigs fed T3 diet were also lower than those of others but the differences were not significant. The level of serum IgG was significantly(P〈0.05) different among treatments. The level of serum IgG was highest in T4, followed by T1, T2 and T3. Serum AST(Aspartate aminotransferase) level of the control(T1) was lower than other treatments. Levels of serum total protein, albumin and ALT(Alanine aminotransferase) were not significantly different among treatments. The colony forming units (CFU) of Lactobacillus, Cl. perfringens and E.coli in feces were not significantly different among treatments but those of Cl. perfringens of T2 (CTC 100ppm) showed the lowest count at both 3rd and 5th wk. It is concluded that herbal product Miracle$^{\circledR}$ does not significantly affect growth performance of weanling pigs but it influenced the digestibility, serum IgG, cholesterol and AST level. The combination of the herbal product Miracle$^{\circledR}$ with antibiotic(CTC) showed no synergistic effects.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.185-198
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• 2008

Influences of dietary brown seaweed(BSW) on the nutrient metabolism, anti-oxidant enzyme activity and cell-mediated immune response were studied in broiler chicks activated acute phase response. 72 Hatched male broiler chicks(Ross) were divided into 12 pens, 6 heads per pen, and fed the BSW 0.0% (Basal) or 2.0% diet, respectively, and injected with the Salmonella typhimurium lipopoly saccharide(LPS) for activation of the acute phase response three times at 8, 10 and 12 d of age. During 4 wks of experimental feeding, growth performance of broiler chicks was not affected by dietary BSW and the acute phase response. Compared with control birds, the acute phase response did not affect the daily weight gain in birds fed BSW 2.0% diet, decreased nitrogen balance(NB) or metabolizable energy(ME) utilization per metabolic body size(kg0.75), and enhanced activities of peroxidase or extracellular SOD(EcSOD), tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ovotransferrin in plasma and MnSOD and CuZnSOD in erythrocyte cytosol. Compared to BSW 0.0% diet, 2.0% diet enhanced protein retention(NB) per kg0.75 regardless the acute phase response, did not affect uric acid nitrogen excretion(UAN) per kg0.75 in birds during the acute phase response, decreased(p<0.05) the UAN excretion per kg0.75 in control birds. And BSW 2.0% diet also decreased(p<0.05) plasma peroxide level and erythrocyte peroxidase or MnSOD activity but increased plasma peroxidase and EcSOD activity and interleukin-1 activity secreted from LPS-stimulated PBMC in 4 week broiler chicks.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bio-starch from corn processing to replace dried whey in weaned pigs. A total of 120 crossbred [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs were weaned at 21 days of age weighing 6.01±0.34 kg in average. Five week feeding trial consisted of phase 1(0~2 wks) and phase 2(3~5 wks). Dietary treatments included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) BS5(whey 5%, partial substitution of bio-starch), 3) BS10(whey 10%, partial substitution of bio-starch) and 4) BS15(whey 15%, partial substitution of bio-starch). There were four dietary treatments with six replicate pens per treatment and five pigs per pen. During the overall period, there were no significant differences in the ADG(average daily gain) and gain/feed ratio among the treatments(P>0.05). However, the ADFI(average daily feed intake) was higher in BS5 and BS15 treatments than in CON treatment(P<0.05). At the 2nd week, dry matter and nitrogen digestibility were increased(quadratic effect, P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively; cubic effect, P<0.001 and P=0.01, respectively) with the highest at 10% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. At the last week of the experiment, dry matter, nitrogen and energy digestibility were increased(P<0.05) with the highest at 5% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. At the 2nd week total protein concentration was increased(linear effect, P=0.04; cubic effect, P=0.01) with the highest at 10% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. Also, BUN(blood urea nitrogen) was increased(linear effect, P=0.01) as the level of bio-starch inclusion increased in the diets. Fecal consistency score was inclined to lowers CON treatment than other treatments. In conclusion, the result of trial indicates that bio-starch can be included at the level of 5~10% of weaning pig diet replacing part of the dried-whey, and digestibilities were positively affected by bio-starch at growth stage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2004

Jeju native sorghums were grown with six different planting densities ($5{\times}5cm,\;10{\times}10cm,\;15{\times}15cm,\;20{\times}20cm,\;25{\times}25cm\;and\;30{\times}30cm$) from April 3 to September 6 in 2000 in Jeju island to determine the influence to growth, yield and feed value by the planting densities. Days to heading were delayed from 66 days to 69 days as increasing of plant density. Plant height was 195.1cm at $30{\times}30cm$ plot, whereas that was 216.5cm at $10{\times}10cm$ plot, indicating that the plant was higher by the decrease of the planting density. As plant density increased, the number of leaves and steam diameter were decreased. Fresh forage yield increased from 25.4 to 61.3 MT/ha, dry matter (DM) yield from 5.8 to 16.5 MT/ha, crude protein (CP) yield from 0.4 to 1.5 MT/ha and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield from 2.7 to 8.8 MT/ha as planting density from $30{\times}30cm\;to\;10{\times}10cm$ plot. Crude protein content increased from 7.0 to $9.0\%$, ether extract content from 1.7 to $4.4\%$, nitrogen free extract content from 36.9 to $38.4\%$ and TDN content from 46.1 to $55.5\%$ as planting density was decreased. whereas crude fiber content decreased from 43.9 to $37.1\%$ and crude ash content from 8.4 to $6.8\%$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.231-236
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• 2004

In order to identify the growth characteristics, the yield and chemical composition of Jeju native sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.) based on seeding date in Jeju region. Seeding carried out the 10-day intervals from March 27 to May 27 in 2000, respectively. Plant height was 222.9 cm, Showing the highest on seeding date, April 7 among that of any other seeding date. On the other hand, those of early and late seeding gradually decreased. The results of stem diameter, number of leaves were similar to those of the plant height. The yield of fresh, dry matter forage, crude protein and TDN found the highest on April 7 seeding, 48.0 MT/ha, 12.0 MT/ha, 1.0 MT/ha, 5.3 MT/ha, respectively. In early and late seeding, the yield was gradually decreased. According to delaying the seeding date, March 27 to May 27, the contents of crude protein (from 7.8 to $11.4\%$) ether extract(from 1.7 to $3.3\%$), nitrogen free extract(from 34.1 to $40.0\%$) and TDN(from 42.9 to $52.5\%$) were gradually increased, respectively. On the other hand, those of crude fiber (from 40.6 to $32.3\%$) and crude ash (from 10.3 to $7.6\%$) were decreased. These results showed that April 7 was the optimum seeding date with the sole object of feed production of Jeju native sorghum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 1984

This experiment aims to observe the nutritive value of blood sausages by manufacturing three kinds of them in order to utilize various by-products of swine when it is processed. In attempt to do so, five different diets were made: one control diet and four diets in which three kinds of blood sausages(blood sausage-1 was made with sausage meat 10%, fat 40%, blood 20%, skin 20% and liver 2%. blood sausage-2 was made with ham meat 30%, fat 20%, blood 20%, liver 2% and skin 20%. blood sausage-3 was made with smoked ham patch 30%, fat 20%, blood 20%, liver 2% and skin 20%) and mixed sausage(sausage meat 20%, fat 10% and fish meat 35%) were mixed with control diet at the rates of 10% respectively. These diets were fed to growing male and female albino rats for 6 weeks. The results obtained through this study are summarized as follows. In body weight gain of male rats, blood sausage-1 and 2 groups were significantly higher than mixed sausage group during the experimental period, and in that of female rats, control group and blood sausage-1 group were similar, but the other groups were lower than control group. Food intake was different in each group every week, but the amount of that was similar to each one throughout all experimental period. Food efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio in male were similar in each group, but slightly different in female during the feeding period. Liver weights of male in mixed sausage group and blood sausage-3 group were lower than those in control group and blood sausage-2 group, but liver weight of female in blood sausage-2 group was lower than that in control group. And all groups were similar in liver weight per 100 g of body weight. Mixed sausage group and blood sausage-1 group were lower than control group in kidney weight of male, and blood sausage-1 group was lower than control group in kidney weight of female. Kidney weight per 100 g of body weight of male showed that blood sausage-1 group was lower than the other groups. Spleen weight was similar in all groups. Hematocrit and hemoglobin contents in blood, total protein, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, total lipid and total cholesterol contents in serum were showed almost similar in all groups.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to evaluate dietary requirements for essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as linoleic acid (LA, l8:2n-6), -lenolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) in juvenile eel Anguilla japonica cultured in a recirculating system for 16 weeks. The experimental diets contained 50% crude protein, 10% crude lipid and 3800 kcal/kg energy.Brown fish meal and blood meal were used as the main protein sources, while coconut oil, com oil and linseed oil were used as the lipid source to yield target fatty acids ratios. At the end of the trial, the effects of essential fatty acids supplementation on weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feeding efficiency (FE), proximate composition andwhole body fatty acids contents were examined. WG, SGR, and FEof eels fed diet D2, D3, was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed the other diets. Whole body HUFA concentration of eels fed D 1 was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those fed the other diets. HUFA/SFA (saturated fatty acids) ratio of whole body in eels fed diets D2, D3 and D6 were significantly higher than that of eels fed diet D1 (P<0.05).DHA/EPA ratio of whole body in eels fed diet D7was significantly higher than those fed the other diets; and eels fed diet D5 showed the lowest DHA/EPA ratio among all the dietary treatments (P<0.05).Based on the experimental results, we concluded that LNA (n-3) and LA (n-6) were necessary for optimum growth of juvenile eel, and the dietary requirement of LNA and LA were 0.35∼0.5% and 0.5∼0.65%, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2019

Recent studies reported that obesity upregulated the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and regulated particular behavior patterns in animal models. They also reported that ameliorated the increase in nNOS expression and decreased depression and anxiolytic effects. Thus, exercise seems to be an effective strategy for improving brain function by downregulating nNOS. However, the immune response differs greatly, depending on the exercise intensity. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in brain nNOS expression in obese C57BL/6 mice that performed exercise of different intensities. Obesity was induced in 6-wks-old mice (n=35) by feeding a 60%-fat diet for 6-wks. A control (CON) group (n=14) was fed a normal diet. At the end of the induction 6-wks period of obesity, seven animals in the CON group and obesity-induced group were sacrificed to confirm obesity induction (preliminary experiments and confirmation of visceral fat accumulation). The remaining animals were then used in an 8-wks exercise intervention. Other than the CON (n=7), the obesity-induced animals were divided into the following groups: high-fat diet (HFD, n=7), HFD-low intensity (HFD-LI, n=7, 12 m/min for 75 min), HFD-moderate intensity (HFD-MI, n=7, 15 m/min for 60 min), and HFD-high intensity (HFD-HI, n=7, 18 m/min for 50 min). The exercise was performed on an animal treadmill. The expression of the nNOS protein in the hippocampus was significantly higher in the HFD group as compared with that in the CON group (p<0.01). However, there was no difference in the hippocampal expression of the nNOS protein in the other exercise groups as compared with that in the CON group. In contrast, nNOS expression in the HFD-HI group was significantly lower than that in the HFD-LI group (p<0.05). The expression of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) was significantly higher in all the exercise groups as compared with that in the CON and HFD groups. There was no difference in the expression of pAkt in the cerebral cortex among groups, and the expression of pAkt in the cerebellum was significantly higher in the HFD-HI group as compared with that in the CON group (p<0.05). There were also no between-group differences in pAkt expression in the cerebellum among the various exercise groups. In conclusion, nNOS seems to be overexpressed in response to obesity, and it appears to be downregulated by exercise. Relatively high-intensity exercise may be effective in improving brain function by downregulating nNOS.