• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.869-874
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• 1998

A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the optimum density of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) fed the formulated diet or macroalgae ( Undaria). Abalone with initial average shell length of 8.41 mm were stocked into three replicate tanks at four different densities of 1430, 2860, 4290, and 5720 individual/$m^2$ for 15 weeks. The formulated diet produced higher body weight and shell growth, soft body weight and survival rate than Undaria in abalone. Abalone fed the formulated diet have significantly (P<0,05) higher lipid and ash, and lower moisture and protein in soft body. Higher density resulted in lower growth and survival (P<0.05). Whereas shell growth, survival rate and weight gain were not significantly (P>0.05) different within the abalone stocked at stocking densities of 1430 and 2860 individual/$m^2$ in each diet group. Body composition of abalone was not affected by increasing density. These study indicate that the number of abalone (shell length ranges of between 8 mm and 17 mm) below 2860 individual/$m^2$ were predicted to effective density in the indoor tank culture system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the supplementary effects of vitamin C and E to moist pellet on growth and body composition in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Four groups of diet made : moist pellet (MP) diet group was used as the control group where the ratio of raw feed and commercial compound meal is 5:5 $(CP\;30\%,\;CL\;17\%),$ vitamin C added group (VC), vitamin I added group (VE) and vitamin C and I added group (VCE). The supplementary amount of vitamin C and E corresponded to 1000 mg/kg (dry wt.) and 220mg/kg (dry wt.), respectively. Vitamin C was destroyed $50\%$ and vitamin E was destroyed $20\%$ for manufacturing process. After 8 weeks feeding trial, weight gain was $121.9\%$ in MP group, while it ranged from 180.5 to $184.9\%$ in the VC, VE and VCE group. Feed efficiency was $71.\6%$ in MP group, whereas it ranged from 78.7 to $80.6\%$ in the VC, VE and VCE group, weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed vitamin supplemented diets were significantly higher than control group and no significant difference among the vitamin added groups was observed (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and visceraweight index (VWI) of body composition. Hemoglobin (Hb) was $3.79\%$ in MP group, whereas $4.99\%$ in VC group, $4.55\%$ in VE group and $5.07\%$ in VCE group; Hb was significantly higher in the vitamin added groups than the control group (p<0.05). Vitamin C retention in liver was 18.1, 20.7, 46.6, 54.0 mg/kg in MP, VE, VC and VCE groups, respectively. Vitamin E retention in liver was 25.9, 53.8, 88.2, 124.5 mg/kg in MP, VC, VE and VCE groups, respectively. These results indicate that supplementation of vitamin C and E to moist pellet diet significantly improved growth and feed efficiency of olive flounder, and the mixed addition of vitamin C (1,000 mg/kg dry wt.) and vitamin E (220 mg/kg dry wt.) did not lead to the synergy effect.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1776-1783
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• 2006

Despite being a rich source of protein (28-34%), karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake is found to be bitter in taste and toxic in nature owing to the presence of flavonoid (karanjin), tannin and trypsin inhibitor, thereby restricting its safe inclusion in poultry rations. Feeding of karanj cake at higher levels (>10%) adversely affected the growth performance of poultry due to the presence of these toxic factors. Therefore, efforts were made to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods such as dry heat, water washing, pressure cooking, alkali and acid treatments and microbiological treatment with Sacchraromyces cerevisiae (strain S-49). The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and tannin and trypsin inhibitor was quantified by titrametric and colorimetric methods, respectively. The karanjin, tannin and trypsin inhibitor levels in such solvent and expeller pressed karanj cake were 0.132, 3.766 and 6.550 and 0.324, 3.172 and 8.513%, respectively. Pressure-cooking of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) substantially reduced the karanjin content at a cake:water ratio of 1:0.5 with 30-minute cooking. Among chemical methods, 1.5% (w/w) NaOH was very effective in reducing the karanjin content. $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment was also equally effective in karanjin reduction, but at a higher concentration of 3.0% (w/w). A similar trend was noticed with respect to treatment of expeller pressed karanj cake (EKC). Pressure cooking of EKC was effective in reducing the karanjin level of the cake. Among chemical methods alkali treatment [2% (w/w) NaOH] substantially reduced the karanjin levels of the cake. Other methods such as water washing, dry heat, HCl, glacial acetic acid, urea-ammoniation, combined acid and alkali, and microbiological treatments marginally reduced the karanjin concentration of SKC and EKC. Treatment of both SKC and EKC with 1.5% and 2.0% NaOH (w/w) was the most effective method in reducing the tannin content. Among the various methods of detoxification, dry heat, pressure cooking and microbiological treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae were substantially effective in reducing the trypsin inhibitor activity in both SKC and EKC. Based on reduction in karanjin, in addition to tannin and trypsin inhibitor activity, detoxification of SKC with either 1.5% NaOH or 3% $Ca(OH)_2$, w/w) and with 2% NaOH were more effective. Despite the effectiveness of pressure cooking in reducing the karanjin content, it could not be recommended for detoxification because of the practical difficulties in adopting the technology as well as for economic considerations.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 2017

This study investigated the effect of bamboo salt (BS) on body gain, feed intake, meat composition, and blood characteristics of broiler chicks. BS was processed by roasting salt at $1,200{\sim}1,300^{\circ}C$ in a bamboo container, with the open end plugged with red clay. In total, 120 broiler chicks were assigned to four treatments. Each treatment was triplicated, with 10 chicks in each treatment group. The supplementation levels of the three BS-treated feeds were 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%. Body weight gain slightly increased in broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with BS compared to that of the control during the overall test period. However, no significant differences were observed among treatments. Feed intake was also not significantly different among treatments. Feed efficiency was significantly (p<0.05) improved in broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with BS compared to that of the control. Body weight gain was more positively affected by the dietary BS supplement at the beginning of the experimental period than toward the end. Water intake was positively correlated with the dietary 0.3% BS level (p<0.05). Breast meat composition and cholesterol levels were also not affected by BS supplementation. The total protein, albumin, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and total cholesterol levels in the blood were not significantly different among treatments.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.219-224
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• 2011

The health status of three groups of Hanwoo steers (n=157) aged 2-3 years, raised at three different altitudes (600 m, n=50; 200-400 m, n=58; plane land, n=49) and environment with more or less similar management have been evaluated through hematological, biochemical and globulin examinations in order to determine the optimum environment suitable for raising cattle while at the same time minimizing the risk of disease. Five mL of blood samples from each animal were collected by jugular veinipuncture and 2 mL was transferred to a tube containing EDTA for complete blood count (CBC) and 3 mL in lithium heparin for chemistry screening (CS) and immunoassay. Among the CBC parameters a significantly higher white blood cell count (tWBC), total red blood cell count (tRBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) were noticed in the high altitude groups, whereas those were lower in the plane land group. In the CS parameters higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total bilirubin (TBL) were found in the plane land group, whereas those were lower in the high altitude groups. The total protein (significantly) and globulins were higher in the 600 m group. The results of this study revealed that the overall health status of the Hanwoo cattle based on the hemato-biochemical indices was superior in the highest altitude and inferior in the plane land group but all the parameters were within the reference range in all the groups. Therefore, for recommendation of a suitable environment at an appropriate altitude for raising cattle there need to be further studied along with the hemato-biochemical parameters; considering, breeding, feeding, management, marketing, waste disposal and other factors.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.138-146
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• 1974

The present study was undertaken to investigate the nutritive value of various defatted oil-seed flours in the diet by studying the effect of alternative diets on growing rats, to attention growth, food intake, weight of organs and the levels of total cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride in serum and liver tissue. Sixty male Albino rats (Splague Dowley) weighing 47-55 g were divided into five experimental groups and one control group of ten each, and were fed for 24 weeks with the respective diets. Each of five different diets was supplemented with defatted flours as dietary protein sources. Four of other diets were composed of 7.5 sesame seed, rapeseed, sunflower seed and cottonseed flour respectively, with the same amount of defatted soybean flour, while the fifth diet tested was prepared with 15% soybean flour. The results of this study were as follows. 1) It was noteworthy that the five defatted oilseed flour diets demonstrated much improvement of nutritive value. Sesame seed flour and sunflower seed flour, especially appeared to be worthwhile as human foods. 2) From the results of biochemical tests of the serum and liver lipid content of Albino rats, after feeding with the respective diets, it can be concluded that, from a nutritional point of view, the toxic effects of oilseed flours like rapeseed and cottonseed flour, which contain toxic substances, are reduced when they are mixed with soybean flour.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1995

Physiological activities of E. compressa were examined after oral and intraperitoneal(i.p.) adminstration in young(8g) Israeli and colored carp. Hematological parameters were evaluated to test physiological respose. Anti-bacterial activity was examined by counting the number of bacterial cells in the kidney, and also by measuring the change of agglutinin titers following A. sobriae infection. There was a tendency of increase in E. compressa-fed groups in total protein, albumin and glucose levels. The most marked increase was noted in the group fed with 5% E. compressa. GPT and GOT levels were reduced with the increase of E. compressa concentration. Feeding of E. compressa did not alter haematocrit(Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) values. The number of A. sobriae was reduced in all groups intraperitoneally treated with variable concentration of E. compressa-extract. The lowest bacterial cells were found at the group intraperitoneally treated with $30{\mu}g$ of E. compressa-extract per g of colored carp($30{\mu}g/g$), indicating that the anti-bacterial activity is maximized at this concentration. The agglutinin titers were elevated in E. compressa extract-treated groups($30{\mu}g/g$) with the maximum value of $6.0{\pm}1.1$. These results indicate that E. compressa adminstration activated physiological response, and triggered a cascade for anti-bacterial reaction.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.168-174
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the feeding effect of wild grape wine by-products on pork qualities. The chemical composition, volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and pH were not significantly different between control and wild grape pork, but the cholesterol and roast loss of wild grape polk. were lower than those of the control, and 1l1e salt soluble protein extractability of the control was lower than that of the wild grape pork. The Hunter's $a^{\ast}$ and $b^{\ast}$ value of wild grape polk. meat were higher than the control, the $a^{\ast}$ value of wild grape polk. meat was higher than the control, but the $L^{\ast}$ value of meat and fat were not significantly different between control and wild grape pork. The cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness of control(respectively $66.2\%$ 428kg and 189g) were higher than wild grape polk. (respectively $61.4\%$ 357 kg and 154 g). The total amino acid composition of polk. were not significantly different between control and wild grape wine, The glutamic acid, leucine, arginine and aspartic acid were major amino acids in control and wild grape pork. The arachidonic acid $(C_{20:4})$, EPA $(C_{20:5})$ and DHA $(C_{22:6})$ of wild grape polk. were higher than those of the control. The taste (p<0.001), aroma (p<0.05), flavor (p<0.001), juiciness (p<0.01) and palatability (p<0.01) of wild grape polk. were higher than those of the control, but the texture between control and wild grape polk. were not significantly different.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Allium hookeri on growth performance, bone strength, and blood biochemical profiles in growing broiler chickens. Twelve hundreds of one-day old Arbor Acres male broilers were divided into 6 treatments with 4 replicates and 50 birds per replicate (n=200 chicks/treatment). Chickens fed basal diet (Control), basal diet with commercial X (Positive control) at 0.05% of diet, or each one of the experimental diets (L3, L5, R3, R5) supplemented with the powder of A. hookeri leaf or root at 0.3 and 0.5% of diet respectively for 5 weeks. At the 5th week of feeding the diets, body weight, tibia strength, and blood biochemical profiles including antibody titers were measured. Dietary A. hookeri (L3, L5, R3, R5) significantly increased final body weight than the control group. And the dietary leaf of A. hookeri effectively increased the growth performance than dietary root of A. hookeri. Interestingly dietary leaf of A. hookeri improved tibia strength than the control group and L3 showed the highest value. The antibody titers against infectious bursal disease (IBD) increased with the addition of dietary leaf of A. hookeri compared with positive control, R3, and R5 groups. But there was no significant difference in serum biochemical parameters such as albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, Ca, P, total protein, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. These results suggest that A. hookeri can be used as a good supplement to improve growth performance and health by increasing bone strength and antibody titer against IBD without any anti-nutritional or toxic effects in growing broilers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.159-173
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• 2020

A 4×2 factorial feeding trial was designed to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) in wheat/sorghum/SBM-based diets fed with or without microbial enzymes in diets on the performance, visceral organ development and digestibility of nutrients of broiler chickens. Four graded levels of CSM - none (0%), low (4%, 8%, and 12%), medium (5%, 10%, and 15%), and high (6%, 12%, and 18%) of complete diets in starter, grower and finisher, respectively were fed with or without 100 mg/kg of xylanase and β-glucanase blend. Eight isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated using least-cost method to meet the nutrient specifications of Ross 308 male broilers. Each treatment was randomly assigned to 6 replicates (10 birds per replicate). There were CSM-enzyme interactions (p < 0.05) on feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) in the starter phase. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the grower and finisher phases, and increased WG in growing and finishing birds. CSM inclusion reduced (p < 0.05) the weight of gizzard and proventriculus in starter chicks, while these organs were bigger (p < 0.05) in the grower phase. The test ingredient decreased (p < 0.05) small intestinal weight in starter and grower birds. The CSM increased the absolute weight of thighs (p < 0.05) while breast meat was increased (p < 0.01) by enzyme addition. Starch digestibility was improved (p < 0.01) by enzyme inclusion and decreased (p < 0.01) by CSM. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the ileal digestibility of gross energy and protein. The results demonstrate that CSM can substitute up to 90% SBM in broiler chicken diets without compromising performance, and the nutritive value of CSM-containing diets can effectively be improved by enzyme supplementation.