• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.228-236
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to characterize the hemolytic Aeromonas sp. MH-8 exposed to green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Initially, the hemolytic Aeromonas sp. MH-8 was enriched and isolated from stale fish. Bactericidal effects of MH-8 exposed to EGCG ranging from 1 mg/mL to 4 mg/mL were monitored, and complete bactericidal effects were achieved within 3 h at 3 mg/mL and higher concentrations. SDS-PAGE with silver staining revealed that the amount of lipopolysaccharides increased or decreased in the strain MH-8 treated to different concentrations and exposing periods of EGCG in exponentially growing cultures. The stress shock proteins (70-kDa DnaK and 60-kDa GroEL), which might contribute to enhancing the cellular resistance to the cytotoxic effect of EGCG, were induced at different concentrations of EGCG exposed to cell culture of MH-8. Scanning electron microscopic analysis demonstrated the presence of irregular rod shapes with umbilicated surfaces for cells treated with EGCG. 2-DE of soluble protein fractions from MH-8 cultures showed 18 protein spots changed by EGCG exposure. These proteins involved in chaperons (e.g., DnaK, GroEL and trigger factor), enterotoxins (e.g., aerolysin and phospholipase C precursor), LPS synthesis (e.g., LPS biosynthesis protein and outer membrane protein A precursor), and various biosynthesis and energy metabolism were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF. In consequence, EGCG was found to have substantial antibacterial effects against food-poisoning causing bacterium, hemolytic Aeromonas sp. MH-8. Also the results provide clues for understanding the mechanism of EGCG-induced stress and cytotoxicity on Aeromonas sp. MH-8.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.548-553
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to produce Chungkookjang-a food produced through fermentation with Bacillus licheniformis E1-that contains an increased concentration of a bacterial biological response modifier (B-BRM). Unfortunately, sensory studies have indicated that B. licheniformis E1-fermented Chungkookjang is unacceptable for commercial use. We isolated another bacterial strain from this food product: B. subtilis S2. The optimum time and temperature for Chungkookjang fermentation with B. licheniformis E1 and B. subtilis S2 were 48 hr and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. Sensory studies showed that Chungkookjang fermented by both B. licheniformis E1 and B. subtilis S2 was more acceptable than B. licheniformis E1 only. The amino nitrogen and crude protein content of the product were 359 mg% and 45.6% respectively. Additionally, it was confirmed that the proliferation of mouse splenic lymphocytes increased significantly, when the cells were treated with the BRM from Chungkookjang fermented using the mixture of bacterial strains in vitro. These results suggest that the enriched Chungkookjang may help patients who are medically in need of potentiation of lymphocytes proliferation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.437-442
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• 1993

Soybean curds were made from the mixture of soybean milk and cow's milk (raw milk) at the ratio of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% (v/v), and then the general composition and mineral content, pH, yield, firmness by sensory evaluation and amino acid composition were investigated. As cow's milk addition increased, total sugar crude fat, crude protein, ash content, firmness, weight and volume of the soybean curd were increased. Whereas moisture content decreased, $Ca^{＋＋}$, $K^{＋}$, and Na$^{＋}$ were increased, but $Mg^{＋＋}$ and Fe$^{＋＋}$ decreased. In sensory evaluation, color (white), firmness, flavor, and taste were higher than those of control as cow's milk increased. By adding cow's milk at the ratio of 10, 20, 30, 40%, and 50%, sulfur containing amino acid content such as methionine and cystine were enriched 1.31, 1.58, 1.67, 1.85, and 1.95 times, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.64-71
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• 2002

Rice(Oryza stiva L.) is a major cereal food providing nourishment to over half of the world's populations and was considered only as a source of energy. However, The recent many researches have been made to suggest that rice may relate to prevention chronic disease and health-promoting properties such as postprandial glucose response, hypocholesterolemic effect and blood pressure-lowering effect. There has been numerous observation supporting that rice has hypocholesterolemic effect. Rice, rice bran, rice bran oil and unsaponifiable matter of rice bran oil reduced plasma cholesterol in rat, hamster as well as human. Components of rice showing hypocholesterolemic effect include dietary fiber(hemicellulose, phytic acid). protein, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol, $\beta$-sitosterol, and tocotrienols. Crapo et al has been studied that the effect of various of starchy foods on the postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses in healthy and diabetic humans. The results showed that rice had lower blood glucose and insulin responses compared to potato, bread and dextrose. The different physical forms in the same starch also produce the different postprandial glucose and insulin responses. In recent years, several studies have shown that some components of rice have potent antioxidant activity against Fe$^{2+}$ -ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomal membranes. Cell culture and animal studies have shown that some components of rice have inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of several types of human cancer cell. It was also reported that the methanol extract of brown rice has antimutagenic activity against various mutagens. In addition, the pepsine hydrolysate from rice protein is reported to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme activity. GABA (${\gamma}$ - aminobutyric acid) and GABA enriched rice germ is also effective for lowering blood pressure and triglyceride levels.s.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.1061-1073
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• 2022

Receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) is known to play a major role in bone metabolism and the immune system, and its recombinant form has been expressed in bacterial systems for research since the last two decades. However, most of these recombinant forms are used after purification or directly using living cells. Here, there were cell extracts of recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing mouse RANKL (mRANKL) used to evaluate its biological activity in mice. Mice were divided into three groups that were fed phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), wild-type L. lactis IL1403 (WT_CE), and recombinant L. lactis expressing mRANKL (mRANKL_CE). The small intestinal transcriptome and fecal microbiome were then profiled. The biological activity of mRANKL_CE was confirmed by studying RANK-RANKL signaling in vitro and in vivo. For small intestinal transcriptome, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the mRANKL_CE group, and no DEGs were found in the WT_CE group. In the PBS vs. mRANKL_CE gene enrichment analysis, upregulated genes were enriched for heat shock protein binding, regulation of bone resorption, and calcium ion binding. In the gut microbiome analysis, there were no critical changes among the three groups. However, Lactobacillus and Sphingomonas were more abundant in the mRANKL_CE group than in the other two groups. Our results indicate that cell extracts of mRANKL_CE can play an effective role without a significant impact on the intestine. This strategy may be useful for the development of protein drugs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.429-439
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• 2023

Background: The incidence and clinical importance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged. However, effective therapeutic strategies for NAFLD have yet to be found. Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) is a traditional herb in Eastern Asia with therapeutic effects in many chronic disorders. However, the precise effects of ginseng extract on NAFLD are currently unknown. In present study, the therapeutic effects of Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract (Rg3-RGE) on the progression of NAFLD were explored. Methods: Twelve-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed a chow or western diet supplemented with high sugar water solution with or without Rg3-RGE. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, serum biochemistry, western blot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR were used for in vivo experiment. Conditionally immortalized human glomerular endothelial cell (CiGEnC) and primary liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) were used for in vitro experiments. Results: Eight weeks of Rg3-RGE treatment significantly attenuated the inflammatory lesions of NAFLD. Furthermore, Rg3-RGE inhibited the inflammatory infiltrate in liver parenchyma and the expression of adhesive molecules to LSECs. Moreover, the Rg3-RGE exhibited similar patterns on the in vitro assays. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that Rg3-RGE treatment ameliorates NAFLD progression by inhibiting chemotaxis activities in LSECs.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.283-291
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• 2004

Feeding trials were conducted with Euglena strains grown under different media. The effect of supplementation of Euglena on the laying performance, egg quality and fatty acid composition of egg yolk was studied. In experiment I, two hundred eighty 32-wk-old ISA Brown layers were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments for 4 wks. Each treatment consisted of 4 replications with 10 birds each housed in two birds cages. Control diet was formulated to have $17\%$ CP and 2,750 kcal ME/kg. Euglena gracilis Z. (EG) was added to control diet at the level of 0.25, 0.5, $1.0\%$ and Euglena gracilis Z. bleached and DHA enriched (EGBD; a strain mutated by streptomycin and cultivated in DHA enriched medium) at the level of 0.5, 1.0, $2.0\%$ in the diet. In experiment 2, three hundred 84-wk-old ISA brown layers were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: T1; Control, T2; T1 + EGBD $0.5\%$, T3; T1 + Euglena gracilis Z. DHA enriched (EGD; cultivated in DHA enriched medium) $0.5\%$, T4; T1 + EGD $1.0\%$, T5; T1 + EGD $2.0\%$. Each treatment had 5 replication of 12 birds each housed in two birds cages. In experiments 1 and 2, Euglena suppplementation did not significantly affect egg production but increased egg weight and feed intake. In experiment 1, EG was more effective in increasing egg yolk color score than EGBD. Egg yolk color of EG $1\%$ treatment showed the highest score. EGBD supplementation increased DHA concentration of egg yolk. EGBD $2\%$ treatment showed the highest DHA and the lowest palmitic and stearic acids concentration in the egg yolk. In experiment 2, EGBD $0.5\%$ treatment showed highest DHA level in egg yolk (P<0.05). It was conducted that EGBD is a single cell protein source rich in DHA, that can be used to produce DHA enriched eggs.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 1985

The study was carried out to find effects of the saponins that were extracted from red ginseng on the growth of, aflatoxins production by, and protein patterns of Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357. A. flavus with $10^6$ conidia as grown at $30^{\circ}C$ for seven days on the enriched medium. Mycelial growth and pH changes of medium which cultured the mold, were similar to those of the control group. However, aflatoxin which produced by the mold was less than that of the control in all concentration of the saponin. To be more specific, 0.3 % of the saponin inhibited production of aflatoxin $B_1$ and $G_1$ to the extent of 31.6 and 21% of the control. The protein peaks of A. flavus at the fourth day of the culture were shown high intensity near the level of 14,300 daltons. However, the mold which cultured in the medium containing the saponin showed low intensity of protein than that of the control group on all molecular weight.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1992

This study was aimed to observe dose-response effects of squid liver oil enriched in n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFA) on the metabolism of streptozotocint(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In this experiment, 24 STZ-induced diabetic male rats of Sprague Dawley strain were divided into 4 groups and fed for 4 weeks with basal diet(0%). 33%,67% and 100% squid liver oil(SLO) of total fat content, and 6 normal rats were fed with 0% SLO diet at the same time. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Rat group fed with 33% SLO diet showed the least body weight loss and changes in blood glucose, while ones of 100% SLO diet showed the highest level. 2. Serum total protein and ratio of albumin to globulin of all the groups were below the standard level, but did not show significantly different among diet groups. 3. Serum creatinine concentration of all the groups were stayed whthin normal range, but BUN were 3 to 4 times higher than normal rats. BUN concentration of rats fed with 0% and 33% SLO diet was significantly lower than those of others. 4. Total-cholesterol level of serum increased in all the groups except 33% SLO diet, but since HDL-chol, levels and TG concentration went up with an incerase of SLO in the diets, the ratio of HDL-chol. to total-chol, of rats fed with 67% and 100% SLO diet showed higher than those with 0%, and 33% SLO, and TG concentration of rats fed with 67% and 100% SLO diet decreased significantly.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 1997

The Oomycete Saprolegnia ferax produces an extracellular $\beta$-amylase, Maximum enzyme yield was attained after 7 days of growth in YNB starch medium (pH 6.5) at 25$\circ$C. The amylase was pu- rified 24-fold by ultrafitration, HPLC DEAE column and HPLC gel filtration. The purfied enzyme was a monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 44,000 dalton. The pH and temperature optima were 6.5 and 50$\circ$C, respectively. The enzyme was fairly stable up to 50$\circ$C and at acidic pH region (pH 4.0-7.0). The apparent Km and Vmax values of the enzyme against soluble starch were 0.77 mg/ml and 2,174 $\mu$moles/mg protein, respectively. Amino acid analysis indicated that the enzyme was enriched in alanine, glycine, leucine and acidic amino acid. Starch hydrolysis with the enzyme released maltose but not glucose, whereas maltotriose, Schardinger dextrin ($\alpha$-cyclodextrin) and pullulan were not hydrolysed by the enzyme. The enzyme was inhibited by Schardinger dextrin, p-chloromercuribenzoate(PCMB), CU$^{2+}$' and Hg$^{2+}$. Inhibition of the enzyme by PCMB could be reversed by the addition of cysteine and mercaptoethanol.