• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.941-949
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• 2020

This study evaluated the nutritional value of Italian ryegrass (IRG) as a forage source for Hanwoo. The nutritional value of IRG was assessed and compared to that of rice straw, oat hay, and timothy hay using two different methods: 1) in vitro ruminal fermentation 2) in vivo total tract digestibility. In vitro DM digestibility was lower in rice straw compared to the other three forage sources after both 24 and 48 h of incubation (p < 0.01). Among the four forage sources, IRG had a higher NH3-N concentration after both 24 and 48 h of incubation (p < 0.01). In the in vivo digestibility trials, four different substrates were used: 1) 80% concentrate with 20% rice straw, 2) 80% concentrate with 20% oat hay, 3) 80% concentrate with 20% IRG, and 4) 80% concentrate with 20% timothy hay. The dry matter, crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrate, and detergent fiber digestibility were the greatest in the C80-IRG20 among the four forage groups. In summary, IRG had a similar level of energy efficiency compared to oat hay and timothy hay. Furthermore, the result of the chemical composition analysis showing a higher ammonia concentration in the in vitro fermentation experiment and the high protein digestibility in the in vivo experiment indicate that IRG is a good source of protein compared to oat hay and timothy hay.

• Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2003

In this study, as preliminary research for the development of natural estrogen supplement the chemical properties of Iranian black pomegranate juice concentrate and seeds were evaluated. Proximate compositions of pomegranate juice concentrate and seeds were as follows; crude lipid 0.4% and 8.2%, moisture 39.9% and 6.6%, crude protein 0.9% and 12.2%, ash 1.4% and 1.7%, and carbohydrate 42.0% and 84.5% respectively. Major amino acids are glutamic acid (1310.0ppm) and aspartic acid (896.2ppm) in juice concentrate, and glycine (611.1ppm) and arginin (401.6ppm) in seeds. Ascorbic acid has the highest concentration of 20.0mg/l00g in juice concentrate and 0.23mg/l00 in seeds. The compositions of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid were higher than those of saturated fatty acids such as stearic palmitic acid. Major minerals were potassium, calcium and sodium, potassium was highest in both juice concentrate and seeds. Vitamins were composed of ascorbic acid (20.0mg/l00g), vitamin B$_1$(0.12mg/100g) and niacin (0.80mg/l00g) in juice concentrate, and only ascorbic acid(0.23mg/l00g) in seeds. Organic acids such as citric and L-malic acid were detected only in pomegranate juice concentrate. The contents of total polyphenols were 4.55g/L in juice concentrate and 3.5mg/l00g in seeds, respectively. Phytoestrogens detected in pomegranate juice concentrate and seeds were daidzein, quercetin, genistein and 17 $\beta$-estradiol.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrate levels in diets based on cactus Opuntia Stricta (Haw.) Haw cladodes on the performance of lactating Girolando cows. Methods: The experiment involved 10 Girolando multiparous dairy cows at 512.6 kg of body weight (BW) and producing 13.2 kg milk/d, allocated into two 5×5 Latin squares. The experimental treatments consisted of control diet composed by cactus Nopalea cochenillifera. Salm-Dyck. cladodes (Nopalea), forage sorghum silage and concentrate at 20% on dry matter (DM) basis, and four concentrate levels diets (20%, 24%, 28%, and 32%) plus cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cladodes (Opuntia) and forage sorghum silage. Results: Regarding cows fed control diet, the nutrients intake were greater than for cows fed with cactus Opuntia and concentrate. Regarding concentrate levels, intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients of cows increased linearly. Organic matter, CP, and NDF digestibilities were similar in between to control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets. The digestibility of NFC increased linearly when the concentrate was inserted. The N balance was the same for control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets, irrespective the concentrate levels. Conclusion: For cows producing 14 kg/d with 3.5% of fat, it is recommended 32% of concentrate to be included in cactus Opuntia-based diets, and the increase in concentrate level promotes a linear increase in milk yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.670-677
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• 2004

Sixteen multiparous Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows in mid-lactation were blocked according to days in milk (DIM) and previous lactation and randomly assigned according to a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with four replications to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments consisted of T1: No cassava hay (CH) or stylo 184 hay (SH) supplementation, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2 (control), T2: Supplementation of 1 kg of CH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2, T3: Supplementation of 1 kg of CH+SH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2, T4: Supplementation of 2 kg of CH+SH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:3. All animals received Ruzi grass from a cut-and-carry system as roughage source. The feeding trial lasted for 9 weeks. The results revealed that DMI of concentrate of supplemented treatments were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those in the control, but there was no significant difference between T2 and T3. There was no significant difference in forage DM intake between the control and supplemented treatments. CP and NDF digestibility of supplemented treatments were significantly (p<0.05) greater than the control and there were no significant differences among supplemented treatments. Milk yield and 3.5% FCM (14.3, 14.5, 14.7 and 14.8; 13.9, 14.3, 14.3 and 14.6 kg/hd/d, respectively) were not significantly different among treatments. Milk protein percentage of supplemented treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control, but there were no significant differences among supplemented treatments. There was no significant difference in milk fat percentage between the control and supplemented treatments. However, milk fat percentage tended to be higher for supplemented animals as compared to the control group. There were also no significant differences in lactose, solids-not-fat and total solids percentages among treatments. Cows in supplemented treatments gave incomes over supplement cost (IOSC) of 2.72, 2.74 and 2.93 US$/hd/d, respectively which were greater than for cows on control treatment. Furthermore, IOSC were greatest for cows in T4 as compared to other treatments. Based on this study it was concluded that, feeding cassava hay solely or in combination with stylo 184 hay as a supplemental protein source could be a potential valuable strategy in small-holder dairy farming systems in the tropics. This strategic supplementation significantly reduced concentrate use, which resulted in improved milk yields and milk quality for the supplemented cows. Moreover, it resulted in higher economical returns through increased productivity and lower ratios of concentrate to milk yield, from 1:2 to 1:3.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2010

Rice bran proteins from different cultivars(Youngan, Sindongjin, Suwon 511) were extracted with Xylanase using orthogonal analysis method and their functional properties were investigated. The optimum extraction conditions, based on protein content in the extract found to be at 1 wt% xylanase, pH 7 and 50:1, solvent to rice bran ratio(v/w %). Nitrogen solubility indices(NSI) of rice bran protein concentrates were shown a minimum value at pH 4 ranged 2~23%, varied with different cultivars and a maximum (NSI${\geq}$90% for all cultivars) at pH 10. As for water adsorption and fat adsorption capacity, rice bran protein concentrates were shown to be better than Na-caseinate and isolated soy protein, respectively. Emulsifying activities were observed high in order of Na-caseinate>Youngan rice bran protein>Shindongjin rice bran protein>Suwon 511 rice bran protein>isolated soy protein. In general, the surface tension of rice bran protein solution($10^{-3}$ wt%, 5 mM bis-tris, pH 7) was increased with increasing concentrations and found a minimum value near pI. On heating, it was decreased slightly with increasing temperatures up to $70^{\circ}C$ and then increased above $80^{\circ}C$. Addition of sodium chloride was made the surface tension decrease. In conclusion, with Xylanase, rice bran protein concentrate can be successfully extracted from the rice bran of different cultivars and the Youngan rice bran protein was thought to have best functionality among rice cultivars tested. It might be used as a milk protein substitute.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.837-844
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• 2006

Four, lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ Factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to study supplementation of urea level (U) at 2 and 4% and sodium dl-malate (M) at 10 and 20 g/hd/d in concentrate. The treatments were as follows U2M10, U2M20, U4M10 and U4M20, respectively. The cows were offered the treatment concentrate at a ratio to milk yield at 1:2.5 and urea-treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The results have revealed that rumen fermentation and blood metabolites were similar for all treatments. The populations of protozoa and fungal zoospores were significantly different as affected by urea level and sodium dl-malate. In addition, the viable bacteria were similar for amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Cellulolytic bacteria were significantly affected by level of sodium dl-malate especially Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii while Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was significantly affected by level of urea supplementation. In conclusion, the combined use of concentrate containing high level of cassava chip at 75% DM with urea at 4% in concentrate and sodium dl-malate at 20 g/hd/d with UTS as a roughage could improv rumen ecology and microbial protein synthesis efficiency in lactating dairy cows.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.164-171
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• 1990

This study was carried out to enhance the nutritional value of whole crop corn silage and the utilization of animal waste as a ruminant feedstuffs. Whole crop corn were ensiled with cage layer excreta and concentrate. Treatments included whole crop corn silage (control), 10% cage layer excreta and concentrate-corn silage (CES lo), 20% cage layer excreta and 10% concentrate-corn silage (CES 20) and 30% cage layer excreta and 10% concentrate-corn silage (CES 30). The characteristics of silage fermentation was evaluated. Digestibility and palatability of the silage were observed through the feeding trial with four male Corridale sheep. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Cage layer excreta-corn silage showed higher contents of crude protein and crude ash than control silage, while crude fibre content was significantlv lower than that of control silage (P(.01). 2. Total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen content of the cage layer excreta-corn silage was significantly (P< .01) higher than that of control, but CES 10 silage was good in quality. 3. Lactic acid content of CES 10 silage was the highest, but that of CES 20 and CES 30 silage was lower than that of control. CES 20 and CES 30 silage was lower lactic acid content and higher pH than control. Therefore Flieg's score was wrose than that of control silage. 4. The numbers of total bacteria and lactic fermentation bacteria were estimated lo7-10' and 10"1OH, respectively, and there were no significant differences among treatments. Coliform numbers were not detected with CES 10 silage while were detected lo3 per gram in CES 30 silage. 5. Digestibility of crude protein, crude fibre and ADF was improved significantly in the animals fed the cage layer excreta-corn silage compared with animals fed the control silage. DCP and TDN were the highest in the CES 10 silage. 6. The intake of daily nitrogen and dry matter per metabolic body weight was the highest in animals fed the CES 10 silage.lage.

• Procedding of Korea Feed Ingredients Association Conference
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• v.4
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• pp.23-59
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• 2003

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 1979

For the effective utilization of the coastal fish resources in Korea, an investigation on the optimum processing conditions and the quality of a textured fish protein concentrate similar to the texture of animal meat has been carried out with the fish meat of Alaska pollack and mackerel. A noodle shaped product was prepared with the fish meat paste after the adjustment of pH and salt content. The product was soaked in $96\%$ ethyl alcohol to produce textured fish protein concentrate and then dried. The processing conditions were estimated with the rehydration capacity of the textured fish protein concentrate(FFC). The quality of the final product was evaluated with chemical composition, sensory test and texture measurement. The optimum pH and salt content of the fish meat for the processing of meaty textured FPC were 7.5 and $1.0\%$ respectively. The most effective soaking conditions were as follows:soaking time, 40 min. ; temperature of alcohol, 5 to $20^{\circ}C$;amount of alcohol, 4 times the weight of tile fish meat paste, number of soaking in alcohol, 4 times. The alcohol remaining in meaty textured FPC could be removed effectively by forced air drying. The yield and the contents of protein and lipid in the meaty textured FPC from Alaska pollack were $19.9\%\;84.3\%\;and\;0.5\%$ and those from mackerel were $29.8\%,\;78.1\%\;and\;3.6\%$ respectively. The content of essential amino acid in the meaty textured FPC from Alaska pollack and mackerel was not inferior to that of beef, textured soybean protein and FAO pattern. Beef meat can be substituted with the meaty textured FPC up to $50\%$ in processing meat balls withoutanysignificantlossinthetaste, ordor and texture.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 1995

Defatted sesame flour is the by-products obtained after oil extracting process. Although this flour has high quality and quantity of protein its use is limited only for animal feed and fertilization. Sesame seeds contain antinutrients such as oxalate, phytate and phenol compounds and these compounds lower their nutritive value. recently, ultrafiltration(UF) has been used to concentrate protein from various food sources. This study was carried out to examine the effects of UF with different membrane pore size on the components of sesame protein concentrates including antinutrients and to compare with that of conventional acid-precipitated sesame protein isolate. The protein contents of sesame protein concentrates prepared by JF using 10K, 30K, 100K were 84.2%, 82.7%, 76.4% and the protein yields were 36.44%, 34.69, 31.43% and the protein contents was 88.7% Alkali extraction process at pH 9.0 followed by UF technique reduced oxalate and phytate content. There were 85% and 94% reduction of oxalate and phytate content by UF with membrane pore size of 100K daltons, respectively. However, the content of total phenol compounds was not reduced by this method. About 99% of calcium and 50% of zinc were removed by UF with membrane of 100K daltons. total essential amino acid contents of sesame protein concentrates prepared by UF were decreased slightly when compared with acid-precipitated sesame protein concentrate.