• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 2018

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of different levels of protein concentrate supplementation on the growth performance of yak calves, and correlated the growth rate to changes occurring in the plasma- amino acids, -insulin profile, and signaling activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascade to characterize the mechanism through which the protein synthesis can be improved in early weaned yaks. Methods: For this study, 48 early (3 months old) weaned yak calves were selected, and assigned into four dietary treatments according to randomized complete block design. The four blocks were balanced for body weight and sex. The yaks were either grazed on natural pasture (control diet) in a single herd or the grazing yaks was supplemented with one of the three protein rich supplements containing low (17%; LP), medium (19%; MP), or high (21%; HP) levels of crude proteins for a period of 30 days. Results: Results showed that the average daily gain of calves increased (0.14 vs 0.23-0.26 kg; p<0.05) with protein concentrates supplementation. The concentration of plasma methionine increased (p<0.05; 8.6 vs $10.1-12.4{\mu}mol/L$), while those of serine and tyrosine did not change (p>0.05) when the grazing calves were supplemented with protein concentrates. Compared to control diet, the insulin level of calves increased (p<0.05; 1.86 vs $2.16-2.54{\mu}IU/mL$) with supplementation of protein concentrates. Addition of protein concentrates up-regulated (p<0.05) expression of mTOR-raptor, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting 34 homolog, the translational regulators eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1, and S6 kinase 1 genes in both Longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus. In contrast, the expression of sequestosome 1 was down-regulated in the concentrate supplemented calves. Conclusion: Our results show that protein supplementation improves the growth performance of early weaned yak calves, and that plasma methionine and insulin concentrations were the key mediator for gene expression and protein deposition in the muscles.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of taurine supplementation on heat shock protein 70 and in vitro protein turnover in broiler chicks under chronic heat stress. Chicks were allocated into 3 groups of 10 birds per group; the control group was maintained at a temperature of $24^{\circ}C$ without taurine (CO group), the heat-stressed group maintained at a temperature of $34^{\circ}C$ without taurine (HO group), and heat-stressed group maintained at a temperature of $34^{\circ}C$ with taurine (HT group). The final body and liver weights of broilers in the HO and HT groups were significantly lower than those of broilers in the CO group (P<0.05). However, these parameters of the broilers in the HT group were significantly higher than those of broilers in the HO group (P<0.05). The heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) concentration in the liver of broilers in the HO group was significantly higher than that of broilers in the CO and HT groups, but the hsp70 concentration in the liver of broilers in the HT group was not different from that of broilers in the CO group. Liver homogenates of 21 day-old broilers were incubated at temperatures of $37^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ to prove the effect of high temperature and taurine on total protein syntheses. Neither high temperature nor taurine supplementation affected protein syntheses in liver homogenates of the broilers. However, the more the temperature increased, the more the degradation rates of cytoplasmic protein in liver homogenates increased; however, taurine supplementation had no effects on the protein syntheses in the liver of the broiler. It is possible that taurine indirectly affected protein turnover via various physiological mechanisms.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1985.08b
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• pp.7-18
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• 1985

Light-regulated translation of chloroplast mRNAs requires nuclear-encoded trans-acting factors that interact with the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of these mRNAs. A set of four proteins (60, 55, 47, and 38 kDa) that bind to the 5'-UTR of the psbA mRNA had been identified in C. reinhardtii. 47 kDa protein (RB47) was found to encode a chloroplast poly (A)-binding protein (cPABP) that specifically binds to the 5'-UTR of the psbA mRNA, and essential for translation of this mRNA, cDNA encoding 60 kDa protein (RB60) was isolated, and the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein was highly homologous to plants and mammalian protein disulfide isomerases (PDI), normally found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Immunoblot analysis of C. reinhardtii proteins showed that anti-PDI recognized a distinct protein of 56 kDa in whole cell extract, whereas anti-rRB60 detected a 60 kDa protein. The ER-PDI was not retained on heparin-agarose resin whereas RB60 was retained. In vitro translation products of the RB60 cDNA can be transported into C. reinhardtii chloroplast in vitro. Immunoblot analysis of isolated pea chloroplasts indicated that higher plant also possess a RB60 homolog. In vitro RNA-binding studies showed that RB60 modulates the binding of cPABP to the 5'-UTR of the psbA mRNA by reversibly changing the redox status of cPABP using redox potential or ADP-dependent phosphorylation. Site-directed mutagenesis of -CGHC- catalytic site in thioredoxin-like domain of RB60 is an unique PDI located in the chloroplast of C. reinhardtii, and suggest that the chloroplast PDI may have evolved to utilize the redox-regulated thioredoxin like domain as a mechanism for regulating the light-activated translation of the psbA mRNA.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 1989

Alteration of intracellular calcium ion Concentration by adding of either calcium ionophore A23187 or EGTA in culture medium at 24 hr after cell plating resulted in remarkable changes in the progression of differentiation of chick embryo myoblast. When separated myoblast proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, synthesis patterns of several proteins changed upon the addition of either A23187 or EGTA. Treatment of A23187 and calciumactivated neutral protease at 24 hr after initial plating caused an increase in the rate of fusion compared to control culture. However, EGTA inhibited the myoblast fusion to a marked degree. A23187 treated at 24hr also increased the activity of protein kinase C during the fusionprogressed period. It seems that intracellular calcium ion plays an important role in the myoblast differentiation in vitro together with the protein kinase C and calcium-activated neutral protease.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.1182-1193
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• 2021

The aims of this study were to develop a milk protein-based probiotic delivery system using a modified rennet-induced gelation method and to determine how the skim milk powder concentration level and pH, which can affect the rennet-induced intra- and inter-molecular association of milk proteins, affect the physicochemical properties of the probiotic delivery systems, such as the particle size, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, and viability of probiotics in simulated gastrointestinal tract. To prepare a milk protein-based delivery system, skim milk powder was used as a source of milk proteins with various concentration levels from 3 to 10% (w/w) and rennet was added to skim milk solutions followed by adjustment of pH from 5.4 or 6.2. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was used as a probiotic culture. In confocal laser scanning microscopic images, globular particles with a size ranging from 10 ㎛ to 20 ㎛ were observed, indicating that milk protein-based probiotic delivery systems were successfully created. When the skim milk powder concentration was increased from 3 to 10% (w/w), the size of the delivery system was significantly (p < 0.05) increased from 27.5 to 44.4 ㎛, while a significant (p < 0.05) increase in size from 26.3 to 34.5 ㎛ was observed as the pH was increased from 5.4 to 6.4. An increase in skim milk powder concentration level and a decrease in pH led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the encapsulation efficiency of probiotics. The viability of probiotics in a simulated stomach condition was increased when probiotics were encapsulated in milk protein-based delivery systems. An increase in the skim milk powder concentration and a decrease in pH resulted in an increase in the viability of probiotics in simulated stomach conditions. It was concluded that the protein content by modulating skim milk powder concentration level and pH were the key manufacturing variables affecting the physicochemical properties of milk protein-based probiotic delivery systems.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.248-253
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• 1998

Bacteriophage N4, a lytic phage specific for Esherichia coli K12 strain encodes single-stranded DNA-binding protein, N4SSB (bacteriophage N4-coded single-stranded DNA-binding protein). N4SSB protein is originally identified as a protein required for N4 DNA replication. N4SSB protein is also required for N4 late transcription, which is catalyzed by E. coli ${\sigma}^{70}$ RNA polymerase. N4 late transcription does not occur until N4SSB protein is synthesized. Recently it is reported that N4SSB protein is essential for N4 DNA recombination. Therefore N 4SSB protein is a multifunctional protein required for N4 DNA replication, late transcription, and N4 DNA recombination. In this study, a variety of mutant N4SSB proteins containing internal deletions or substitutions were constructed to define and characterize domains important for N4 DNA replication, late transcription, and N4 DNA recombination. Test for the ill vivo activity of these mutant N4SSBs for N4 DNA replication, late transcription, and N4 DNA recombination was examined. The results suggest that C-terminal 7 amino acid residues are important for the activity of N4SSB. Three lysine residues, which are contained in this region play important roles on N4SSB activity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.491-500
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low protein diets added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood profiles of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. A total of 96 weaned pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) with average body weight (BW) of 6.99 ± 0.21 kg were used in a 20-week experiment. The dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments were as follows: In phase 1 (1-2 weeks), two protein levels as high protein (HP; 19.0%), low protein (LP; 17.0%), and three protease (PT) levels (PT0, 0%; PT1, 0.3%; and PT2, 0.5%); in phase 2 (3-4 weeks), protein levels (HP, 18.05%; LP, 16.15%) and protease levels (0%, 0.3%, and 0.5%); in phase 3 (5-12 weeks), protein levels (HP, 17.1%; LP, 15.3%) and protease level (0%, 0.15%, and 0.3%); in phase 4 (13-20 weeks), protein levels (HP, 16.15%; LP, 14.45%) and protease level (0%, 0.15%, and 0.3%). At 4 weeks and 20 weeks after treatment, BW was higher (p < 0.050) in the PT2 group than PT0 group. From weeks 0 to 4, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G/F) were higher (p = 0.006 and p = 0.014; p = 0.014 and p = 0.044, respectively) in the PT2 group than PT0 and PT1 groups. From weeks 16 to 20, ADG and G/F were higher (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009; p = 0.004 and p = 0.033, respectively) in the PT2 group than PT0 and PT1 groups. Crude protein (CP) digestibility was higher (p = 0.013, p = 0.014, and p = 0.035, respectively) in the low protein (LP) group than high protein (HP) group at weeks 4, 12, and 20. At weeks 4 and 20, the LP diet group had lower (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than the HP diet group. Therefore, a low CP diet added with protease could increase growth performance and CP digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1135-1142
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of heat treatment and soybean oil inclusion on protein oxidation of soy protein isolate (SPI) and of oxidized protein on redox status of broilers at an early age. Methods: SPI mixed with soybean oil (SPIO) heated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 8 h was used to evaluate protein oxidation of SPI. A total of two hundred and sixteen 1-day-old Arbor Acres chicks were divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates of 12 birds, receiving basal diet (CON), heat-oxidized SPI diet (HSPI) or mixture of SPI and 2% soybean oil diet (HSPIO) for 21 d, respectively. Results: Increased protein carbonyl, decreased protein sulfhydryl of SPI were observed as heating time increased in all treatments (p<0.05). Addition of 2% soybean oil increased protein carbonyl of SPI at 8 h heating (p<0.05). Dietary HSPI and HSPIO decreased the average daily gain of broilers as compared with the CON (p<0.05). Broilers fed HSPI and HSPIO exhibited decreased glutathione (GSH) in serum, catalase activity and total sulfhydryl in liver and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl in serum, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) in liver and protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa as compared with that of the CON (p<0.05). Additionally, broilers receiving HSPIO showed decreased glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) in serum, GSH and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity in liver, GSH-Px activity in duodenal mucosa, GSH-Px activity and superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity in jejunal mucosa and increased AOPPs in serum, MDA and protein carbonyl in liver, MDA and AOPPs in jejunal mucosa (p<0.05). Conclusion: Protein oxidation of SPI can be induced by heat and soybean oil and oxidized protein resulted in redox imbalance in broilers at an early age.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1.1-1.14
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• 2020

Background: Dietary protein requirements are dependent on a variety of factors and water temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting protein requirement of fish. This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate effects of water temperature on dietary protein requirement of fry Heteropneustes fossilis which has high demand in most of the Asian markets. Methods: Quadruplicate groups of 30 fish per treatment (2.97 ± 0.65 cm; 5.11 ± 0.34 g) were fed seven isoenergetic diets (17.9 kJ g^-1 gross energy; 14.99 kJ g^-1 digestible energy) containing dietary protein levels ranging from 28 to 52% at two water temperatures (18 and 26 ℃). Experimental diets were fed to apparent satiation as semi-moist cakes thrice daily at 17:00, 12:00, and 17:30 h for 12 weeks. For precise information, various growth parameters, protein deposition, hematological parameters, metabolic enzymes, and stress response were analyzed, and effects of water temperature on dietary protein requirement was recommended on the basis of response from above parameters. Results: Groups held at 26 ℃ attained best growth, feed conversion, and protein deposition at 44% dietary protein indicating that temperature affected dietary protein requirement for optimum growth of H. fossilis fry and protein requirement seems to be satisfied with 44% dietary protein. Interestingly, interactive effects of both dietary protein levels and temperature were not found (P > 0.05). Fish reared at 18 ℃ had comparatively higher values for aspartate and alanine transferases than those reared at 26 ℃ water temperature which exhibited normal physiological value for these enzymes indicating that body metabolism was normal at this temperature. Hematological parameters also followed same pattern. Furthermore, fish reared at 26 ℃ water temperature exhibited more resistant to thermal stress (P < 0.05). The 95% maximum plateau of protein deposition data using second-degree polynomial regression analyses exhibited dietary protein requirement of fry H. fossilis between 40.8 and 41.8% of diet at 26 ℃ water temperature. The recommended range of dietary protein level and protein/digestible energy ratio for fry H. fossilis is 40.8-41.8% and 27.21-27.88 mg protein kJ^-1 digestible energy, respectively. Conclusions: Information developed is of high significance for optimizing growth potential by making better utilization of nutrient at 26 ℃ and, to develop effective management strategies for mass culture of this highly preferred fish species.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.373-383
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• 2019

The objectives of this study were to compare the protein expression patterns and degrees and identify the protein function of disomic addition lines (DAs) in Leymus racemosus, in order to improve the quality of wheat. Upon SDS-PAGE, L. racemosus showed two major protein bands whereas Chinese Spring (CS) had four major protein bands of high molecular weight. The DA(s) generally showed a similar protein expression pattern to that of CS, because 42 chromosomes were from CS and two chromosomes were from L. racemosus. However, only the L.r[J] line showed two protein bands of between 15 and 20 kDa, like L. racemosus. Image analysis based on 2-DE revealed that L.r[F] had the most upregulated protein spots, whereas L.r[N] had the least upregulated protein spots. For L.r[I], the frequency of the downregulated protein spots was higher than that of the upregulated ones. Using MALDI-TOF MS, the protein function was identified for each protein spot on the 2-DE polyacrylamide gel. The protein spots were classified into 11 groups according to protein function. Among the 11 groups, most protein spots of the DA(s) were identified as proteins related to metabolism. Additionally, unique protein spots of the DA(s) were related to abiotic stressors such as cold and heat. Those proteins are useful for improving wheat quality with resistance against abiotic stressors.