• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.860-865
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• 1995

This study was conducted to extract and isolate the polysaccharides from buckwheat. Also the sugar composition of the polysaccharides was investigated. The soluble and indigestible polysaccharides were isolated from supernatant and residue after enzyme treatment of raw, roast and steam buckwheat. The yields of low molecular weight soluble polysaccharides(LMS-P: MW<10 Kda) and high molecular weight soluble polysaccharides(HMS-P: MW>10 Kda) were $74.9{\sim}84.2%$ and $5.5{\sim}9.4%$, respectively. The yields of indigestible polysaccharides were low molecular weight insoluble polysaccharides; $0.8{\sim}4.2%$, crude hemicellulose; $3.2{\sim}9.6%$, alcohol insoluble hemicellulose; $0.9{\sim}1.7%$, residue; $2.0{\sim}2.4%$, respectively. The free sugars were detected in the soluble polysaccharides and low molecular weight insoluble polysaccharides but were not detected in the crude hemicellulose, alcohol insoluble hemicellulose and residue. The protein of all fraction were detected and the content was $1.0{\sim}18.9%$. The main sugar of soluble polysaccharides was glucose and the indigestible polysaccharides were composed of glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose and galactose.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.431-437
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• 2016

Macrophages play a pivotal role in the innate and adaptive immune systems. This study investigated the immuno-modulatory activities of polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) in macrophages. Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum were extracted by the ethanol precipitation method. RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line was treated with CZPS (4 to $128{\mu}g/mL$), and there was no cytotoxicity at a dose below $32{\mu}g/mL$. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-$1{\beta}$) production in the CZPS treated group ($32{\mu}g/mL$) were $6.5{\pm}0.12{\mu}m$ (NO), $1252.8{\pm}79.85$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), $305.4{\pm}29.41$ (IL-6), and $683.3{\pm}59.71$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), respectively, and they were significantly increased when compared to the control group; $2.2{\pm}0.03{\mu}m$ (NO), $452.3{\pm}38.34$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), $31.7{\pm}5.75$ (IL-6), and $184.1{\pm}11.52$ (IL-$1{\beta}$). Additionally, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ expression were significantly increased upon CZPS treatment. Therefore, these results indicated that polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) may have a potential immunomodulatory activity in macrophages through MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling, and this information is useful for the development of immune enhancing adjuvant materials using a natural ingredient.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.127-131
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• 2004

This study was to study the antibacterial effect of Lignum sappan extract on S. mutans growth. The antibacterial activities of Lignum sappan's crude extract was measured 17.3 mm at 20 mg/ml concentration. The growth of S. mutans in control medium was the highest at 8hr, while the media of Lignum sappan extract added-medium (2 mg/ml) showed maximum growth at 16hr. The pH values of the control media was 5.08 at 8hr, but the media supplemented with Lignum sappan extract was 6.69 at 8hr. The amounts of total carbohydrate of the control media was 0.81 mg/ml at 8hr, but the media supplemented with Lignum sappan extract was 2.06 mg/ml at 8hr. In the protein change of culture medium, the control culture broth and the cultures supplemented with Lignum sappan extract was 8.39 mg/ml and 12.3 mg/ml at 8hr, respectively. The S. mutans polysaccharide contents of the control media and the media supplemented with Lignum sappan extract was 300 mg/100ml and 60 mg/100ml at 8hr, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 1991

Fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum have been used for most pharmacological studies, but pharmacological effects are likely variable because the habitats and strains of Ganoderma lucidum are different. Therefore, their fermentation is required to produce constant and reliable pharmacolo­gical constituents from Ganoderma lucidum. During the studies of medium for industrial application. it was found that ginseng root residues, remaining after being extracted with ethanol, were a good carbon source for a fermentation of Genoderma lucidum and a corn steep liquor was also economical for the nitrogen source. Yield of the mycelial cultured in ginseng root residues and corn steep liquor was 2.5 times higher than that in glucose and peptone, known as a conventional medium of Ganoderma lucidum. The polysaccharide content of the extracts from the cultured mycelia was higher than that from fruit bodies, but protein content was vice versa. Extracts of the cultured mycelia were more effective and lasting than extracts of the fruit bodies in decreased hypertention of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.4 s.75
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• pp.340-347
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• 1995

Polysaccharide FHW was extracted from the fruiting bodies of Fomitella fraxinea with hot-water treatment and then fractionated into FHW-I and FHW-II on DEAE-Cellulose chromatography. FHW-I and FCW-II were further purified into FHW-Ia and Ib, FHW-IIa and IIb on gel permeation chromatography, respectively. A small amount of uronic acid was detected and glucose, galactose, fucose, and mannose were found to be main sugars in the polysaccharides. Protein was detected in FHW-Ia, FHW-IIa, and FHW-IIb, but not in FHW-Ib. FHW-Ia was identified to be a fuco-gluco-mannogalactan with molecular weight of 19,000 and FHW-Ib was a gluco-fuco-mannogalactan of 15,000. FHW-IIa and FHW-IIb were galacto-mannoglucan and their molecular weights were estimated to be 31,000 and 9,000, respectively. Both FHW-Ib and FHW-IIb did not show an absorption band characteristic of the ${\beta}-glycosidic$ linkage in IR spectra. FHW-IIb showed a strong immuno-stimulating activity but the other three polysaccharides showed a weak activity.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.4 s.75
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• pp.285-297
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• 1995

Ganoderan, an immunomodulating ${\beta}-glucan$ of G. lucidum, induces potent antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing mice. The present study was set up to elucidate the chemical composition and bioactivities of ganoderan obtained from the mycelial fractionation of G. lucidum IY009. Ganoderan was isolated and purified from its extracellular, cell wall and cytoplasmic sources. These ganoderans were composed mainly of glucose. The cell wall-alkali soluble-water soluble fraction (CW-AS-WS) showed the highest antitumor activity (inhibition rate of 94%) in sarcoma-bearing mice and 37% of anticomplementary activity. The CW-AS-WS fraction was found to be approximately average 20,000 dalton in aq. 0.3N NaOH solution and composed of 88% carbohydrate and 4% protein. The carbohydrate of the CW-AS-WS was composed of 74% glucose. These results indicate that the ganoderans extracted from the mycelial fractionations of G. lucidum IY009 had different chemical characteristics and showed different potentiality in antitumor and anticomplementary activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1734-1744
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• 2019

Objective: In this study, two glycosidases (XMosidases), ${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase, were investigated on their in vitro hydrolysis activities of feed and on the improvement of growth performance in vivo in weanling pigs. Methods: Enzyme activities of XMosidases in vitro were evaluated in test tubes and simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion, respectively, in the presence of NSPase. In vivo study was performed in 108 weaned piglets in a 28-d treatment. Pigs were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with six replicate pens in each treatment. The three treatment groups were as follows: i) Control (basal diet); ii) CE (basal diets+CE); iii) CE-Xmosidases (basal diets+ CE+${\beta}$-xylosidase at 800 U/kg and ${\beta}$-mannosidase at 40 U/kg). CE was complex enzymes (amylase, protease, xylanase, and mannanase). Results: In vitro XMosidases displayed significant activities on hydrolysis of corn and soybean meal in the presence of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (xylanase and ${\beta}$-mannanase). In vitro simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion by XMosidases showed XMosidases achieved $67.89%{\pm}0.22%$ of dry matter digestibility and $63.12%{\pm}0.21%$ of energy digestibility at $40^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. In weanling pigs, additional XMosidases to CE in feed improved average daily gain, feed conversion rate (p<0.05), and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.01) and dry matter (p = 0.02). XMosidases also altered the gut bacterial diversity and composition by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria. Conclusion: Addition of a complex enzyme supplementation (contained xylanase, ${\beta}$-mannanase, protease and amylase), XMosidases (${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase) can further improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion of young pigs.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.402-409
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• 2002

The effects of protein-bound polysaccharides (A-PBP and L-PBP) that were extracted from the mycelia of two edible mushrooms, namely Agaricus blazai and Lentinus edodes, on serum cholesterol and body weight were investigated in mice and female volunteers. Six groups of Male Balb/c mice were fed six kinds of diet supplement- solutions composed of L-PBP, A-PBP, chitosan, and other fiber constituents, for 30 days under the normal diet. Ninety female volunteers were also supplemented for 8 weeks with six kinds of capsules including control and five test groups as the same manners (two times a day, 4 capsules). From 12 days after feeding of L-PBP (Group I) and A-PBP (Group II), the weight of mice began to reduce as compared with control, whereas that of Group III fed chitosan was decreased 15 days after feeding. Group W and Group V which were fed mixture of L-PBP, A-PBP, chitosan, and other dietary fiber, were more significant in lowering weight. After 4 weeks of the supplementation in women, their serum LDL-cholesterol level and body weights in Group I and II were reduced, but Croup 111 taken with chitosan capsule showed weaker effect than Group I and II. After 8 weeks, LDL-cholesterol content in the sera of Group I (132.5 mg/dL) and II(131.5 mg/dL) was decreased to ideal level (125.4 and 122.8 mg/dL) for healthy blood vessel. In the case of Group W supplemented with mixture of L-PBP, A-PBP, and chitosan, the weight-reduction effect (11.8%) and hypocholesterolemic effect (11.0%) was most significant, indicating their synergistic action. These data suggested that the weight-controlling and hypolipidemic effect of L-PBP and A-PBP was involved, at least in part, in absorption of cholesterol as their role of dietary fiber, as well as cholesterol metabolism.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.247-266
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• 2017

Cordyceps is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb well-known in China, Korea and Japan since B.C. 2,000. The original entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps sinensis belonging to the genus Cordyceps could not be found inside Korean peninsula due to the absence of the host insect for the corresponding entomogenous fungus. The development of artificial production methods of Korean type Cordyceps using the silkworm Bombyx mori as in vivo culture medium for the the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces tenuipes is the first, and wonderful occasion in the research history of insect industry of this global world. The aim of this article is to review the historical research background, mass-production methods, and pharmacological effects of the silkworm-dongchunghacho (Paecilomyces tenuipes) which is a newly developed Korean medicinal insect-borne mushroom, and another non-insect-borne medicinal mushroom (Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps pruinosa). Their biological actions include anti-tumor, immunostimulating, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombosis, hypolipidaemic and insecticidal effects. The bioactive principles are protein-bound polysaccharides (hexose, hexosamin), cordycepin, D-manitol, acidic polysaccharide etc. Protein-bound polysaccharides and n-butanol fractions were demonstrated to show a significant anti-tumor activities but did not show a cytotoxicities. D-mannitol exhibited a significant prolongation of the life span in tumor bearing mice. Ergosterol did not show an efficient anti-tumor activity, but showed a significant phagocytosis enhancing activity. Anti-tumor activity of silkworm-dongchunghacho might be attributed to immuno-stimulating activities rather than cytotoxic effects [164]. Also this review comprises the breeding of Dongchunghacho varieties, optimization of culture conditions, improvement of learning and memory by Dongchunghacho, application of them as foods and chemical constituents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.482-491
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• 1992

Experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of pH change and sodium alginate, gum karaya and gum arabic on the foaming properties of soy protein isolate (SPI). The surface tensions of SPI solution (5%) adding to gums at pH 4.0 and 5.0, near the isoelectric point (pH 4.5) were higher than those at pH 7.0 and 8.0. Specific viscosity of the solutions adding to gums (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) at pH 7.0 and 8.0 were $3.6{\sim}51.8$ and $4.0{\sim}51.2$, respectively. In cases of addition of sodium alginates specific viscosity were predominantly increased, while those of gum arabic did not almost increase. Addition of gums reduced the overrun, but it stabilized the foams, especially those of sodium alginates (0.2%) increased the foam stability at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0 by 57, 413 and 315%, respectively. Foaming ability, foam stability and heat stability of the foam were significantly (p<0.05) affected by changing pH. There was a tendency to increase the foaming ability according to the decrease of surface tension. Specific viscosity was also important in foam stability and heat stability.