• 제목/요약/키워드: Protection subjects

검색결과 365건 처리시간 0.031초

Utilities Market: The Sphere of Protection of Subjects

  • Dzhumageldiyeva, Gulnara;Zablodska, Inna;Yukhymenko-Nazaruk, Irina;Dovgaliuk, Vita;Suprunova, Irina;Gylka, Ulyana
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
    • /
    • 제21권3호
    • /
    • pp.266-274
    • /
    • 2021
  • The study covers three components of the facility for protecting public utilities market participants in the public utilities market: prevention of potential poverty, reduction of existing poverty and compensation to the injured party in a case of tort that exacerbates or threatens to exacerbate its poverty. The analysis is based on official statistical information on the activities of the public utilities sector. Operational information of public utility service providers regarding certain indicators of their activity in the work was not studied. This approach narrows the empirical basis of the study, but at the present stage in the context of different rates of implementation of changes in regions, sectors and at the level of individual entities, as well as lack of uniformity in the structure of indicators published by service providers, analysis allows to identify «bottlenecks» of legal regulation, which are systemic in nature and largely independent of the subjective factor.

Effect of a restaurant hygienic grade certificate program on consumer choices

  • Kim, Jae-il;Choi, Jinkyung
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
    • /
    • 제15권sup1호
    • /
    • pp.70-78
    • /
    • 2021
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has brought to light issues regarding personal and environmental cleanliness. Individuals may have concerns about cleanliness at food service establishments when they consume food prepared at a restaurant. In Korea, a new restaurant hygienic certificate system was implemented in 2017. The effect of this new system has not been evaluated. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study investigated consumers' perceptions of these new certificates using the protection motivation theory (PMT). An online survey was conducted to collect data and then exploratory factor analysis, analysis of variance, and multiple regression tests were run. RESULTS: The results of this study indicate that 3 different certificates had significant differences in threat (P < 0.001) and benefit (P < 0.001) perception. However, experience with a foodborne illness from a restaurant did not effect on the PMT variables. In addition, the 3-tier certificate did not motivate consumers to protect themselves against foodborne illnesses, while previous experiences of foodborne illness (P < 0.05), coping (P < 0.001), and benefits (P < 0.01) affected this protection motivation. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that consumers were not influenced by different certificate levels regarding their motivation to protect themselves from foodborne illnesses. Therefore, an improved plan should be initiated to clarify the meaning of these certificates. The results of this study can help the application and development of a new system for future adaptations.

미성년자 대상 임상시험에 관한 법적 문제점 (Legal Issues in Clinical Trial on Minor)

  • 송영민
    • 의료법학
    • /
    • 제17권2호
    • /
    • pp.125-144
    • /
    • 2016
  • 모든 형태의 임상시험은 시험 자체가 불확실하며, 리스크가 다양하므로 피험자를 보호하기 위한 제도가 완비되어 있어야 한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 현행 임상시험에 관한 법률은 약사법과 의료기기법에서 일정한 규정을 두고 있으나 이는 '의약행정'을 원활하게 수행하기 위한 법목적에 비추어 피험자 보호에는 일정한 한계가 있다. 더 나아가 미성년 피험자를 대상으로 하는 임상시험은 약사법 등에서 직접적인 규정을 두지 않고, '소아를 대상으로 하는 임상시험 평가 가이드라인'이나 '의약품임상시험관리기준' 등에서 일정 부분 규율하고 있으나 이는 법적 효력이 없는 권고사항이라는 점에서 일정한 한계가 있다. 미성년자 대상 임상시험에 대한 법흠결 문제는 인체침습의 정도 면에서 통상적인 의료행위의 경우보다 강한 장기이식법상의 미성년자 취급제도와 기타 외국법상의 미성년자 임상시험 제도를 검토함으로서 입법적 해결이 가능하다고 할 것이다. 그러나 근본적으로는 현행법 체계상 약사법, 의료기기법 기타 가이드라인을 중심으로 이루어지고 있는 임상시험 규율체계를 이른바 "피험자보호법"이라는 법률제정을 통해 해결하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다.

  • PDF

Water-blocking Asphyxia of N95 Medical Respirator During Hot Environment Work Tasks With Whole-body Enclosed Anti-bioaerosol Suit

  • Jintuo Zhu;Qijun Jiang;Yuxuan Ye;Xinjian He;Jiang Shao;Xinyu Li;Xijie Zhao; Huan Xu;Qi Hu
    • Safety and Health at Work
    • /
    • 제14권4호
    • /
    • pp.457-466
    • /
    • 2023
  • Background: During hot environment work tasks with whole-body enclosed anti-bioaerosol suit, the combined effect of heavy sweating and exhaled hot humid air may cause the N95 medical respirator to saturate with water/sweat (i.e., water-blocking). Methods: 32 young male subjects with different body mass indexes (BMI) in whole-body protection (N95 medical respirator + one-piece protective suit + head covering + protective face screen + gloves + shoe covers) were asked to simulate waste collecting from each isolated room in a seven-story building at 27-28℃, and the weight, inhalation resistance (Rf), and aerosol penetration of the respirator before worn and after water-blocking were analyzed. Results: All subjects reported water-blocking asphyxia of the N95 respirators within 36-67 min of the task. When water-blocking occurred, the Rf and 10-200 nm total aerosol penetration (Pt) of the respirators reached up to 1270-1810 Pa and 17.3-23.3%, respectively, which were 10 and 8 times of that before wearing. The most penetration particle size of the respirators increased from 49-65 nm before worn to 115-154 nm under water-blocking condition, and the corresponding maximum size-dependent aerosol penetration increased from 2.5-3.5% to 20-27%. With the increase of BMI, the water-blocking occurrence time firstly increased then reduced, while the Rf, Pt, and absorbed water all increased significantly. Conclusions: This study reveals respirator water-blocking and its serious negative impacts on respiratory protection. When performing moderate-to-high-load tasks with whole-body protection in a hot environment, it is recommended that respirator be replaced with a new one at least every hour to avoid water-blocking asphyxia.

중국 한단시 자연성지 내 노거수의 특성과 관리방안 (A Study on the Characteristics and Management Plan of Old Big Trees in the Sacred Natural Sites of Handan City, China)

  • 석소정;신현실
    • 한국전통조경학회지
    • /
    • 제41권2호
    • /
    • pp.35-45
    • /
    • 2023
  • 첫째, 본 연구는 지역 원림국이 집계한 한단시 노거수의 수종과 수령 등 기본 정보를 결합해 노거수의 공간적 분포 특징을 ArcGIS 그림으로 분석하였다. 수종의 유형, 수령분포, 소유권 현황, 성장세 및 다양성 현황을 종합적으로 분석하였다. 통계적으로 콩나무과의 회화나무속, 아카시아속, 쥐엄나무속, 자귀나무속이 다수의 비중을 차지하였고, 이중 회화나무은 가장 높은 비중을 차지하였다. 회화나무는 한단시 각 현 및 구에 이르기까지 널리 또한 집중적으로 군락을 이루어 분포되어 있었다. 수령 및 분포를 보면 1000년 이상의 노거수는 회화나무, 느티나무, 향나무, 산뽕나무, 황단나무, 쥐엄나무, 황련목, 측백나무가 주를 이루었다. 둘째, 각 유형의 노거수 현황에서 발견한 바와 같이 다양한 유형의 노거수의 현황을 조사한 결과, 한단시 노거수보호 관리 체계, 보호 관리 과정 및 보호 관리 이점을 연구하여 자연성지 보호 관리에서 한단시 노거수의 역할을 분석하여, 노거수의 보호는 주로 지역사회를 주체로 하는 문화, 신앙적 보호형태를 보이며 보호상태는 성장환경과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 현재 노거수 보호의 핵심 동력은 주로 노거수에 대한 숭배이다. 그 신성함을 노거수에 기탁하여 자연이 노거수에 부여한 자연적 성품을 사회 활동의 지도의식으로 승화시켜 자연의 '미(美)'와 인격의 '선(善)'이 잘 결합되어 있다. 노거수의 보호 상태는 주변 환경과의 상호 작용 정도 및 여러 문화 및 주체의 참여와 밀접한 관련이 있다. 장기간의 노거수 성장 과정에서 점차 주변 환경과 지속적으로 상호 작용하여 상향식 및 하향식의 교차 지역, 다문화 및 다중 주체가 참여하는 '자연-문화-경관' 시스템이 자발적으로 구축되는 과정에서 노거수를 중심으로 자연성지가 형성된 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 중국은 노거수보호와 회복 조치를 중점으로 하였지만, 노거수 자원의 관리 과정에서 노거수에 대한 역사, 문화적 가치, 식물 다양성 의의 및 사회적 가치에 대한 종합적인 고려가 부족하여 보호 관리시스템이 허술하다. 공간의 지역적 특징, 재산권 및 보호 상 특징, 가치상 특징의 세 가지 지표는 한단시 노거수의 자연성지 평가에 있어서 노거수를 중심으로 하여 자발적으로 형성 중인 자연성지를 발견할 수 있으며, 이는 전통 의식 관리, 자원 보호 실천, 신앙 체계 구축, 생명공동체 가치 실현 면에서 높은 가치가 있다. 이들을 장기간 보호하고 발전시킬 수 있는지에 대해서는 체계적인 관리 체계가 뒷받침되어야 한다. 넷째, 현재 중국에서는 보호 구역에 대한 인식이 아직 성숙하지 않아 '자연성지'는 자연보호구역 체계가 구축되는 과정에서 중요한 연구 내용으로 다루어야 한다. 상향식 지역사회 참여를 주체로 하는 자연성지 관리 형태는 현재 중국의 하향식 자연보호구역 관리 유형에 대한 강력한 보완이다. 이를 기초로 하여 노거수 보호를 자연보호구역 체계에서 천연기념물이라는 자연보호구역 형태에 포함해야 한다. 또한 자연보호구역 주변 지역 주민도 생물 다양성 보전의 주체 중 하나가 되어야 한다.

통합 환경체험 프로그램이 초등학생의 환경태도에 미치는 영향 (The Effects of Integrated Environmental Experience Program on Environmental Attitude of Elementary Schoolers)

  • 김찬기;최성봉
    • 한국환경과학회지
    • /
    • 제19권12호
    • /
    • pp.1409-1419
    • /
    • 2010
  • Recently, Korea's interest in environment protection is increasingly growing, and Korea realizes the seriousness of environmental pollution and national movement to minimize the effect is arising. As part of the movement, the need of environmental education in elementary schools is on the rise. This study aims to develop integrated environmental experience programs allowing students to have experience activities in forests, rivers, and seas that they can approach easily around them and to have environmental education through various plays. In addition, the study purposes to compare general educational education programs in actual education in terms of the effect of the program on students' environment attitudes. This study was conducted to 50 fourth graders in two classes of S elementary school in Busan, and the 25-student comparative group had the normal educational education program that is mostly being performed in actual education while the 25-student treatment group had the survey on environmental attitude after a class using an integrated environmental experience program. The survey content is about environmental attitudes, and it consists of six subjects such as general environment, environmental pollution, energy, water resources, recycling, and animal protection and has 7 or 8 items by each subject which is divided into eight sub-items including sensibility, belief, values, spontaneity, criticism, patience, attention and interest. The findings are as follows. First, the integrated environmental experience program has a more positive effect on environmental attitudes than the general educational program. In particular, it is really effective about the topic of animal protection among students' environmental attitudes. Second, the integrated environmental experience program has a more positive effect on values and interests than the general environmental education program.

한국인 임산부의 흉부 후-전 방향 방사선검사 시 적절한 차폐막 높이 (Optimal Height of Shielding Plate of Radiation in Posteroanterior Chest Radiography for Pregnant Women on Korea)

  • 주영철;김규형
    • 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
    • /
    • 제41권2호
    • /
    • pp.97-102
    • /
    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for reducing unnecessary radiation dose to the abdomen and fetus of pregnant women by presenting proper height of shielding protector for efficient abdominal shielding in chest PA examination of Korean pregnant women. The subjects of this study were 288 persons who were eligible for this study among 798 pregnant women who had chest PA examination from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016 Retrospective study was performed. Measurements was performed from the apex of the right and left lungs to costophrenic angle of the right and left lungs and to the lowest costophrenic angle among the right and left lungs at the top of the image(this line called Joo's line in this study). The mean of the right and left lung height of pregnant women were 259.09 mm and 263.57 mm, respectively. Also, the average height of the Joo's line designed by the researcher for proper abdominal radiation protection was 322.15 mm. For proper and efficient abdominal radiation protection for pregnant women, it is necessary to adjust the shielding according to the height of the pregnant woman. It is appropriate that the height of the shielding protector should be adjusted so that the upper part of the shield is located at 342.30 mm below from upper part of the detector.

투자자-국가 분쟁해결(ISDS)의 대상이 된 투자자 보호원칙에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Investor Protection Principle as a Legal Basis of Investor - State Dispute Settlement(ISDS))

  • 김경배
    • 한국중재학회지:중재연구
    • /
    • 제19권1호
    • /
    • pp.121-145
    • /
    • 2009
  • South Korea has investment agreements such as FTAs, BITs with several countries. Up to now, no single case has been registered against the Korean government on breach of investment agreements, but it is likely that the number of such cases would increase. Therefore, an investor-state dispute settlement system, an arbitral procedure by which a foreign investor may seek compensation of damage against the host country, is gaining its importance. The provision of the ISDS has been one of the hottest issues in Korea while the Kor-US FTA was being signed. In this respect, with the growing number of regional agreements such as BITs and FTAs, a careful scrutiny on the ISDS is necessary for Korea. I have therefore studied theoretically subjects including the National Treatment(NT), the Most-Favored Nation(MFN), Fair and Equitable Treatment and Expropriation - those that have been the objects of protection on investors. And I have analyzed ICSID arbitral awards and provided implications. In the ICSID arbitral awards, the Fair and Equitable Treatment turned out to be the most recognized violation on investors by the host State in terms of investor protection. On the other hand, Indirect Expropriation - a matter of which public anxiety was shown led by civic groups - was not generally recognized in arbitral awards. This study is written for sake of governments, local autonomous entities and public enterprises that are in charge of FTAs and BITs.

  • PDF

윤리소비의식이 재활용 의류제품 구매태도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Effects of Ethical Consumption Consciousness on Purchase Attitude of Consumers - Focused on Recycled Apparel -)

  • 차가영;김문영
    • 복식
    • /
    • 제64권5호
    • /
    • pp.125-140
    • /
    • 2014
  • This study aims to investigate the effects of ethical consumption consciousness on the attitude of consumers toward purchasing recycled apparel and suggest guidelines to improve awareness and induce purchase on recycled and eco-friendly apparel. The following steps were taken: 1) examination of the status of consumer consciousness on recycled apparel and their usage 2) investigation of how ethical consumption consciousness affects purchase attitude of recycled apparel 3) finding out whether purchase experience of recycled apparel makes a difference in ethical consumption consciousness and purchase attitude. 311 males and females living in the Daegu region were used as subjects. Questionnaires were distributed for around 2 weeks for data collection. A total of 298 surveys were used for analysis due to the other thirteen being excluded for not having quality responses. Collected data were used to perform frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive, regression analysis by using SPSS 18.0 Korean version. Results are as follows: First, regarding the status of consumer consciousness on recycled apparel and their usage, respondents considered convenience as an important factor. On the contrary, factors such as usage, participation intention and positive attitude on recycled apparel were relatively high. Second, regarding how ethical consumption consciousness affects purchase attitude on recycled apparel, the analysis result showed that having consciousness for environmental protection and volunteering significantly affected purchase attitude toward recycled apparel whereas business ethics did not affect it. Third, the responses from the consumers with purchase experience of recycled apparel and consumers without it showed that being conscious of environmental protection significantly affected both groups.

아동 이용자에게 특화된 온라인 개인정보보호 이슈 : 사례연구를 중심으로 (Protecting Children's Online Privacy : Privacy Issues and Its Implications)

  • 나종연;조은선;이승은
    • 디지털융복합연구
    • /
    • 제18권10호
    • /
    • pp.23-31
    • /
    • 2020
  • 최근 아동들의 온라인 활동에 대한 참여가 활발해짐에 따라 아동을 대상으로 하는 온라인 서비스 역시 빠르게 증가하고 있음에도 불구하고, 아동들은 그들의 보호받아 마땅한 권리를 충분히 보장받고 있지 못하다. 본 연구는 아동이 주로 이용하는 앱서비스를 대상으로 현황 및 사례 조사를 통해 국내 아동 개인정보보호에 관련한 이슈를 유형화하여 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 아동의 개인정보보호에 관한 현황을 살펴보고 국내외 법제도에 근거하여 이슈를 도출했다. 연구 결과, 아동 식별의 이슈, 고지 및 동의의 실효성 이슈, 정보주체로서 아동의 권익 이슈 등이 도출되었다. 현황분석을 통해 살펴본 온라인 환경에서의 아동 개인정보 관련 내용을 바탕으로 정책적 시사점을 도출하고 개선방안 등을 제언하였다.