• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

Developments of radioprotective agents are important issues for minimizing the troubles and the effective treatments in radiotherapy. But few agents are useful in clinical and practical fields. It was shown that trace elements in alcohol beverages might have radioprotective effect. In this study, the types of cell death of lymphocytes according to the commercial alcohol beverage was investigated. Normal healthy volunteers ingested distilled water, beer or soju containing $81.5mg{\cdot}dl^{-1}$ ethyl ahcohol, respectively. After 2 hours, their blood were sampled with their consents. Fraction of lymphocytes was isolated by density gradient method with Histopaque-1077 (Sigma) and irradiated with dose from 0.5 to 5 Gy. After 60 hour incubation, the cells were harvested and analysed by flow cytometry. Cell viability was decreased by dose dependent manner. Cell viability of beer group was reduced about 15% compared with control group. Apoptosis in soju group was reduced about 20% compared with control group. Apoptosis of beer and control groups are similar. Necrosis of soju group significantly increased about 35% compared with control group. Early apoptosis of beer group was increased compared with control group. Early apoptosis of soju group was decreased about 25% compared with control group. Late apoptosis of beer and control group was increased by dose dependent manner. Late apoptosis of soju group was increased about 20-30% compared with control group. Late apoptosis of soju was increased and the radioprotective effect of soju was minimal because late apoptosis induced the cell necrosis. In case of soju trace elements, total cell apoptosis was decreased about 20% and early cell apoptosis was remarkably low. In this case, mitotic cells death may be dominant mechanism. Therefore, trace elements in soju may not be effective radioprotective agents.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.118-126
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• 2019

Background: Government conducts environmental radioactivity surveillance for verification purpose around nuclear facilities based on the Nuclear Safety Law and issues a surveillance report every year. This study aims to evaluate the short and the long-term fluctuation of radionuclides detected above MDC and their origins using concentration ratios between these radionuclides. Materials and Methods: Sample media for verification surveillance are air, rainwater, groundwater, soil, and milk for terrestrial samples, and seawater, marine sediment, fish, and seaweed for marine samples. Gamma-emitting radionuclides including $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, $^3H$, and $^{14}C$ are evaluated in these samples. Results and Discussion: According to the result of the environmental radioactivity verification surveillance in the vicinity of nuclear power facilities in 2017, the anthropogenic radionuclides were not detected in most of the environmental samples except for the detection of a trace level of $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, and $^{131}I$ in some samples. Radioactivity concentration ratios between the anthropogenic radionuclides ($^{137}Cs/^{90}Sr$, $^{137}Cs/^{239+240}Pu$, $^{90}Sr/^{239+240}Pu$) were similar to those reported in the environmental samples, which were affected by the global fallout of the past nuclear weapon test, and Pu atomic ratios ($^{240}Pu/^{239}Pu$) in the terrestrial sample and marine sample showed significant differences due to the different input pathway and the Pu source. Radioactive iodine ($^{131}I$) was detected at the range of < $5.6-190mBq{\cdot}kg-fresh^{-1}$ in the gulfweed and sea trumpet collected from the area of Kori and Wolsong intake and discharge. A high level of $^3H$ was observed in the air (Sangbong: $0.688{\pm}0.841Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$) and the precipitation (Meteorology Post: $199{\pm}126Bq{\cdot}L^{-1}$) samples of the Wolsong nuclear power plant (NPP). $^3H$ concentration in the precipitation and pine needle samples showed typical variation pattern with the distance and the wind direction from the stack due to the gaseous release of $^3H$ in Wolsong NPP. Conclusion: Except for the detection of a trace level of $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, and $^{131}I$ in some samples, anthropogenic radionuclides were below MDC in most of the environmental samples. Overall, no unusual radionuclides and abnormal concentration were detected in the 2017's surveillance result for verification. This research will be available in the assessment of environment around nuclear facilities in the event of radioactive material release.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.27-34
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• 2011

In this paper, it was presented a design on the dynamic multimedia fingerprinting code for anti-collusion code(ACC) in the protection of multimedia content. Multimedia fingerprinting code for the conventional ACC, is designed with a mathematical method to increase k to k+1 by transform from BIBD's an incidence matrix to a complement matrix. A codevector of the complement matrix is allowanced fingerprinting code to a user' authority and embedded into a content. In the proposed algorithm, the feature points were drawing from a content which user bought, with based on these to design the dynamical multimedia fingerprinting code. The candidate codes of ACC which satisfied BIBD's v and k+1 condition is registered in the codebook, and then a matrix is generated(Below that it calls "Rhee matrix") with ${\lambda}+1$ condition. In the experimental results, the codevector of Rhee matrix based on a feature point of the content is generated to exist k in the confidence interval at the significance level ($1-{\alpha}$). Euclidean distances between row and row and column and column each other of Rhee matrix is working out same k value as like the compliment matrices based on BIBD and Graph. Moreover, first row and column of Rhee matrix are an initial firing vector and to be a forensic mark of content protection. Because of the connection of the rest codevectors is reported in the codebook, when trace a colluded code, it isn't necessity to solve a correlation coefficient between original fingerprinting code and the colluded code but only search the codebook then a trace of the colluder is easy. Thus, the generated Rhee matrix in this paper has an excellent robustness and fidelity more than the mathematically generated matrix based on BIBD as ACC.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.106-119
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• 2016

Flood risk map, flood damage map, disaster information map, inundation trace map are involved with the cartographic analysis of flood inundation based on prevention, preparation, restoration, response from natural disasters such as flood, flooding, etc. In this study, the analysis for channel and basin characteristics Chungju dam to Paldang dam of South han river after four river project. Flood scenario is selected to take advantage of design flood level of schematic design for river. Flood inundation of one dimensional non-uniform flow by using HEC-RAS with basin characteristics is accomplished and two dimensional unsteady flow was interpreted by using FLUMEN. Frequency analysis is carried out about each abundance of South han river for 100 year period, 200 year period and 500 year period. Flooding disaster area of 100 year period on 0.5m damage functions is 2378.8ha, 200 year period on 0.5m damage functions is 3155.2ha, 500 year period on 0.5m damage functions is 3995.3ha respectively. It will be significant data for decision making to establish inundation trace map for providing basic plan for river maintenance, land use plan, flood protection plan, application plan and getting information of flood expectation area.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.163-170
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• 2020

Background: Gut microflora contributes to the nutritional metabolism of the host and to strengthen its immune system. However, if the intestinal barrier function of the living body is destroyed by radiation exposure, the intestinal bacteria harm the health of the host and cause sepsis. Therefore, this study aims to trace short-term radiation-induced changes in the mouse gut microflora-dominant bacterial genus, and analyze the degree of intestinal epithelial damage. Materials and Methods: Mice were irradiated with 0, 2, 4, 8 Gy X-rays, and the gut microflora and intestinal epithelial changes were analyzed 72 hours later. Five representative genera of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were analyzed in fecal samples, and the intestine was pathologically analyzed by Hematoxylin-Eosin and Alcian blue staining. In addition, DNA fragmentation was evaluated by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results and Discussion: The small intestine showed shortened villi and reduced number of goblet cells upon 8 Gy irradiation. The large intestine epithelium showed no significant morphological changes, but the number of goblet cells were reduced in a radiation dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the small intestinal epithelium of 8 Gy-irradiated mice showed significant DNA damaged, whereas the large intestine epithelium was damaged in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the large intestine epithelium showed less recovery potential upon radiation exposure than the small intestinal epithelium. Analysis of the intestinal flora revealed fluctuations in lactic acid bacteria excretion after irradiation regardless of the morphological changes of intestinal epithelium. Altogether, it became clear that radiation exposure could cause an immediate change of their excretion. Conclusion: This study revealed changes in the intestinal epithelium and intestinal microbiota that may pave the way for the identification of novel biomarkers of radiation-induced gastrointestinal disorders and develop new therapeutic strategies to treat patients with acute radiation syndrome.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

A number of investigators have reported the formation of the radiolytic ultrafine particles produced by the interaction of ionizing radiation with water vapor. Previous studies have suggested that a very high localized concentration of the OH radical produced by the radiolysis of water can react with trace gas like organic vapors and produce lower vapor pressure compounds that can then nucleate. In order to determine water vapor dependence of the active, positively charged, first radon daughter(Po-218), an experiment was conducted using a well-controlled radon chamber. The activity size distribution of the radon daughter in the range of 0.5-100nm was measured using the parallel graded wire screens system. Measurements were taken for different relative humidity. The resultant activity size distributions were analyzed. The addition of water vapor to the radon carrier gases resulted in the formation of ultrafine particles by OH radicals formed by radon radiolysis. It may be due to the neutralization of charged Po-218 ion with water vapor through the radio lysis.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.121-126
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• 2008

Radioactivities of the stack air effluents from the Advance Fuel Science Building (AFSB) at KAERI have been investigated and evaluated. In this AFSB, nuclear fuels for the HANARO research reactor have been fabricated and the advanced nuclear fuels have been studied. A stack air monitoring system has been continuously operating to monitor the stack air effluents from the facility to protect the environment. As the results of the periodical radioactivity measurement and both the gamma and alpha spectrometry for the millipore filters taken from the stack air monitor from January until March 2008, a trace amount of primordial $^{40}K$ and the short-lived decay products of natural borne $^{222}Rn$ and $^{220}Rn$ have been detected. However, the radioactivities have rapidly decayed to the level below the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) of the counting system. Therefore, it was evaluated that no uranium isotopes have been released to the atmosphere from the stack of the AFSB at KAERI.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 1987

The manganous sulphate bath method is widely used for measurements of neutron source strength. In this study, the analytical chemistry method based on the argon supported inductively coupled plasmas emission spectrometry was used for examining the impurity contents of domestic $MnSO_4{\cdot}H_2O$ the product of Chemical Industry, to induce $^{55}Mn(n,{\gamma})^{56}$ Mn reactions. From the analytical results, mainly potassium, cobalt, and zinc as well as trace amounts of cadmium, lithium, etc. have turned out to be the relevant impurities absorbing the neutrons, and the fraction of neutrons absorbed by the total impurities was calculated. The value obtained was about 1.37% of the neutrons captured by manganese.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2010

To provide baseline information essential for assessing environmental impacts of monsoon rainfalls in a mountainous watershed under mixed land use, we investigated spatiotemporal variations in water quality using a combined approach of seasonal water quality survey and intensive storm samplings. Biannual water sampling at nine locations encompassing major land use types showed generally lower electrical conductivity and Cl- concentrations during the typical wet period compared to the dry period, indicating rainfall-induced dilution of dissolved ions. Total metal concentrations, however, were significantly higher during the monsoon period, probably associated with rainfall-induced increases in suspended sediments. Intensive storm sampling during a small monsoon rainfall event (18 mm) and an extreme event (452 mm) showed rapid changes in both suspended sediments and dissolved solutes in an agricultural stream draining the Haean Basin where arable lands have expanded rapidly over the recent decades. By contrast, a nearby forest stream derived from North Korea showed little responses to the small event compared to larges changes during the extreme event. In the agricultural stream total Pb concentrations showed significant positive relationships with suspended sediments. Although limited sampling frequency and locations require a cautious interpretation, the overall results suggest that expansion of agricultural fields in steep mountainous watersheds can increase the susceptibility of soil erosion and its off-site environmental impacts under increasing rainfall variability and extremes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.21-25
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the safety assessment of a water purifier when water leaks due to inappropriate maintenance and the examination of the cause of accidents related to the leak. Due to its inspection and management by non-specialists, if a leak occurs in a water purifier with the water level controller being inclined, it may result in the failure of the compressor, power supply line, PCB, etc. The analysis of the thermal diffusion pattern of water purifier compressors using a thermal image camera shows that its maximum temperature was approximately $80^{\circ}C$. In addition, its operating current was a maximum of 13 A and the system's operating current was approximately 1.7 A after the compressor was charged. It was found that the housing type power cable cover of the compressor had the effect of preventing electric shock but has poor flame resistance. Furthermore, the performance of the overload protector, PTC relays, etc., was excellent but they have potential for problems as metallic terminals were exposed, resulting in the potential of a safety related accident. The terminals and their surface damaged by the tracking showed a trace of carbonization and the resistance between terminals was measured to be approximately $8{\Omega}$. In addition, while the tracking was proceeding, the fuse and circuit breaker installed for system protection did not operate.