• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.34
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• pp.77-108
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• 2007

The traditional name given to the insurance of third party liabilities and certain contractual liabilities which arise in connection with the operation of ships is protection and indemnity(P & I) insurance. P & I insurance is very different from traditional hull and machinery insurance in that shipowners' hull and machinery insurance is designed primarily to protect the assured against losses to his vessel, whereas P & I insurance seeks to indemnify an shipowner in respect of the discharge of legal liabilities he has incurred in operating his own vessels. This study is to examine the background of establishment of British P & I clubs md, therefore, the identity of P & I insurance. The present British P & I clubs are the remote descendants of the many small and local hull mutual insurance clubs that were formed by British shipowners in the end of 18th century. At that time, British shipowners were dissatified with the state of marine insurance market and, therefore, established clubs together in mutual hull insurance clubs. After the removal of the company monopoly in 1824, greater competition had a good effect on the rates, terms of cover and service offered by the commercial marine insurance market and by Lloyd's underwriters, and the hull clubs became less necessary and went into decline. The burden of British shipowners on liabilities to third parties was steadily increased after the middle of the 19th century, but the amount insured under hull policy was limited in the insured value of the ship. Eventually, the first protection club, that is, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society was formed in 1855. It was designed to like past mutual hull clubs, but to cover liabilities for loss of life and personal injury and also the collision risks excluded from the current marine policies, particularly the excess above the limits in hull policies. In 1870, the risks of liability for loss of or damage to cargo carried on board the insured ship was first awarded by the British shipowners. After 1874, many protection clubs formed indemnity club to cover the risk of liability for loss or damage to cargo. As mentioned above, British P & I clubs have been steadily changed according to the response of shipowners under the rapidly changing law of British shipowners' liability, and so on in the future.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.165-173
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• 2009

As the Performance Based Fire Protection Design is legislated, studies on a fire and evacuation are actively in progress. The Performance Based Fire Protection Design should be developed toward enlarging the Life safety. In addition, the Performance Based Fire Protection Design shall not merely review the aspects of fire fighting but it shall also include regulations pertaining to evacuation stipulated in laws and regulations for buildings. This study performed an evacuation time prediction based on OO Night Club, one of the multiplex use facilities located in Gwang-ju Metropolitan City in order to suggest as a referential data for the Performance Based Fire Protection Design implementation. To do this, I investigated domestic and foreign regulations and research papers related to evacuation and went to visit the actual site and collected materials. The collected data was then used as ones to input in Simulex, an evacuation program to measure evacuation time. The collected data was then used as data to input in Simulex, an evacuation program to measure evacuation time. Through this particular research and results, the study was able to suggest a few concerning areas.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2011

Early blight of potato, caused by Alternaria solani, is a ubiquitous disease in many countries around the world. Our previous screening of several Iranian potato cultivars found that significant variation in resistance phenotypes exists between two cultivars: resistant 'Diamond' and susceptible 'Granula'. Our previous analysis of five different pathogen isolates also identified varying degrees of aggressiveness regardless of the host cultivar. Here, a bioassay was used to study the role of liquid culture exudates produced in vitro on pathogenicity and elicitation of disease symptomology in seedlings as well as detached leaves. Responses of host genotypes to the exudates of the two A. solani isolates were significantly different. Detached leaves of the resistant cultivar 'Diamond' elicited fewer symptoms to each isolate when compared to the susceptible cultivar 'Granula'. Interestingly, the phytotoxicity effect of the culture filtrate from the more aggressive isolate A was higher than from isolate N suggesting an increased concentration or strength of the toxins produced. Our results are significant because they indicate a correlation between symptoms elicited by A. solani phytotoxins and their aggressiveness on the host.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.88-101
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• 2011

This study aims to address the current status of ESD(Education for Sustainable Development) in Korean universities since UN DESD was launched in 2005, and to explore the possibilities and challenges in them. For this purpose we conducted questionnaire surveys and case studies on members of university communities which were engaged in green campus activities or interested in SD and ESD. Results of questionnaire surveys showed that most of those who answered the questionnaire were well aware of SD, but had comparatively low understanding of ESD. The highest number of respondents answered that since 2005 they had newly opened courses on SD or ESD, or added contents on SD or ESD to existing ones. Ratio of network participation among ESD-related universities was over 30%, and they appeared to have the highest partnership ratio with NGOs. Not many universities had policies for sustainable school management, and 'green space conservation and ecosystem protection' and 'energy and resource saving campaign and monitoring' were most common sustainable environment protection activities. Through case studies on eight universities, it was discovered that ESD programs in universities took various forms such as whole-university approaches, participatory courses and club activities. We suggest that it is needed to make efforts to find out good examples of ESD in Korean universities and share the results with university leaders, professors and staffs for further development of ESD.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.513-523
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to develop house caddie uniforms design which reflects the CI and image of 'Golfzon County Sunwoon', a representative golf course in the Honam circle, to enhance a positive image of a golf course and improve house caddies' service quality and their working efficiency. Study methods were as follows. In literature review, the domestic golf industry, golf culture, and house caddie uniforms as one of golf course CI elements were investigated. In empirical study, the formativeness of domestic golf course CI and house caddie uniforms was analyzed. Then, house caddie uniforms were developed using CI which is the symbolic element of a golf course. A concept for uniforms design development was 'Golf & Culture Communication' to symbolically represent an image of IT-based total golf culture club. It was limited to female uniforms design for spring or autumn that is high in application. A symbol and a logo which are symbolic elements of a golf course were freely worn in the form of a brooch. Symbolism and practicality were reinforced using PB(v), R(v), YR(v), and Y(vp) colors only for a golf course. Functionality was improved by using UV protection materials and aesthetics was expressed by reflecting 2014-15 F/W trends.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.156-165
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare men's hair style preference by gender according to occassion. Data were collected through a survey of 149 males and 175 females and analyzed by SPSS packages. The results of this study were as follows : 1) Male prefers to short, straight and black hair while female prefers to shot, nature wave and black hair. 2) Both male and female don't prefer to permanent and hair dyeing. 3) On the occasion of job interview, both male and female prefer to short, straight and black hair. On the occasion of blind date, male prefers to short, straight and black hair while female prefers to short, natural wave and natural brown hair. On the occasion of matchmaker meeting for marriage, male prefers to short, straight and black hair while female prefers to short, natural wave and dark brown hair. On the occasion of club party, male prefers to middle length, straight and black hair while female prefers middle length, natural wave and natural brown hair. On the occasion of leasure time, male prefers to short, straight and black hair while female prefers to short, natural wave and natural brown hair. And both male and female prefer to use hats for skin protection during outdoor leasure time.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.364-370
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• 2013

This research helps secure the safety of snow boarders in an activity that is currently recognized as a minor specific hobby. The research goal is to develop a new board wear product with intensified safety and activity through the development of a safe and convenient snowboard wear that is wearable in ordinary life. The participants consisted of 31 snowboard club members evaluated from January 12 to January 19 at Eden-valley Ski Resort and Phoenix-park Resort in Korea. The result are as follows. First, what domestic snowboard wear consumers consider design difference and brand recognition a significant priority in choosing snowboard wear versus the functionality or safety of clothes. Second, concerning the evaluation of the developed product, they recognize the necessity of safety gear; however, they demand the convenient use of a safety gear with a fixation that can be attached and detached. A unity-type board wear was developed that enables an attachment and detachment that reflects the evaluation results. In conclusion, this research showed various market possibility of board wear into sports casual wear to be able to make it a fashion product through different design and demand of mixing it with general wear rather than functionality or activity, though board wear is a professional sports wear.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.81-86
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• 2014

The development in IT technology has brought about various services that are on offer based on a new service model. But such new services have increased security risks. The government is operating a program to foster experts in information security to protect assets from the threat of such risks, too. Society's awareness on the importance of information security has also grown, leading to various courses to train such personnel, including membership clubs for the fostering of such specialists. This study seeks to suggest a method that efficiently manages the convergence of running a curriculum on ISMS(information security management systems) and a club that focuses on information protection. Such converged information security courses are expected to contribute to a safer IT-based society.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.260-267
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• 2015

The $PM_{10}$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ mass concentrations were obtained over five years from monitoring stations across Nanchong, a southwest city in China. Changes in urban air quality over time, as well as the factors influencing that change, were evaluated based on air pollutant concentrations, the Air Pollution Index (API), and the Comprehensive Pollution Index (P). The results showed that the total annual mean $PM_{10}$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ concentrations over the five years studied were $61.1{\pm}1.1$, $45.0{\pm}3.9$ and $34.9{\pm}4.9{\mu}g{\cdot}m^{-3}$, respectively. The annual mean concentrations displayed a generally decreasing trend; lower than the annual mean second-level air quality limit. Meanwhile, the annual mean API values were in a small range of 52-53, the air quality levels were grade II, and P values were 1.06-1.21 less than the slight level ($P{\leq}1.31$). Total monthly mean $PM_{10}$, $SO_2$, $NO_2$ concentrations, and API and P values were consistently higher in winter and spring than during autumn and summer. The results of a correlation analysis showed that temperature and pressure were the major meteorological factors influencing pollution levels. Pollution sources included industrial coal and straw burning, automobiles exhaust and road dust, fireworks, and dust storms.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.145-181
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• 2013

General aviation is an integral part of civil aviation and involves the widest range of aviation segments except commercial aviation. Featured with different operational procedures and practices to satisfy the economic needs and safety requirements of a sovereign state, general aviation tends to be regulated by an individual state. The last three decades have seen exponential growth of commercial air transport in China, but its general aviation sector has remained disproportionally underdeveloped. With the deepening of the reform of low-altitude airspace, the sector is poised for a radical change and rapid growth. However, legislation governing general aviation activities in China is distorted causing inconsistency and confusions in their application and implementation. This paper aims to analyse China's prevailing legislation regulating general aviation activities. It first discusses the various definitions adopted by ICAO and its member states and reviews the development of general aviation in the US, EU, Australia and China. It then examines the sources of China's general aviation laws, e.g. Chicago Convention and its annexes, and Chinese domestic legislature which covers legislation, laws, directives, rules and procedures. The paper continues to analyse and establish the deficiencies of its prevailing legal framework by pointing out the following: variation of definitions in different regulations, inconsistency of principles in existing laws and regulations, legal vacuum concerning government subsidy, environment protection, safety and security, and other operational areas such as aerial club, sightseeing, and search and rescue. In this process, the paper argues that a coherent, consistent and systematic legal framework is required in order to ensure fair competition and safety for a healthy, progressive and sustainable general aviation growth. Suggestions for rectification and improvement are proposed.