• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2013

The collared scops owl that occurs in Korea is a protected species but its exact specific status has been questioned. To resolve the species status, a molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted using two fragments of mitochondrial DNA, cytochrome b (cyt b, 891 bp) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2, 627 bp) genes. Phylogenetic trees of cyt b revealed that all Korean specimens formed a monophyletic group with Japanese scops owl Otus semitorques with very low sequence divergence (d=0.008). We obtained a similar ND2 tree as well (d=0.003); however, the genetic distance between Korean individuals and O. lempiji from GenBank (AJ004026-7, EU348987, and EU601036) was very high and sufficient enough to separate them as species (cyt b, d=0.118; ND2, d=0.113). We also found that Korean species showed high differentiation from O. bakkamoena (AJ004018-20 and EU601034; cyt b, d=0.106; ND2, d=0.113) and O. lettia (EU601109 and EU601033, cyt b, d=0.110; ND2, d=0.117) as well. Therefore, we suggest that the Korean collared scops owl should be designated as Otus semitorques.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.28-38
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• 2008

The purpose of this study are to compare existing presence-absence predictive models and to predict suitable habitat for Goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus raddeanus) that is an endangered and protected species in Seoraksan national park using the best model among existing predictive models. The methods of this study are as follows. First, 375 location data and 9 environmental data layers were implemented to build a model. Secondly, 4 existing presence-absence models : Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Generalized Addictive Model (GAM), Classification and Regression Tree (CART), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were tested to predict the Goal habitat. Thirdly, ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) and Kappa statistics were used to calculate a model performance. Lastly, we verified models and created habitat suitability maps. The ROC AUC (Area Under the Curve) and Kappa values were 0.697/0.266 (GLM), 0.729/0.313 (GAM), 0.776/0.453 (CART), and 0.858/0.559 (ANN). Therefore, ANN was selected as the best model among 4 models. The models showed that elevation, slope, and distance to stream were the significant factors for Goal habitat. The ratio of predicted area of ANN using a threshold was 31.29%, but the area decreased when human effect was considered. We need to investigate the difference of various models to build a suitable wildlife habitat model under a given condition.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.187-200
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• 2003

This study was conducted by China along with the Tumen River, which cuts between of North Korea and China. As a result 92 family, 287 genera, 470 species, 57 variety 4 formas, total 531 taxa of vascular plants were identified. The surveyed area was include the region that had various vegetation such as upper swampy land, seashore dune, a river, a high mountain grassy plain, deciduous tree zone and evergreen coniferous forest zone. The specfic plants which is protected by The Natural Environmental Preseration Act appeared to 6 taxa, and rare and endangered plants conserved by Forestry Administration were found 21 taxa in these areas. Among them Lilium cernum, Jeffersonia dubia, Acanthopanax senticosus could be regarded as very important one for chinese medicine. Picea koraiensis, Larix gmelini var. principis-ruprechtii, Populus koreana, Betula fusenensis, Ulmus pumila, Ledum palustre var. diversipilosum, Rhododendron parvifolium, Vaccinium uliginosum, Astragalus membranaceus, Aquilegia flabellata var. pumila, Carex gotoi, Carex capricornis etc. are not distributed in the South Korea.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.178-184
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• 2019

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta. In the present study, we investigated whether ${\beta}-Lapachone$ (${\beta}-LAP$), a natural naphthoquinone compound isolated from the lapacho tree (Tabebuia avellanedae), elicits neuroprotective effects in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model. ${\beta}-LAP$ reduced the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive fiber loss induced by MPTP in the dorsolateral striatum, and alleviated motor dysfunction as determined by the rotarod test. In addition, ${\beta}-LAP$ protected against MPTP-induced loss of TH positive neurons, and upregulated B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2) expression in the substantia nigra. Based on previous reports on the neuroprotective role of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in neurodegenerative diseases, we investigated whether ${\beta}-LAP$ induces upregulation of the Nrf2-hemeoxygenae-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway molecules in MPTP-injected mouse brains. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that ${\beta}-LAP$ increased HO-1 expression in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes. Moreover, ${\beta}-LAP$ increased the nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of Nrf2, and the phosphorylation of upstream adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). ${\beta}-LAP$ also increased the localization of p-AMPK and Nrf2 in astrocytes. Collectively, our data suggest that ${\beta}-LAP$ exerts neuroprotective effect in MPTP-injected mice by upregulating the p-AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways in astrocytes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.284-288
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• 2016

To investigate the physiological effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa, in vitro antioxidant activities and neuroprotective effects against high glucose-induced oxidative stress were examined. The ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc-Fr) from H. sabdariffa contained high total phenolic contents compared with other fractions but total anthocyanin contents were lower than 80% Ethanol extract showed the highest 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical scavenging activity and malondialdehyde inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the EtOAc-Fr decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and protected the neuron-like PC12 cells from high glucose-induced cytotoxicity. The EtOAc-Fr also presented inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase as an acetylcholine hydrolase enzyme. Finally, chlorogenic acids as main phenolics by high performance liquid chromatography analysis.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.432-441
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• 2016

In this study, we predicted species distributions in Mt. Inwang and Mt. An as preceding research to build ecological corridor by considering connectivity of habitats which have been fragmented in the city. We analyzed species distributions by using Maxent (Maximum Entropy Approach) model with species presence. We used 23 points of mammals and 15 points of Titmouse (Parus major, P. palustris, P. varius) as target species from appearance points of species examined. We build 4 geography factors, 4 vegetation factors, and 2 distance factors as model variables In case of mammals, factors that affected species distribution model was Digital Elevation Model(DEM, 34%) followed by Distance from edge forest to interior (24.8%) and Species of tree (10%). On the other hand, in case of Parus species, factors that affected species distribution model were DEM (39.6%) followed by distance from road (35.4%) and Density-class (8.2%). Therefore, birds and mammals prefer interior of mountain, and this area needs to be protected.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.182-190
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• 2017

Background: Baekdudaegan was designated in 2005 as a protected area to prevent destruction and conserve. However, there are many disturbed and destroyed areas. The total disturbed area amounts to $25.9km^2$ (0.94%), including $13.4km^2$ (0.49%) in the core area and $12.5km^2$ (0.45%) in the buffer area. This study aims to classify the vegetation types established in the disturbed areas and diagnose the current conditions for ecological restoration in the forest ecosystem. Methods: We surveyed the vegetation in the disturbed areas of Daegwallyeong and Chupungryeong and the surrounding natural areas. The survey conducted from July to September 2015 targeted a total of 54 quadrats by Braun-Blanquet method (Daegwallyeong, 22; Chupungryeong, 32). We also investigated the height and coverage of each layer. We classified the vegetation types based on the field data and analyzed the ratio of life form and the exotic plants, species richness, and vegetation index (Hcl). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated from rapideye satellite imagery in 2014 and 2015. Results: Vegetation types were classified into 11 groups according to the criteria that included successional sere or plantation at first, followed by developmental stage and origins. As a result of the analysis of the survey data, species richness, vegetation index (Hcl), ratio of tree plants, and the NDVI tended to increase, while the ratio of the exotic plants tended to decrease with the time since disturbance. These indicators had the classified values according to the vegetation types with time since the disturbance. Conclusions: These indicators can be effectively used to diagnose the conditions of the present vegetation in the disturbed area of the Baekdudaegan area. In addition, the NDVI might be effective for the diagnosis of the disturbed status instead of the human efforts based on the higher spatial resolution of satellite imagery. Appropriate diagnosis of the disturbed forests in the Baekdudaegan area considering the established vegetation types is essential for the elaboration of restoration plans. In addition, restoration target and level should be different according to the disturbed status of restoration site.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2002

This study investigated the species composition and distribution of woody plants, and flora of vascular plants of Cheonjiyeon where is located in the most southern region of Korea. Twenty-nine taxa of trees were distributed in the valley, and of these, deciduous broad-leaved trees were 13. Of the total number of 2,547 trees, 1,429 were deciduous broad-leaved trees and remainder was broad-leaved evergreen. Deciduous broad-leaved trees covered 48.7% of the tree canopy while evergreen broad-leaved trees covered only 42.3%. The total number of shrub taxa was 37 with more evergreen shrub taxa than deciduous. Evergreen shrubs occupied 64.4％ of shrub canopy while deciduous shrubs covered only 35.4％. The result of the investigation of flora showed that there are 446 taxa of flora including 114 families, 320 genera, 397 species, 1 subspecies, 39 varieties, and 9 forma. Of these, two species, Rubus hongnoensis Nakai and Lycoris chejuensis K. Tae et S. Ko, are endemic plants of Jeju Island. The flora includes 17 taxa of rare plants that are distributed only in Jeju Island in Korea. Also, the flora includes 1 taxon, Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Loureiro) Poiret var. ellipticus (Thunb.) Hara, of Korean natural monument, 2 taxa, Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. and Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copeland, of legally protected wildlife and plants, 38 taxa of naturalized plants, and 75 taxa of introduced plants.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.15-26
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• 2021

Recently, as the introduction of cloud, mobile, and IoT has become active, there is a growing need for technology development that can supplement the limitations of traditional security solutions based on fixed perimeters such as firewalls and Network Access Control (NAC). In response to this, SDP (Software Defined Perimeter) has recently emerged as a new base technology. Unlike existing security technologies, SDP can sets security boundaries (install Gateway S/W) regardless of the location of the protected resources (servers, IoT gateways, etc.) and neutralize most of the network-based hacking attacks that are becoming increasingly sofiscated. In particular, SDP is regarded as a security technology suitable for the cloud and IoT fields. In this study, a new access control system was proposed by combining SDP and hash tree-based large-scale data high-speed signature technology. Through the process authentication function using large-scale data high-speed signature technology, it prevents the threat of unknown malware intruding into the endpoint in advance, and implements a kernel-level security technology that makes it impossible for user-level attacks during the backup and recovery of major data. As a result, endpoint security, which is a weak part of SDP, has been strengthened. The proposed system was developed as a prototype, and the performance test was completed through a test of an authorized testing agency (TTA V&V Test). The SDP-based access control solution is a technology with high potential that can be used in smart car security.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.307-315
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• 2022

In terms of habitat conservation, it is essential to develop a habitat assessment system that can evaluate not only the suitability of the current habitat, but also the health and stability of the habitat. This study aimed to develop a methodology of habitat quality assessment for endangered species by analyzing various existing habitat assessment methods. The habitat quality assessment consisted of selecting targeted species, planning of assessment, selecting targeted sites, assessing performance, calculating grade, and expert verification. Target sites were selected separately from core and potential habitats using a species distribution model or habitat suitability index. Habitat assessment factors were classified into ecological characteristic, landscape characteristic, and species-habitat characteristic. Ecological characteristic consisted of thirteen factors related to health of tree, vegetation, and soil. Landscape characteristic consisted of five factors related to fragment and connectivity of habitat. Species-habitat characteristic consisted of factors for evaluating habitat suitability depending on target species. Since meanings are different depending on characteristics, habitat quality assessment of this study could be used by classifying results for each characteristic according to various assessment purposes, such as designation of alternative habitats, assessment of restoration project, and protected area valuation for endangered species. Forest habitat quality assessment is expected to play an important role in conservation acts of endangered species in the future through continuous supplementation of this system in regard to quantitative assessment criteria and weighting for each factor with an influence.