• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.117-126
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was an analysis of the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and skin whitening properties of Gamioncheong-decoctione(GMOCD) extract. Methods : GMOCD(96 g) and 2 L of distilled water were heated at $100^{\circ}C$ for four hours and then concentrated, frozen, freeze-dried, dissolved in distilled water and filtered. The following analysis was completed: cell cytotoxic effect using MTT assay, oxidative products of NO by griess assay, concentration of prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ by commercially competitive enzyme immunoassay, and cytokines($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$) by Bio-Plex$^{(R)}$ Suspension Array System's Bio-Plex Pro$^{TM}$ mouse cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor assay. Anti-oxidative effect was measured using the DPPH method and skin whitening effect using tyrosinase inhibition assay. Results : GMOCD water-extract did not show any toxicity at all doses and cell viability was more than 90 % at all doses. GMOCD water-extract significantly inhibited NO production at doses of 100, 200, $400{\mu}g/ml$, significantly inhibited $PGE_2$ production at doses of 200 and $400{\mu}g/ml$ and reduced the LPS-induced IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in a dose-dependent manner. $IL-1{\beta}$ production was significantly reduced at a dose of $400{\mu}g/ml$ and IL-6 production was significantly reduced at doses of 200 and $400{\mu}g/ml$. DPPH free radical scavenging capability had a skin whitening effect rate of more than 50%. Tyrosinase inhibition activity was apparent in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions : This study suggests that GMOCD water-extract suppressed NO and $PGE_2$ production and inhibited cytokines($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$). GMOCD also improved DPPH free radical scavenging capability. GMOCD water-extract increased tyrosinase inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner but this was not a statistically significant result.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2017

Objectives : Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus (AOF) is an herbal medicine, which has been used for the treatment of fatigue, chills, and poor physical conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of AOF hot aqueous extract. Methods : The cytotoxicity of AOF extract was evaluated using the MTT assay. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by the Griess reaction. Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production was measured by a commercial competitive enzyme immunoassay. Cytokine production (IL-1tion co6, and TNF- F- was measured by ELISA. The anti-oxidative effect of AOF extracts was measured by the DPPH method. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent and aluminum chloride, respectively. Results : AOF hot aqueous extract did not show toxicity at doses of 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$. AOF extract significantly inhibited NO production at doses of 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL.PGE_2$ production was inhibited by AOF extract treatment at doses of 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL$. AOF extracts reduced IL-6 production in a dose-dependent manner. IL-1ent maTNF- F- 1ent mannerd IL-6 production in uction at doses of 100 and ${\mu}g/mL$. The DPPH free radical scavenging capability was above 50% at $200{\mu}g/mL$. Conclusion : This study suggests that AOF hot aqueous extract may exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies are required for validating the safety and efficacy of AOF.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2015

Objectives : Bilobalide (BIL) is a predominant sesquiterpene trilactone constituent that accounts for a partial portion of the standardized Ginkgonis Folium extract, which has been widely used to treat a variety of neurological disorders involving cerebral ischemia and neurodegeneration. In this study, it was tested whether BIL exhibits anti-inflammatory activities on inflammation response, or not. Methods : To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of BIL on pharmacological and biochemical actions in inflammation, we examined the effect of BIL on pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. The investigation was focused on how BIL affect on inflammation-related mediators including various signals such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), inducible NO synthase(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Results : We found that BIL inhibited LPS-induced NO, $PGE_2$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ productions as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2. Furthermore, BIL suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation for MAPK activation. Conclusions : These results suggest that BIL has inhibitory effects on LPS-induced $PGE_2$, NO, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in the murine macrophage. It seems that these inhibitory effects occur by blocking the phosphorylation of MAPKs for activation. Then, BIL suppressed the activation of nuclear factor $NF-{\kappa}B$ in nucleus. These observations suggest that BIL has anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.87-91
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• 2016

Objectives : In order to confirm whether extracts of different parts of Zostera marina (ZM), a marine flowering plant, can be used as cosmetic ingredients, this study evaluated their cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effects against ultraviolet B (UVB). Inflammatory responses induced by UV stimuli are also associated with the aging of the skin.Methods : We investigated the effects of ZM extracts on cells through the water soluble tetrazolium salt-1(WST-1) assay for cell viability. In order to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects, we evaluated the suppression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by ZM extracts in HaCaT cells with UVB-induced damages, and also evaluated the production of Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) in RAW 264.7 cells with LPS-induced damages.Results : High cell viabilities above 90% were observed in all types of ZM extracts, except for whole ZM extract at 0.5 mg/ml; in keratinocytes with UVB-induced damages, the cell viabilities were above 80% when treated with all types of ZM extracts. We confirmed their anti-inflammatory effects by investigating the suppression of inflammatory mediators. In keratinocytes with UVB-induced damages, COX-2 expression decreased in the experimental group treated with ZM extract. Similarly, in RAW 264.7 cells where inflammation was induced with LPS, the biosynthesis of PGE₂ was inhibited.Conclusion : These results suggest that ethanol extracts from Zostera marina may have value as the potential anti-inflammatory medicinal plant. Also based on the abovementioned results, ZM extract protects skin cells from UV-induced damages, and thus can be used in topically applied products for skin protection.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.204-208
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to examine the change of enzymeimmuno-assay for $prostaglandinE_2$ in the synovial fluid lavage specimen of patients with mandibular fracture patients without condylar fracture. For this study, fourteen patients (eight males, six females) with mandibular fractures without condylar fracture was investigated to analyse the synovial fluid from upper temporomandibular joint cavities. Synovial fluid was collected from TMJ cavities of mandibular fracture patients before open reduction and after one week of open reduction, and then stored in liquid nitrogen tank after centrifuge. Two synovial fluid lavage samples of TMJs of 2 asymptomatic served as normal controls referred from other data. The concentrations of $PGE_2$ were measured by use of $PGE_2$ EIA System ($Amersham^{(R)}$). The following results were obtained: 1) In nine patients, the concentrations of $PGE_2$ are lower after open reduction than before. 2) In three patients, the concentrations of $PGE_2$ are higher after open reduction than before. 3) There was no statistical significant between the preoperative group and postoperative 7 days (p>0.05), but there was some difference between the two groups. In conclusion, the results suggest that $PGE_2$ probably does not play as important role in the harm of TMJ.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The inhibitory effect of Hijikia fusiforme (HF) extracts on degenerative osteoarthritis was examined in primary cultured rat cartilage cells and a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rat model. MATERIALS/METHODS: In vitro, cell survival and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) was measured after $H_2O_2$ ($800{\mu}M$, 2 hr) treatment in primary chondrocytes. In vivo animal study, osteoarthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of MIA into knee joints of rats, and then RH500, HFE250 and HFE500 were administered orally once a day for 28 days. To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of HFE, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) expression were measured. In addition, real-time PCR was performed to measure the genetic expression of MMPs, collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan, and TIMPs. RESULTS: In the in vitro assay, cell survival after $H_2O_2$ treatment was increased by HFE extract (20% EtOH). In addition, anabolic factors (genetic expression of collagen type I, II, and aggrecan) were increased by HFE extract (20% EtOH). However, the genetic expression of MMP-3 and 7, known as catabolic factors were significantly inhibited by treatment with HFE extract (20% EtOH). In the in vivo assay, anabolic factors (genetic expression of collagen type I, II, aggrecan, and TIMPs) were increased by oral administration of HFE extract. However, the genetic expression of MMP-3 and 7, known as catabolic factors, and production of NO and $PGE_2$ were significantly inhibited by treatment with oral administration of HFE extract. CONCLUSION: HFE extract inhibited articular cartilage degeneration through preventing extracellular matrix degradation and chondrocyte injury.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In this study, potential anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates from Styela clava flesh tissue was assessed via nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and in vivo zebrafish model. MATERIALS/METHODS: We investigated the ability of enzymatic hydrolysates from Styela clava flesh tissue to inhibit LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the molecular mechanism through which this inhibition occurred. In addition, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates against a LPS-exposed in in vivo zebrafish model. RESULTS: Among the enzymatic hydrolysates, Protamex-proteolytic hydrolysate exhibited the highest NO inhibitory effect and was fractionated into three ranges of molecular weight by using ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (MWCO 5 kDa and 10 kDa). The above 10 kDa fraction down-regulated LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thereby reducing production of NO and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The above 10 kDa fraction suppressed LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. In addition, the above 10 kDa fraction inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Furthermore, NO production in live zebrafish induced by LPS was reduced by addition of the above 10 kDa fraction from S. clava enzymatic hydrolysate. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that hydrolysates derived from S. clava flesh tissue would be new anti-inflammation materials in functional resources.

• ALGAE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2020

The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease are characterized by chronic inflammation throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of IBD has been increasing worldwide, and has sometimes led to irreversible impairment of gastrointestinal structure and functions. In the present study, we identified a new sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerols (SQMG) (1) together with two known SQMGs (2 and 3) regulating intestinal inflammation from the brown alga Turbinaria ornata. The anti-inflammatory properties of two bioactive SQMGs, 1 and 2 were evaluated using an in vitro co-culture system consisting of human epithelial Caco-2 cells and PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 12-acetate)-differentiated THP-1 macrophages. Treatment with 1 or 2 inhibited the production nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂ induced by lipopolysaccharide and interferon γ challenge. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 were markedly down-regulated in response to inhibition of nuclear factor κB translocation to nucleus. These findings suggest the potential use of the brown alga T. ornata and its biologically active metabolites SQMGs as pharmaceutical adjuvants in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases, including IBD.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.275-282
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• 2011

Inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been implicated in various inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of Chondria crassicaulis ethanolic extract (CCE) by measuring its effects on the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. CCE significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the LPS-induced release of nitric oxide and prostaglandin $E_2$, and suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, without causing any cytotoxicity. It also inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, treatment with CCE strongly suppressed nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) promoter-driven expression in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. CCE treatment blocked nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-${\kappa}B$ by preventing proteolytic degradation of inhibitor of ${\kappa}B-{\alpha}$. These results indicate that CCE regulates iNOS and COX-2 expression through NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent transcriptional control, and identifies potential candidates for the treatment or prevention of inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1635-1644
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• 2018

Asterias amurensis (starfish) is a marine organism that is harmful to the fishing industry, but is also a potential source of functional materials. The present study was conducted to analyze the profiles of fatty acids extracted from A. amurensis tissues and their anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophage cells. In different tissues, the component ratios of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids differed; particularly, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) were considerably different. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, fatty acids from A. amurensis skin, gonads, and digestive glands exhibited anti-inflammatory activities by reducing nitric oxide production and inducing nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Asterias amurensis fatty acids effectively suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, and interleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin $E_2$, which are critical inflammation biomarkers, were also significantly suppressed. Furthermore, A. amurensis fatty acids reduced the phosphorylation of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ p-65, p38, extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, indicating that these fatty acids ameliorated inflammation through the nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. These results provide insight into the anti-inflammatory mechanism of A. amurensis fatty acids on immune cells and suggest that the species is a potential source of anti-inflammatory molecules.