• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.131-142
• /
• 2003

본 연구는 유우의 생산성 향상을 위하여 유우 사료에 fibrolytic enzyme을 첨가하여 반추위내 발효 성상과 비유중인 젖소의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 본 실험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. In vitro 실험을 통하여 NDF 함량 수준이 다른 TMR 사료에 fibrolytic enzyme을 3가지 수준(0, 0.05, 0.1%)으로 달리하여 첨가하였을 때 나타난 NDF 소화율은 효소 첨가시 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 NDF 수준별로는 NDF 38 및 43% 수준보다 NDF 34% 수준에서 NDF 소화율이 낮은 경향을 나타내었는데 이는 본 시험 사료의 조성 성분으로 보아 NDF 성분 구성상 hemicellulose 함량이 높아 이 점이 반추위내 NDF 소화율에 영향을 주었다고 사료된다. 반추위액의 pH는 fibrolytic enzyme의 첨가 수준에 의한 영향보다는 NDF 수준에 의해 영향을 더 받은 것으로 나타났으며(P<0.001) NH3-N 생성도 전체적으로 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가에 따른 효과가 나타나지 않았다. Acetic acid의 생성량은 NDF 수준에 의해 유의한 영향을 받았으나 (P<0.05) propionic acid의 생성량은 처리구간에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. Acetic acid와 propionic acid 생성량 모두 효소 첨가에 의한 영향은 유의하게 나타나지 않았고 A/P ratio는 NDF 34% 수준의 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가구에서 무첨가구에 비해 다소 높은 경향을 나타내었다. CMCase의 효소 활성은 NDF 34 및 43% 수준에서 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가구(0.05, 0.1%)가 무첨가구에 비해 높은 효소 활성을 보였다. Xylanase의 효소 활성은 배양 개시 후 0시간대부터 12시간대까지는 효소 활성이 완만히 감소하였고 24시간 이후부터는 급격히 감소하였다. In vivo 실험을 이용하여 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가에 따른 착유우의 생산성 변화 결과는 다음과 같다. Fibrolytic enzyme 첨가에 의한 산유량은 enzyme 첨가구와 무첨가구에서 각각 25.80 및 23.90kg/d로서 enzyme 첨가구에서 약 8% (1.90kg/d) 증가하는 결과를 나타내었다. 유지방 및 유단백 함량의 경우는 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가구와 무첨가구간 차이가 없었으나 일일 생산량으로 환산하여 평가하면 enzyme 첨가시 유성분 생산량이 유의하게 증가하는 결과를 보였다 (P<0.01). 이상의 결과들로 볼 때, in vitro 실험의 경우 fibrolytic enzyme 첨가시 반추위내 발효성상에 명확한 변화를 보여주지 못했지만 enzyme 첨가에 따라 전반적으로 NDF 소화율이 다소나마 증가하는 경향을 보였다. In vivo 실험 결과를 종합하면 착유우 사료에 fibrolytic enzyme을 첨가시 유성분의 변화보다 유량의 증가 효과가 나타났으며 이는, 사료섭취량을 제한한 본 실험의 특성상, 사료섭취량 증진 효과가 아니라 체내 영양소 이용성 증진에 따르는 효과라고 판단되었다. 반추동물의 생산성 향상을 위한 방안으로서 fibrolytic enzyme 이용 효과는 연구자에 따라 다양한 결과를 나타내므로 효소의 적용 방법에 대한 연구가 더 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.80-86
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 볏짚 사일리지의 곰팡이 독소 저감을 위한 효율적 방안으로 화학적 처리 방법에 따른 효능에 관한 진보적 연구 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 화학적 처리 방법으로 암모니아 및 가성소다를 이용 곰팡이독소에 오염된 볏짚의 4% 수준으로 각각 처리하고 사일리지 저장에 따른 곰팡이독소 저감, 발효 품질 및 섬유소 소화에 미치는 영향을 평가 하였다. 모든 실험구에서 Aflatoxin B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂ 그리고 Fomonisin B₁, B₂ 뿐만 아니라 Dexynivalenol은 검출되지 않았으며, Ochratoxin A와 Zearalenone이 검출되었다. 그리고 Ochratoxin A은 대조구(41.23g/kg)보다 화학적 처리구에서 낮게 검출되었다(p<0.05). Zearalenone은 대조구(600.33㎍/kg) 및 암모니아 처리구(376.00㎍/kg)에 비하여 가성소다 처리구(297.44㎍/kg)가 더 낮은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 볏짚 사일리지의 pH는 암모니아 처리구(4.63)가 가장 낮았고, 가성소다 처리구가 가장(8.19) 높았다(p<0.05). lactic acid 함량은 대조구와 암모니아 처리구(10.85와 10.98mM)는 유사한 수준이었으나 가성소다 처리구(8.80mM)가 가장 낮았다(p,0.05). Propionic acid는 대조구(0.55mM)가 화학처리구에 비하여 높았으며(p<0.05), 암모니아와 가성소다 처리구간(0.09와 0.07mM)에는 유사한 함량을 나타내었다. 화학처리에 따른 볏짚 사일리지의 반추위 미생물의 NDF 및 ADF의 분해율 모두 가성소다 처리구가 가장 높은 분해율을 보였고 다음으로 암모니아 처리구이었으며, 대조구가 가장 낮은 수준을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 따라서 본 연구결과는 볏짚 사일리지 제조공정에서 암모니아 및 가성 소다 처리가 곰팡이 독소 저감 및 볏짚 사일리지의 반추위 미생물 분해율 증진에 좋은 영향을 주는 것으로 사료되며, 가성소다 처리는 암모니아 처리에 비하여 곰팡이 독소 저감 및 섬유소 분해율 증진에 더 효율적이었으나 사일리지 발효에는 비효율적 영향을 준 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.849-859
• /
• 2000

미세조류의 전처리에 따른 용해효과와 메탄발효과정의 분해특성을 살폈다. 조류의 화학적 특성은 VS가 TS의 86.1%를 차지하고 단백질이 VS의 63.5%를 차지했다. 또 C : N : P는 26.4 : 4.9 : 1이었다. 용존성물질을 기준한 각 처리방법별 용해(lysis)효과는 처리시간 및 처리온도가 커질수록 증가했고 무처리에 비해 초음파(100분) 7.7배, 초음파(10분) 4.5배, 열처리($120^{\circ}C$) 3.5배, 열처리($50^{\circ}C$) 2.9배, 알칼리처리(pH 13) 6.1배 및 산처리(pH 3) 2.6배로 초음파처리가 가장 효과적이었다. VFA중 초산의 농도는 전처리 조류가 무처리에 비해 전반적으로 높게 나타나 전처리가 유기산 생성에 효과적이었고 생성농도는 초음파, 산 알칼리, 열처리 순으로 높았다. 프로피온산은 초음파, 산처리, 열처리순으로 높게 나타났다. Vial test 결과, 전처리 시료의 메탄함량은 시간경과와 더불어 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으나, 알칼리처리 시료의 경우 저해현상을 나타내었다. 25일째의 총가스 및 메탄생성량은 초음파(100분), 무처리, 열처리($120^{\circ}C$), 열처리($50^{\circ}C$), 산처리(pH 3), 초음파(10분) 및 알칼리 처리(pH 13) 순으로 높게 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.762-771
• /
• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to determine i) the fermentation characteristics of catfish by-product (C) ensiled with rice bran (RB) or sugarcane molasses (M) in different ratios, and ii) the digestibility of the silages in growing pigs. In the ensiling experiment, there were three ratios of C, ensiled with RB or M, of 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 (wet basis for C and air-dry basis for RB and M). The six treatments were CRB8:2, CRB7:3, CRB6:4, CM8:2, CM7:3 and CM6:4, with 3 replications per treatment and seven sampling times. The pH of CRB7:3 and CRB6:4 decreased (p<0.05) from the first week and stayed stable until 8 weeks of ensiling, but the pH did not decrease in CRB8:2. The pH of CM8:2, CM7:3 and CM6:4 decreased rapidly from the first week until week 8. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) contents were slightly lower when catfish by-product was ensiled with RB than with M. Ammonia content in all treatments increased (p<0.05) during ensiling. Lactic acid content in silages with molasses increased from the first week, with the highest value at week 4. However, the lactic acid content in CRB8:2 did not increase with time and had the lowest value of all treatments. Acetic acid proportions of total volatile fatty acids were low at day 0, with the highest value at day 7, decreasing slowly until 8 weeks. The butyric acid proportion was highest at day 0 and decreased up to week 8. The proportion of propionic acid increased during ensiling. The digestibility experiment had a 4${\times}$4 Latin-square design and included 4 castrated crossbreed (Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace) male pigs fed four diets. The basal diet (BD) included rice bran, broken rice and maize meal, and the other three diets included fish meal (FMD) or catfish by-product ensiled with rice bran (CRBD) or sugarcane molasses (CMD). The silages chosen were those which gave the best results in the ensiling experiment for each additive. The coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of DM and organic matter (OM) was not significantly different among treatments. The CTTAD of CP was not different among the silage diets, but was lower in BD (p<0.01). The CTTAD of ether extract (EE) was higher in the catfish by-product silage diets than in FMD and BD. There was no significant difference in the digestibility of DM, OM, CP and EE between the fish meal and the by-product silages. In conclusion, catfish by-product can be successfully preserved by ensiling. Moreover, the total tract apparent digestibility of OM, CP and EE in ensiled catfish by-product was comparable with that of fish meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권8호
• /
• pp.1147-1152
• /
• 2005

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Biotite V (BV) supplementation on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and fecal noxious gas content in finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of eighty pigs (initial body weight 88.0${\pm}$1.35 kg) were used in a 35-d growth trial. Pigs were blocked by weight and allotted to five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were four pigs per pen and four pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included: 1) Control (CON; basal diet), 2) 200 mesh BV1.0 (basal diet+200 mesh Biotite V 1.0%), 3) 325 mesh BV1.0 (basal diet+325 mesh Biotite V 1.0%), 4) 200 mesh BV2.0 (basal diet+200 mesh Biotite V 2.0%) and 5) 325 mesh BV2.0 (basal diet+325 mesh Biotite V 2.0%). Through the entire experimental period, there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI and gain/feed among the treatments (p>0.05). With the addition of Biotite V in diet, DM and N digestibilities were increased significantly (p<0.01). Also, Ca and P digestibilities tended to increase in pigs fed Biotite V supplemented diet (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed control diet. Supplementation of Biotite V in diet reduced the fecal $NH_3-N$ and volatile fatty acid (VFA) compared to CON treatment (p<0.01). In Exp. 2, a total of sixty four pigs (initial body weight 84.0${\pm}$1.05 kg) were used in a 35-d growth trial. Pigs were blocked by weight and allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were four pigs per pen and four pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included: 1) LP (low protein diet), 2) HP (high protein diet), 3) LP+BV (low protein diet+325 mesh Biotite V 1.0%) and 4) HP+BV (high protein diet+325 mesh Biotite V 1.0%). Through the entire experimental period, ADG and gain/feed tended to increase in HP and HP+BV treatments, however, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the treatments. With the addition of Biotite V in diets, digestibilities of nutrients (DM, N, Ca and P) were increased significantly (p<0.01). The addition of Biotite V in diets reduced the ammonia emissions in feces (p<0.01). Supplementation of Biotite V in diets also reduced the fecal propionic acid, butyric acid and acetic acid (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed diets without Biotite V. In conclusion, supplementation of Biotite V can increase nutrients digestibility and reduce fecal $NH_3-N$ and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in finishing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제46권5호
• /
• pp.783-798
• /
• 2004

본 시험은 oil 첨가시 알팔파건초를 기질로 하여 반추위 내에서 유리된 지방산과 양이온이 결합하여 형성되는 지방산염, 반추위 발효성상 및 소화율에 미치는 영향에 대하여 살펴보고자 시험을 실시하였다. 면양 3두를 이용하여 $\circled1$ oil 무첨기구, $\circled2$ 대두유 7% 첨기구 및 $\circled3$ 옥수수유 7% 첨가구로 하여 3${\times}$3 라틴방각법으로 수행하였다. 면양에게는 알팔파건초와 농후사료를 70 : 30의 비율로 급여하였다. 위액은 오전사료 급여 전 1시간, 사료 급여 후 1, 3, 6 및 9시간째 채취하였다. pH는 사료급여 후 3시간까지 감소하다가 그 이후에는 증가하였다{P<0.0001). $NH_3$-N는 pH 와는 반대의 경향을 나타내었다(P<0.0001). 총 휘발성 지방산, acetate, propionate 및 butyrate의 농도에는 변화가 없었다. A/P 비율은 배양시간이 증가함에 따라 감소하다가 9시간에서는 사료급여 1시간 수준이었다{P<0.0001). 건물, total-N, 조섬유, 회분, 기용무질소물, NDF 및 ADF의 소화율은 차이가 없었다. FAS의 형성은 사료급여 1시간에 비하여 사료급여 후에 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 대조구에 비해 oil 첨가구가 높았다(P<0.05). 장쇄지방산이 주로 지방산염을 형성하였다. 그래서 oil 첨가가 반추위 발효특생과 소화율에 미치는 유해한 영향을 방지할 수 있었던 것으로 사료 된다.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.91-101
• /
• 2012

2010년부터 지정악취물질로 관리 중인 유기지방산은 큰 반응성과 그에 따른 낮은 회수율 등의 문제로 인해, 분석이 난해한 성분으로 알려져 있다. 악취공정시험기준에서는 대기 중에 존재하는 유기지방산을 분석하는 방법으로 알칼리함침필터법과 알칼리흡수용액법을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 유기지방산의 분석기법을 전반적으로 비교검토하였다. 그러나 이들 지정분석방법에 대한 객관적인 검증이 쉽지않다는 점을 감안할 때, 유기지방산의 새로운 대안 분석방안으로 고체흡착관-저온농축탈착법 등을 고려할 필요가 있다. 고체흡착관으로 시료를 채취하고 저온농축열탈착기를 이용하여 분석할 경우, 공정시험기준상에 제시한 분석방법들에 비해 상당히 간편하고 검정이 용이하다는 이점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 분석방법에 대한 고찰에 덧붙여, 표준시료의 준비, 시료의 채취단계, 최종적인 검출단계에 대한 부분에 대해서도 검토하였다. 유기지방산의 현장시료를 채취 및 분석하기 위해서, 용기채취법의 적용은 심각한 오차를 수반할 수 있다는 점을 확인하였다. 또한 현장에서 채취한 시료의 유기지방산을 분석할 때, GC/FID에 의존할 경우, 여러 가지 간섭 성분의 영향을 배제하기 어렵다. 따라서 유기지방산의 분석에는 GC/MS를 이용하여 정량뿐 아니라 정성적인 부분까지 동시에 검토하는 것이 중요하다.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.86-93
• /
• 2003

Background : The SCL began screening of newborns and high risk group blood spots with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in April 2001. Our goal was to determine approximate prevalence of metabolic disorders, optimization of decision criteria for estimation of preventive effect with early diagnosis. This report describes the ongoing effort to identify more than 30 metabolic disorders by MS/MS in South Korea. Methods : Blood spot was collected from day 2 to 30 (mostly from day 2 to 10) after birth for newborn. Blood spot of high risk group was from the pediatric patients in NICU, developmental delay, mental retardation, strong family history of metabolic disorders. One punch (3.2 mm ID) of dried blood spots was extracted with $150{\mu}L$ of methanol containing isotopically labelled amino acids (AA) and acylcarnitines (AC) internal standards. Butanolic HCl was added and incubated at $65^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. The butylated extract was introduced into the inlet of MS/MS. Neutral loss of m/z 102 and parent ion mode of m/z 85 were set for the analyses of AA and AC, respectively. Diagnosis was confirmed by repeating acylcarnitine profile, urine organic acid and plasma amino acid analysis, direct enzyme assay, or molecular testing. Results : Approximately 31,000 neonates and children were screened and the estimated prevalence (newborn/high risk group), sensitivity, specificity and recall rate amounted to 1:2384/1:2066, 96.55%, 99.98%, and 0.73%, respectively. Confirmed 28 (0.09%) multiple metabolic disorders (newborn/high risk) were as follows; 13 amino acid disorders [classical PKU (3/4), BH4 deficient-hyperphenylalaninemia (0/1), Citrullinemia (1/0), Homocystinuria (0/2), Hypermethioninemia (0/1), Tyrosinemia (1/0)], 8 organic acidurias [Propionic aciduria (2/1), Methylmalonic aciduria (0/1), Isovaleric aciduria (1/1), 3-methylcrotonylglycineuria (1/0), Glutaric aciduria type1 (1/0)], 7 fatty acid oxidation disorders [LCHAD def. (2/2), Mitochondrial TFP def. (0/1), VLCAD def. (1/0), LC3KT def. (0/1). Conclnsion : The relatively normal development of 10 patients with metabolic disorders among newborns (except for the expired) demonstrates the usefulness of newborn screening by MS/MS for early diagnosis and medical intervention. However, close coordination between the MS/MS screening laboratory and the metabolic clinic/biochmical geneticists is needed to determine proper decision of screening parameters, confirmation diagnosis, follow-up scheme and additional tests.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권12호
• /
• pp.1727-1734
• /
• 2005

The fermentation characteristics and mono- and di-saccharides compositions during the early stage of ensiling were studied with a temperate grass, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and a tropical grass, guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). The laboratory silos were kept in the room set at 25$^{\circ}C$, and then were opened on 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days (14 days in Italian ryegrass) after ensiling, respectively. The Italian ryegrass silage showed a fast and large pH decrease caused by a fast and large production of lactic acid during the first 5 days of ensiling and succeeded to achieve lactic acid type fermentation; high lactic acid/acetic acid and lactic acid content at the end of ensiling (14 days), low values of pH (3.74), acetic acid, ethanol and ammonia-N/total nitrogen, none or only small amounts of Butyric acid, valeric acid and propionic acid. The guineagrass silage showed a slow decrease in pH and a slow increase in lactic acid content during the full ensiling period, causing a high final pH value, low contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, total volatile fatty acids and total organic acids. In Italian ryegrass silage, mono- and di-saccharides compositions decreased largely within the initial 0.5 day (12 h) of ensiling. Sucrose disappeared rapidly within the initial 0.5 day of ensiling, but fructose and glucose contents showed an initial rise by the activity of enzymes in plant tissues, and then decreased gradually. On the other hand, the contents of monoand di-saccharides in guineagrass showed the largest decreases due mainly to plant respiration within the initial 0.5 day of ensiling, and no initial rises in fructose and glucose contents during the early stage of ensiling because of the absence of fructans which are hydrolyzed into fructose and glucose in temperate grasses. In both silages, the rate of reduction in mono- and di-saccharides compositions within the initial 5 days of ensiling was ranked in the order of glucose>fructose>sucrose, suggesting that glucose and fructose might be more favorably utilized than sucrose by microorganisms and glucose is the first fermentation substrate. It was concluded that the silage made from Italian ryegrass with high moisture content had a good fermentation quality owing to the dominance of lactic acid bacteria and active lactic acid fermentation during the initial stage of ensiling. These results can be explained by rapid plant sap liberation and the high activity of plant enzyme hydrolyzed fructans into fructose and glucose within the initial 2 days of ensiling, which stimulate the homofermentative lactic acid bacteria growth. In ensiling a temperate grass, the physical characteristics may ensure the rapid onset of fermentation phase, which results from the smaller losses of water-soluble carbohydrates during the initial stage of ensiling and providing sufficient water-soluble carbohydrates for lactic acid bacteria. The silage made from guineagrass with intermediate dry matter and high initial mono- and di-saccharides content was stable silage. This could be explained by the higher incorporation of air during the very early stage of ensiling and the restriction of cell breakdown and juice release due to the properties of a tropical grass with coarse porosity and stemmy structures. These physical characteristics delayed the onset of lactic acid bacteria fermentation phase by extending the phases of respiration and aerobic microorganisms activity, causing the higher loss of water-soluble carbohydrates and the shortage of lactic acid bacteria fermentation substrates.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권8호
• /
• pp.1181-1188
• /
• 2013

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing a corn-soybean meal-based diet with an enzyme complex containing amylase, protease and xylanase on the performance, intestinal health, apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 108 piglets weaned at 28 d of age were fed one of three diets containing 0 (control), 100, or 150 ppm enzyme complex for 4 wks, based on a two-phase feeding program namely 1 to 7 d (phase 1) and 8 to 28 d (phase 2). At the end of the experiment, six pigs from the control group and the group supplemented with 150 ppm enzyme complex were chosen to collect digesta samples from intestine to measure viscosity and pH in the stomach, ileum, and cecum, as well as volatile fatty acid concentrations and composition of the microflora in the cecum and colon. There were linear increases (p<0.01) in weight gain, gain: feed ratio and digestibility of gross energy with the increasing dose rate of enzyme supplementation during the whole experiment. Supplementation with enzyme complex increased the digesta viscosity in the stomach (p<0.05) and significantly increased (p<0.01) the concentrations of acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the cecum and colon. Enzyme supplementation also significantly increased the population of Lactobacilli (p<0.01) in the cecum and decreased the population of E. coli (p<0.05) in the colon. In Exp. 2, six crossbred barrows (initial body weight: $18.26{\pm}1.21$ kg), fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, were assigned to three dietary treatments according to a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin Square design. The experimental diets were the same as the diets used in phase 2 in Exp. 1. Apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine (p<0.01), valine (p<0.05) and aspartic acid (p<0.05) linearly increased with the increasing dose rate of enzyme supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with an enzyme complex containing amylase, protease and xylanase improved piglet performance. This is likely a result of improvement in nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acid concentrations and bacteria ratio in the large intestine.