Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13129

The Effects of Enzyme Complex on Performance, Intestinal Health and Nutrient Digestibility of Weaned Pigs  

Yi, J.Q. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University)
Piao, X.S. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University)
Li, Z.C. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University)
Zhang, H.Y. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University)
Chen, Y. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University)
Li, Q.Y. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University)
Liu, J.D. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University)
Zhang, Q. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University)
Ru, Y.J. (Danisco Animal Nutrition)
Dong, B. (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University)
Publication Information
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences / v.26, no.8, 2013 , pp. 1181-1188 More about this Journal
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing a corn-soybean meal-based diet with an enzyme complex containing amylase, protease and xylanase on the performance, intestinal health, apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 108 piglets weaned at 28 d of age were fed one of three diets containing 0 (control), 100, or 150 ppm enzyme complex for 4 wks, based on a two-phase feeding program namely 1 to 7 d (phase 1) and 8 to 28 d (phase 2). At the end of the experiment, six pigs from the control group and the group supplemented with 150 ppm enzyme complex were chosen to collect digesta samples from intestine to measure viscosity and pH in the stomach, ileum, and cecum, as well as volatile fatty acid concentrations and composition of the microflora in the cecum and colon. There were linear increases (p<0.01) in weight gain, gain: feed ratio and digestibility of gross energy with the increasing dose rate of enzyme supplementation during the whole experiment. Supplementation with enzyme complex increased the digesta viscosity in the stomach (p<0.05) and significantly increased (p<0.01) the concentrations of acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the cecum and colon. Enzyme supplementation also significantly increased the population of Lactobacilli (p<0.01) in the cecum and decreased the population of E. coli (p<0.05) in the colon. In Exp. 2, six crossbred barrows (initial body weight: $18.26{\pm}1.21$ kg), fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, were assigned to three dietary treatments according to a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin Square design. The experimental diets were the same as the diets used in phase 2 in Exp. 1. Apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine (p<0.01), valine (p<0.05) and aspartic acid (p<0.05) linearly increased with the increasing dose rate of enzyme supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with an enzyme complex containing amylase, protease and xylanase improved piglet performance. This is likely a result of improvement in nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acid concentrations and bacteria ratio in the large intestine.
Keywords
Enzyme Complex; Weaned Pigs; Performance; Intestinal Health; Apparent Ileal Digestibility;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 AOAC. 2000. Official methods of analysis. 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
2 Barrera, M., M. Cervantes, W. Sauer, A. Araiza, and N. Torrentera. 2004. Ileal amino acid digestibility and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets supplemented with xylanase. J. Anim. Sci. 82:1997-2003.
3 Bedford, M., and H. Schulze. 1998. Exogenous enzymes for pigs and poultry. Nutr. Res. Rev. 11:91-114.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Cadogan, D., M. Choct, and R. Campbell. 2003. Effects of storage time and exogenous xylanase supplementation of new season wheats on the performance of young male pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 83:105-112.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Cafe, M., C. Borges, C. Fritts, and P. Waldroup. 2002. Avizyme improves performance of broilers fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 11:29-33.   DOI
6 Caine, W., M. Verstegen, W. Sauer, S. Tamminga, and H. Schulze. 1998. Effect of protease treatment of soybean meal on content of total soluble matter and crude protein and level of soybean trypsin inhibitors. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 71:177-183.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Dierick, N., and J. Decuypere. 1994. Enzymes and growth in pigs. In: Principles of Pig Science (Ed. D. Cole, J. Wiseman and M. Varley), Nottingham University Press, p. 168.
8 Fan, M. Z., O. Adeola, E. K. Asem, and D. King. 2002. Postnatal ontogeny of kinetics of porcine jejunal brush border membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N and sucrase activities. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 132:599-607.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Fang, Z., J. Peng, Z. Liu, and Y. Liu. 2007. Responses of non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on digestibility and performance of growing pigs fed a diet based on corn, soya bean meal and Chinese double-low rapeseed meal. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 91:361-368.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Francesch, M., and P. Geraert. 2009. Enzyme complex containing carbohydrases and phytase improves growth performance and bone mineralization of broilers fed reduced nutrient corn-soybean-based diets. Poult. Sci. 88:1915-1924.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Kim, S., D. Knabe, K. Hong, and R. Easter. 2003. Use of carbohydrases in corn-soybean meal-based nursery diets. J. Anim. Sci. 81:2496-2504.
12 Hedemann, M. S., M. Eskildsen, H. N. Lærke, C. Pedersen, J. Lindberg, P. Laurinen, and K. E. Bach Knudsen. 2006. Intestinal morphology and enzymatic activity in newly weaned pigs fed contrasting fiber concentrations and fiber properties. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1375-1386.
13 Hogberg, A., and J. E. Lindberg. 2004. Influence of cereal non-starch polysaccharides and enzyme supplementation on digestion site and gut environment in weaned piglets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 116:113-128.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Ji, F., D. Casper, P. Brown, D. Spangler, K. Haydon, and J. Pettigrew. 2008. Effects of dietary supplementation of an enzyme blend on the ileal and fecal digestibility of nutrients in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1533-1543.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Kim, S., H. Jin, T. Kevin, and A. Darrell. 2006. Use of carbohydrases in corn-soybean meal based grower-finisher pig diets. Anim. Res. 55:563-578.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Bach Knudsen, K. E. 1997. Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 67:319-338.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Bach Knudsen, K. E.., B. Jensen, and J. Andersen. 1991. Gastrointestinal implications in pigs of wheat and oat fractions. Br. J. Nutr. 65:233-248.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Li, W. F., J. Feng, Z. R. Xu, and C. M. Yang. 2004. Effects of non-starch polysaccharides enzymes on pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzyme activities in piglet fed diets containing high amounts of barley. World J. Gastroenterol. 10:856-859.
19 Mavromichalis, I., J. Hancock, B. Senne, T. Gugle, G. Kennedy, R. Hines, and C. Wyatt. 2000. Enzyme supplementation and particle size of wheat in diets for nursery and finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78:3086-3095.
20 NRC. 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
21 Olukosi, O., M. Bedford, and O. Adeola. 2007. Xylanase in diets for growing pigs and broiler chicks. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 87:227-235.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Orban, J., J. Patterson, O. Adeola, A. Sutton, and G. Richards. 1997. Growth performance and intestinal microbial populations of growing pigs fed diets containing sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel. J. Anim. Sci. 75:170-175.
23 Pettey, L., S. Carter, B. Senne, and J. A. Shriver. 2002. Effects of beta-mannanase addition to corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance, carcass traits, and nutrient digestibility of weanling and growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1012-1019.
24 Porter, M., and R. Murray. 2001. The volatility of components of grass silage on oven drying and the inter-relationship between dry-matter content estimated by different analytical methods. Grass Forage Sci. 56:405-411.   DOI
25 Roediger, W. 1982. Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon. Gastroenterology 83:424-429.
26 Stein, H. H., C. F. Shipley, and R. A. Easter. 1998. Technical note: A technique for inserting a T-cannula into the distal ileum of pregnant sows. J. Anim. Sci. 76:1433-1436.
27 Summers, J. D. 2001. Maize: Factors affecting its digestibility and variability in its feeding value. Pages 109-124 in Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition (Ed. M. B. G. Partridge). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
28 Teitelbaum, J. E., and W. A. Walker. 2002. Nutritional impact of pre-and probiotics as protective gastrointestinal organisms. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 22:107-138.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Thivend, P., C. Mercier, and A. Guilbot. 1972. Determination of starch with glucoamylase. Methods Carbohydr. Chem. 6:100-105.
30 Topping, D. L., and P. M. Clifton. 2001. Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: Roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiol. Rev. 81:1031-1064.
31 Van Soest, P. J., J. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Willamil, J., I. Badiola, E. Devillard, P. Geraert, and D. Torrallardona. 2012. Wheat-barley-rye-or corn-fed growing pigs respond differently to dietary supplementation with a carbohydrase complex. J. Anim. Sci. 90:824-832.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Williams, C. D., D. J. David, and O. Iismaa. 1962. The determination of chromic oxide in faeces sample y atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J. Agric. Sci. 59:381-385.   DOI
34 Wong, J. M. W., R. de Souza, C. W. C. Kendall, A. Emam, and D. J. A. Jenkins. 2006. Colonic health: Fermentation and short chain fatty acids. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 40:235-243.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Woyengo, T., J. Sands, W. Guenter, and C. Nyachoti. 2008. Nutrient digestibility and performance responses of growing pigs fed phytase-and xylanase-supplemented wheat-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 86:848-857.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Yin, Y.-L., S. Baidoo, L. Jin, Y. Liu, H. Schulze, and P. Simmins. 2001a. The effect of different carbohydrase and protease supplementation on apparent (ileal and overall) digestibility of nutrients of five hulless barley varieties in young pigs. Livest. Prod. Sci. 71:109-120.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Yin, Y.-L., J. McEvoy, H. Schulze, U. Hennig, W.-B. Souffrant, and K. McCracken. 2000a. Apparent digestibility (ileal and overall) of nutrients and endogenous nitrogen losses in growing pigs fed wheat (var. Soissons) or its by-products without or with xylanase supplementation. Livest. Prod. Sci. 62:119-132.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Yin, Y., J. McEvoy, H. Schulze, and K. McCracken. 2001c. Effects of xylanase and antibiotic addition on ileal and overall apparent digestibility and evaluating HCL-insoluble ash as an indigestible marker in growing pigs. Anim Sci 72:95-103.
39 Yin, Y., S. Baidoo, H. Schulze, and P. Simmins. 2001b. Effects of supplementing diets containing hulless barley varieties having different levels of non-starch polysaccharides with ${\beta}$-glucanase and xylanase on the physiological status of the gastrointestinal tract and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. Livest. Prod. Sci. 71:97-107.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Yin, Y., J. McEvoy, H. Schulze, and K. McCracken. 2000b. Studies on cannulation method and alternative indigestible markers and the effects of food enzyme supplementation in barley-based diets on ileal and overall apparent digestibility in growing pigs. Anim. Sci. 70:63-72
41 Yu, B., S. Wu, C. Liu, R. Gauthier, and P. W. S. Chiou. 2007. Effects of enzyme inclusion in a maize-soybean diet on broiler performance. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 134:283-294.   DOI   ScienceOn