• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2014

Benzoic acid is widely used in the food industry as a preservative in acidic foods, owing to its antimicrobial activity against various bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in different foods such as fruits, vegetables, spices, and nuts as well as in milk and dairy products. Lactic acid bacteria convert hippuric acid, which is naturally present in milk, to benzoic acid; therefore, the latter could also be considered as a natural component of milk and milk products. Benzoic acid is also produced during the ripening of cheese by the propionic acid fermentation process that follows lactic acid fermentation. This paper, we provide basic information regarding the systematic control of natural benzoic acid levels in raw materials, processing intermediates, and final products of animal origin.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.264-268
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• 2000

High activity of acidic ethylacetate extract from the culture supernatant of ginseng growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens KGPP 207 and its fractions were demonstrated through wheat coleoptile bioassay. The following auxins and auxin-like compounds were identified in these fractions by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid methyl and ethyl ester, indole-3-butyric acid, indole-3-lactic acid and its methyl ester, indole-3-propionic acid, indole-3-pyruvic acid, p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid methyl and ethyl ester, phenyl acetic acid and its methyl ester. The bacterium KGPP 207 belongs to the strain of P. fluorescens which produces plant growth regulators and its beneficial effect on the ginseng growth may be due to the formation of the identified compounds.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.792-802
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• 2000

The coagulation of Chinese cabbage juice can be accomplished by applying the combine method of the formic acid with rate of 3% and in four hours the propionic acid with rate of 1 % in the juice. The separation of coagulation into the protein paste and the brown juice completed in 6.5 hours by set up method in special storage. The protein paste can be stored safely for 30 days in anaerobic condition.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2003

The hydrogen-producing bacterium was isolated from fresh water and identified as Enterobacter cloacae. The isolated was named Enterobacter cloacae YJ-1. In batch culture, The optimum cultivation temperature and pH of strain YJ-1 was 35℃ and 7.5, respectively. All of the added glucose was consumed completely during fermentation even though pH was not controlled. Amount of hydrogen produced on each condition of 2% glucose, 4% sucrose and 5% fructose was 950, 1000 and 948 mL/L, respectively and resulted in increasing hydrogen production approximately 2.5-times more than controlled condition. The maximum hydrogen production was obtained when 50 mM phosphate was added. In repeated-batch culture, hydrogen gas of 1920 mL/L was totally produced for 48. The maximum hydrogen was produced on the condition of 0.5% yeast extract, but the production amount was not changed on the condition of over 0.5%. Most of the organic acids produced during the fermentation were formic and acetic acid, and propionic acid was moiety also generated.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2017

The adsorptive removal properties of synthetic A4 zeolite were investigated against a total of 16 offensive odors consisting of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs), nitrogenous compounds (NCs), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and phenols/indoles (PnI). Removal of these odors was measured using a laboratory-scale impinger-based adsorption setup containing 25 g of the zeolite bed (flow rate of $100mL\;min^{-1}$). The high est and lowest breakthrough (%) values were shown for PnIs and RSCs, respectively, and the maximum and minimum adsorption capacity (${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) of the zeolite was observed for the RSCs (range of 0.77-3.4) and PnIs (0.06-0.104), respectively. As a result of sorptive removal by zeolite, a reduction in odor strength, measured as odor intensity (OI), was recorded from the minimum of approximately 0.7 OI units (indole [from 2.4 to 1.6]), skatole [2.2 to 1.4], and p-cresol [5.1 to 4.4]) to the maximum of approximately 4 OI units (methanethiol [11.4 to 7.5], n-valeric acid [10.4 to 6.5], i-butyric acid [7.9 to 4.4], and propionic acid [7.2 to 3.7]). Likewise, when removal was examined in terms of odor activity value (OAV), the extent of reduction was significant (i.e., 1000-fold) in the increasing order of amy acetate, i-butyric acid, phenol, propionic acid, and ammonia.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding high and low forage diets with different forage sources on rumen fermentation characteristics and blood parameters of Holstein cows during the dry period. Eight Holstein cows were completely randomized assigned to two groups and repeated measurement was utilized in the analysis. Cows in two treatments were fed with diets with high (F:C = 70:30, 70F; forage source: mixed-sowing whole crop barley and Italian ryegrass silage, BIRG) and low (F:C = 55:45, 55F; forage source: tall fescue hay, TF) forage level. Rumen fluid pH was higher in 70F group. Levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid showed a similar pattern: from the lowest value at 07:30 h to the highest at 10:30 h and then decreased in both groups. The ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 55F group at 09:30 and 10:30 h. Rumen fluid $NH_3-N$ concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 70F group at 09:30 and 10:30 h. Blood urea nitrogen was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 70F group. It was concluded that BIRG based diet with a high forage level had no adverse effects on rumen fermentation, some blood chemical parameters, and immune system in dry Holstein cows and could be used as a forage source instead of imported TF.

• Clean Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2006

In this study, aqueous polyurethane dispersion(PUD) was synthesized using polyhexamethylene carbonate glycol (PHMCG) as soft segment, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) as hard segment. Also, polyurethane/clay nanocomposites were prepared by adding pristine montmorillonite (PM) and organically modified clays, C15A and C30B into PUD. The degree of clay dispersion in the nanocomposites was investigated using XRD and the physical and thermal properties were examined through UTM and TGA. These results showed that nanocomposites with C15A gave higher physical and thermal properties than those with C30B or PM. As a result, the properties of nanocomposites were observed to vary depending on the types of clay modifiers and clay contents.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.281-292
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• 2013

Objectives : A growing body of evidence has suggested that the dysfunction of glutamatergic systems plays a pivotal role in major depressive disorder (MDD). This study was performed to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of the ethanolic extract of Gastrodia elata Bl (GE) in mouse models and to investigate the role of ${\alpha}$-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in producing these antidepressant-like effects. Methods : The forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were used to investigate GE's behavioral effects in mice. Additional biochemical and behavioral experiments with NBQX, an AMPA receptor antagonist, were undertaken to determine whether the antidepressant-like properties of GE are involved in AMPA receptor throughput. Results : Oral administration of GE extract (1,600 mg/kg) 1h prior to testing significantly reduced the immobility times in the FST and TST. These antidepressant-like effects of GE extract were increased dose-dependently. Pre-treatment with NBQX significantly attenuated the reduction in immobility time induced by the GE extract in the FST and TST. Conclusions : The ethanolic extract of GE may exert antidepressant-like effects with involvement of AMPA receptor.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.399-406
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• 1999

Polyurethane (PU) prepolymers were synthesized from polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG), 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) and isophoron diisocyanate (IPDI). After chain extention using dimethyol propionic acid (DMPA), aqueous polyurethane anionomers were prepared from triethyl amine (TEA) as a neutralizer. The effect of the content of chain extender and the degree of neutralization on the state of emulsification, adhesive strength, viscosity, glass transition temperature and physical properties of emulsion cast film were investigated using UTM, Viscometer and DSC.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.428-433
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• 2010

Waterborne polyurethane(WPU) was synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI), poly(tetramethylene glycol)(PTMG), dimethylol propionic acid(DMPA), triethylamine(TEA), ethylenediamine(EDA) and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane(APS) as a coupling agent. Subsequently, WPU/silica nanocomposites with different silica contents(0 to 8 wt%) were prepared by performing sol-gel reactions with tetraethylorthosilicate in the WPU matrix. The average particle size of the nanocomposite solutions increased with increasing TEOS content. Also, the prepared nanocomposites showed better thermal stability than pure WPU.