• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2013

Antibiotic is one of the mainly prescribed drugs in dental office. The substantial part of all antibiotics used in dental office is given to patients without signs or symptoms of infection to prevent infections, and antibiotics became the most widely abused prescribed drugs on the basis of inappropriate indications, dosages and durations. Considering that antibiotics are one of the drugs that affect not only a single patient but also entire populations of individuals through their collective effects on microbial ecology, the importance of proper use of antimicrobial therapy can hardly be overemphasized. Therefore, the main considerations for antibiotic therapy in denial office were summarized here.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.206-210
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• 2007

This study observed the frequency of post-surgical infection according to post-surgical application of antibiotics in order to evaluate the benefits of the use of antibiotics after the orthognathic surgery. 349 patients without any specific medical history were divided into two groups depending on whether or not antibiotics had been applied after the surgery. The mean(SD) age of the 349 patients was 22.7(${\pm}4.25$) with a male-female ratio of 168:181. 226 patients received only 1.0g of a third-generation cephalosporin(Cefpiramide) intravenously 30 minutes prior to the surgery. Likewise, 123 patients received 1.0g of Cefpiramide 30 minutes prior to the surgery and twice daily longer than the third day after surgery. The mean(SD) duration of administration was 4.75(${\pm}0.89$) day. The patients were evaluated after surgery for any postoperative infections according to the criteria: purulent drainage from a wound, spontaneous wound dehiscence accompanied by swelling, pain, and fever around the wound. However, 14 patients of 226 patients received antibiotics only prior to the surgery developed postoperative infection, 2 patients of 123 patients received antibiotics longer than postoperative 3 days developed postoperative infection. Postoperative infection frequency showed no significant difference between the two groups(p=0.094). Also, bi-maxillary operation and mandibular operation alone, showed no significant difference in the frequency of post-surgical infection when antibiotics had been continuously used after the surgery. From this study, postoperative use of antibiotics seems to be unnecessary with view of the little significance of the factors that could affect the wound infection.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.154-159
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• 2008

목적: 위암 수술을 시행하는 임상의들은 광범위한 림프절 절제로 인한 수술 후 감염 가능성으로 인하여 대개 수술 후 3일 이상 예방적 항생제를 투여하고 있으나 투여기간의 결정은 임상의 개개인이나 기관에 따라 결정되고 있다. 본 연구는 위암 수술 후의 예방적 항생제의 투여 기간이 환자의 회복에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2007년 1월 1일부터 2007년 12월 30일까지 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 외과에서 위 선암으로 수술을 받은 환자 중 수술 전 감염이 없어 항생제의 선행투여가 없는 93명의 환자들을 대상으로 하였다. 수술 시기에 따라 31명의 환자들은 수술 후 24시간까지만 투여가 계획되었고(A군), 31명의 환자들은 3일간 투여가 계획되었으며(B군), 31명의 환자에겐 대조군으로 5일 이상 항생제 투여가 계획되었다(C군). 세 군 간 수술 후 7일 이내의 감염을 포함한 합병증과 체온, 중성구 개수 변화들을 비교하였다. 결과: 수술 후 감염률은 A군에서는 31명 중 4명(12.9%), B군은 31명 중 5명(16.1%), C군에서는 31명 중 6명(19.4%)로 세 군 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다(P=0.788). 수술 후 매일 가장 높이 조사된 체온들의 변화와 중성구 개수변화도 차이가 없었다(P=0.119, P=0.855). 결론: 위암 수술을 위한 위 절제 및 재건시의 예방적 항생제 투여는 수술 24시간 이내에만 시행하여도 환자 회복엔 영향이 없을 것으로 보인다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2010

목 적 : 소아에서 여러 가지 원인으로 반복적 요로감염의 위험성을 줄이기 위한 예방적 항생제 투여시, 새로운 내성균의 출현으로 요로 감염이 재발하게 되는 소위 돌파 감염(breakthrough infection)이 있게 되면 그에 의한 새로운 신 반흔 형성이 문제가 된다. 하지만 지금까지 국내에서 돌파 감염의 임상양상에 대한 보고는 드물었으므로 저자는 본 병원에서 실제 예방적으로 사용하고 있는 항생제의 실태와 그에 따른 돌파 감염의 임상 양상을 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 약 5년 6개월간 부산대학교병원 소아과에서 요로감염의 재발을 방지하기 위하여 예방적 항생제를 사용한 150명의 환자를 대상으로 돌파감염의 양상에 대하여 차트와 검사결과를 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결 과 : 예방적 항생제 투여를 시작한 연령 범위는 1-76개월, 중간 연령은 5개월이었으며, 돌파감염은 총 43례(28.7%)에서 61회 발생하였고 발생빈도는 환자 100 patient-months당 1.5회였다. 방광 요관 역류로 예방적 항생제를 사용한 경우, 역류의 정도에 따른 돌파감염의 발생빈도는 grade I-II에서 18.5%, grade III에서 21.1%, grade IV-V에서 41.7%로써 grade가 높을수록 높았으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다(P=0.06). 또한 항생제 사용 전실시한 DMSA 스캔에서 이상이 있었던 경우가 이상이 없었던 경우보다 쉽게(47.3% vs 14.7%) 요로감염이 발생하였다. 돌파 감염의 원인균은 대장균에 의한 경우가 가장 많았지만(29.5%), 일반적인 요로 감염에서 보다 다양한 균주에 의해 고른 분포로 요로 감염이 발생하였다. 사용한 예방적 항생제 중 co-trimoxazole을 사용한 경우가 2세대, 3세대 세파로스포린을 사용한 경우보다 요로감염의 예방에 효과적이었으며(P=0.0386, P=0.0128), 항생제 감수성 검사 결과 27.3%는 사용 중인 예방적 항생제에 감수성이 있었고 59.1%는 저항성을 보였다. 돌파 감염이 발생한 환아 중 39.5%에서 수술적 치료로 바꾸었으며 34.9%에서 항생제를 변경하였고 25.6%에서는 종래의 항생제를 계속 사용하였다. 결 론 : 신 반흔이 있는 경우는 돌파 감염이 쉽게 일어나므로 내시경적인 방법 등을 포함한 수술적 치료의 선택에 고려되어져야하며, 돌파 감염을 방지하기 위해 환자의 항생제 투여의 순응도를 고려해야 하며 세파로스포린 같은 항생제 사용은 자제해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2019

The use of double lumen catheters as a means of hemodialysis access is commonly accompanied with the use of gentamicin as an antibiotic lock. Other antibiotics and anticoagulants are often added to increase the efficacy of gentamicin in order to reduce catheter-related infection and to prevent biofilm formation. This review aimed to evaluate the following: 1) the use of gentamicin in eliminating catheter-related infection and reducing biofilm formation in hemodialysis catheters, 2) the efficacy of additional antibiotics in combination with gentamicin, and 3) the effect of additional anticoagulants to complement the efficacy of gentamicin as the main prophylactic antibiotic lock. We sorted through data from 242 PubMed and ScienceDirect studies, which were then short-listed to 33 studies. Next, they were grouped, extracted, and analyzed qualitatively to fulfil the objectives of this review. Consequently, the use of a gentamicin-lock solution was shown to reduce the incidence of bacteremia; however, it was not strong enough to inhibit the growth of infectious microbes and formation of biofilms. Several bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, have been reported as infectious agents. Combination with other antibiotics also provided no effect in reducing bacterial growth and biofilm formation in catheters. Furthermore, the additional anticoagulants (trisodium citrate and EDTA) were reported to be effective in enhancing the efficacy of gentamicin in avoiding catheter-related infection, bacterial growth, and biofilm formation; thus, the use of gentamicin can be rationalized.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.31-34
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• 2009

Purpose: This study compared the frequency of postoperative infections in patients for a closed mandibular fracture with that without the postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Patients and Methods: 48 patients without any specific medical history were divided into two groups depending on whether or not antibiotics had been applied after the surgery. The 24 patients in group 1 received only a second-generation cephalosporin ($Cefotetan^{(R)}$) intravenously from admission to immediate after the surgery. Likewise, 24 patients in group 2 received 1.0g of $Cefotetan^{(R)}$ twice daily longer than the third day after surgery. The mean (SD) duration of antibiotics administration after surgery was 6.9 (${\pm}3.56$). The patients were evaluated after surgery for any postoperative infections according to the criteria: purulent drainage from a wound, spontaneous wound dehiscence accompanied by swelling, pain, and fever around the wound. Results: Postoperative infections were encountered in 2 out of 24 patients in group 1, who received antibiotic medication until shortly after surgery, and in 3 out of the 24 patients in group 2, in whom the medication was continued even after the surgery. There was no sig nificant difference in the incidence of postoperative infections between the two groups. Conclusion: From this study, postoperative use of antibiotics seems to be unnecessary with view of the little significance of the factors that could affect the wound infection.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.319-323
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• 2021

Background: Prophylactic antibiotics are used to prevent surgical wound infection; however, proper indications must be followed with careful consideration of the risks and benefits, especially in clean or clean-contaminated wounds. Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial bone fracture. The most common method for treating nasal bone fracture is closed reduction, which is performed inside the nasal cavity without an incision. The purpose of this study was to determine the need for antibiotic use in the closed reduction of nasal bone fractures. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using data from the National Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital of the Republic of Korea between 2016 and 2018. The records of patients who underwent closed reduction of nasal bone fracture were reviewed and classified according to sex, age, comorbidities, perioperative antibiotic usage, postoperative complications, nasal packing, anesthesia type, surgeon's specialty, and operation time. Results: Among the 373 patients studied, the antibiotic prescription rate was 67.3%. Just 0.8% of patients were prescribed preoperative antibiotics only, 44.0% were prescribed postoperative antibiotics only, and 22.5% were prescribed both preoperative and postoperative antibiotics. There were no cases that satisfied the definition of "surgical site infection." Furthermore, 2.1% of infection-related complications (e.g., mucosal swelling, synechia, and anosmia) occurred only in the antibiotic usage group. The use of nasal packing, anesthesia type, and surgeon's specialty did not show any difference in infection-related complication rates. Conclusion: According to the study findings, the routine use of perioperative antibiotics is not recommended in uncomplicated nasal bone fracture surgery.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2000

목 적 : 올바른 항생제의 사용을 위해서는 우선 항생제 사용 실태의 파악과 함께 검사실의 확충, 의료진의 협조 등 다양한 노력과 보완이 요구된다. 본 연구는 적절한 항생제 사용의 기반을 마련하고자 현재 시행되고 있는 항생제 사용 실태를 조사하였다. 방 법 : 전북대학교병원에 입원한 환자 총 1,833명을 대상으로 의무기록을 통하여 항생제의 사용 여부, 종류, 사용 기간, 용량, 항생제의 투약 시작 시기 및 투여 목적을 조사하였다. 결 과 : 전체 조사 대상 환자 1,833명 중 입원 기간 중 항생제를 사용한 환자는 1,231명으로 67.2%였으며, 계별로 살펴보면 내과계는 전체 1,014명 중 497명(49.0%)이 항생제를 사용하였고, 외과계는 819명 중 734명(89.6%)에서 항생제를 사용하였다. 전체 항생제를 사용한 환자 1,231명 중 706명(57.4%)에서 예방 목적으로 사용하였고, 525명(42.6%)에서 치료 목적으로 사용하였다. 항생제를 사용한 환자의 경우 사용된 항생제의 갯수를 살펴보면 총 1,231명 중 1가지 항생제를 사용한 경우는 125명(10.2%)이었으며, 2가지를 사용한 경우는 311명(25.3%), 3가지를 사용한 경우는 562명(45.6%), 4가지 이상을 사용한 경우는 233명(18.9%)으로, 70% 이상의 환자에서 3가지 이상의 항생제가 사용하였다. 사용 항생제의 종류는 ${\beta}$-lactam, aminoglycoside, quinolone, macrolide, 항진균제, metronidazole, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, glycopeptide, 그리고 fosfomycin 등으로 아주 다양하였다. 전체적인 그룹별 사용률을 보면 ${\beta}$-lactam은 57.0%, aminoglycoside는 34.5%, quinolone은 3.6% 그리고 기타 그룹은 4.9%로, ${\beta}$-lactam과 aminoglycoside가 가장 많이 사용되었다. 결 론 : 대부분의 환자에서 2가지 이상의 항생제의 병합요법이 보편화되어 있다는 점은 진지하게 검토되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 아울러 임상적으로 전신 세균 감염이 확실한 경우에도 원인 병원체를 찾아내기 위한 적극적인 노력이 부족한 경우도 상당수 있어 이에 대해서도 검사실과 함께 적극적인 개선의 노력이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 수술 환자의 예방적 화학 요법에 대해서도 개선이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2015

Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) is one of the most common abnormal findings detected on prenatal ultrasound (US), and it has been reported in 1-5% of all pregnancies. The likelihood of significant postnatal pathologic abnormality in the urinary tract correlates with the degree of anterior-posterior diameter (APD) according to the gestational age. Detection of urologic anomalies prenatally permits fetal interventions that avoid complications in rare cases of bladder outlet obstruction with oligohydramnios even though their final benefits still remain controversial. There is no clear consensus on the extent and mode of postnatal imaging after a diagnosis of ANH. US is the mainstay of the postnatal evaluation and helps guide further testing with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) and diuretic renography. Although most algorithms continue to recommend generous VCUG for identification of lower urinary tract anomalies, VCUG may be safely reserved for high grade ANH cases or any grade of ANH with dilated distal ureter without increasing the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). There are conflicting studies about efficacy of postnatal prophylactic antibiotics. It still seems reasonable to consider use of a prophylactic antibiotic to prevent infant UTIs in high-risk populations, such as females and uncircumcised males with high grades of hydronephrosis, hydroureteronephrosis, or vesicouretral reflux.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.101-104
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• 2009

Purpose: Subungual squamous cell carcinoma is a very rare malignant tumor of the digitus especially in toe making it very difficult to differentiate with tinea unguium, verruca vulgaris, eczema, pyogenic granuloma, and malignant melanoma due to their clinical similarities. Therefore this article reports on subungual squamous cell carcinoma of left 5th toe. Methods: A patient visited at our hospital due to pain and incurable inflammation on left 5th toe with no improvement for four months. Despite of antibiotics and dressing for a week, treatment was ineffective. After excisional biopsy, he was diagnosed with subungual squamous cell carcinoma. And ray amputation and prophylactic inguinal lymph node dissection was done. Results: The biopsy was showed irregular cells made up of anaplastic and squamous cells in the dermis and epidermis. And the inguinal lymph node showed no metastatsis. The patient had been treated without significant complications and recurrence for a year. Conclusion: This article emphasizes the need of diagnostic biopsy on the subungual lesions that have resistance to the conventional treatments. And if that is subungual squamous cell carcinoma, complete resection of the lesion and prophylactic inguinal lymph node dissection is essential.