• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1199-1204
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• 2011

The capability to bilaterally telemanipulate soft-tissues for medical applications could increase the quality of telemanipulation systems. Since most soft-tissue manipulation tasks include constrained motion interacting with an unknown and dynamic bioenvironment through contact, bilateral telemanipulation raises problems due to stability and transparency issues. It is well understood that knowledge of environments plays an important role in pursuing transparent telemanipulation and achieving telepresence, and in particular, online estimation of environmental parameters with an explicit environment model can improve these systems' performance. In this study, a continuum mechanics-based environment model with an online environmental property estimation algorithm and an adaptive telemanipulation control scheme is proposed. The proposed method can improve the telemanipulation performance in terms of stability and transparency and can offer valuable information (e.g., elastic modulus of soft tissues) pertaining to diagnostic examinations.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2016

The utilization of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has increased in order to enhance the integration of information for management and resources throughout the construction projects. Therefore, various BIM softwares have been used under open BIM environments in the building and plant construction industry. However, it has obstructive factors due to the lack of interoperability. In order to address this problem, this study conducted an interoperability analysis of BIM software focused on user-defined properties for enhanced function and efficiency. Result of the analysis shows that authoring tools have more interoperability problems than viewer tools and simulation tools have. In terms of interoperability, user-defined properties outperforms than those of system basic properties and logic data. Therefore, it was found that functional improvement and workload minimization in BIM can be attained by applying the GBS (an user-defined property for automatic manipulation of BIM proposed by Jung et al. 2013) that enables automatic link between geometric data and non-geometric data. In this respect, this study concludes that the application of user-defined property (e.g. GBS) can be an effective method for information integration throughout construction projects.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.732-746
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• 2003

Statement of problem. Soft lining materials, also referred to as tissue conditioning materials, tissue heating materials, relining materials, soft liners or tissue conditioners, were first introduced to dentistry by a plastic manufacturer in 1959. Since the introduction of the materials to the dental field, their material properties have been continually improved through the effort of many researchers. Soft lining materials have become widely accepted, particularly by prosthodontists, because of their numerous clinical advantages and ease of manipulation. Unfortunately, few reports have been issued upon the topic of increasing the bond strength between the base metal alloy used in cast denture bases and PMMA soft liner modified with 4-META, nor upon the pattern of debonding and material change in wet environment like a intra oral situation. Purpose. The purposes of this study were comparing the bond strength between base metal alloy used for the cast denture bases and PMMA soft liner modified with 4-META, and describing the pattern of debonding and material property change in wet environment like the intraoral situation. Material and Methods. This study consisted of four experiments: 1. The in vitro measurement of shear bond strength of the adhesive soft liner. 2. The in vitro measurement of shear bond strength of the adhesive soft liner after 2 weeks of aging. 3. A comparison of debonding patterns. 4. An evaluation the Relation time of modified soft liner. The soft liner used in this study was commercially available as Coe-soft (GC America.IL.,USA), which is provided in forms of powder and liquid. This is a PMMA soft liner commonly used in dental clinics. The metal primer used in this study was 4-META containing primer packed in Meta fast denture base resin (Sun Medical Co., Osaka, Japan). The specimens were formed in a single lap joint desist which is useful for evaluating the apparent shear bond strength of adhesively bonded metal plate by tensile loading. Using the $20{\times}20mm$ transparent grid, percent area of adhesive soft liner remaining on the shear area was calculated to classify the debonding patterns. To evaluate the change of the initial flow of the modified adhesive soft liner, the gelation time was measured with an oscillating rheometer (Haake RS150W/ TC50, Haake Co., Germany). It was a stress control and parallel plate type with the diameter of 35mm. Conclusion. Within the conditions and limitations of this study, the following conclusions were drawn as follows. 1. There was significant increase of bond strength in the 5% 4-META, 10% 4-META containing groups and in the primer coated groups versus the control group(P<0.05). 2. After 2 weeks of aging, no significant increase in bond strength was found except for the group containing 10% 4-META (P<0.05). 3. The gelation times of the modified soft liner were 9.3 minutes for the 5% 4-META containing liner and 11.5 minutes for the 10% 4-META liner. 4. The debonding patterns of the 4-META containing group after 2 weeks of aging were similar to those of immediaely after preparation, but the debonding pattern of the primer group showed more adhesive failure after 2 weeks of aging.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.31-59
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• 2007

We frequently use search engines to find relevant information in the Web but still end up with too much information. In order to solve this problem of information overload, ranking algorithms have been applied to various domains. As more information will be available in the future, effectively and efficiently ranking search results will become more critical. In this paper, we propose a ranking algorithm for the Semantic Web resources, specifically RDF resources. Traditionally, the importance of a particular Web page is estimated based on the number of key words found in the page, which is subject to manipulation. In contrast, link analysis methods such as Google's PageRank capitalize on the information which is inherent in the link structure of the Web graph. PageRank considers a certain page highly important if it is referred to by many other pages. The degree of the importance also increases if the importance of the referring pages is high. Kleinberg's algorithm is another link-structure based ranking algorithm for Web pages. Unlike PageRank, Kleinberg's algorithm utilizes two kinds of scores: the authority score and the hub score. If a page has a high authority score, it is an authority on a given topic and many pages refer to it. A page with a high hub score links to many authoritative pages. As mentioned above, the link-structure based ranking method has been playing an essential role in World Wide Web(WWW), and nowadays, many people recognize the effectiveness and efficiency of it. On the other hand, as Resource Description Framework(RDF) data model forms the foundation of the Semantic Web, any information in the Semantic Web can be expressed with RDF graph, making the ranking algorithm for RDF knowledge bases greatly important. The RDF graph consists of nodes and directional links similar to the Web graph. As a result, the link-structure based ranking method seems to be highly applicable to ranking the Semantic Web resources. However, the information space of the Semantic Web is more complex than that of WWW. For instance, WWW can be considered as one huge class, i.e., a collection of Web pages, which has only a recursive property, i.e., a 'refers to' property corresponding to the hyperlinks. However, the Semantic Web encompasses various kinds of classes and properties, and consequently, ranking methods used in WWW should be modified to reflect the complexity of the information space in the Semantic Web. Previous research addressed the ranking problem of query results retrieved from RDF knowledge bases. Mukherjea and Bamba modified Kleinberg's algorithm in order to apply their algorithm to rank the Semantic Web resources. They defined the objectivity score and the subjectivity score of a resource, which correspond to the authority score and the hub score of Kleinberg's, respectively. They concentrated on the diversity of properties and introduced property weights to control the influence of a resource on another resource depending on the characteristic of the property linking the two resources. A node with a high objectivity score becomes the object of many RDF triples, and a node with a high subjectivity score becomes the subject of many RDF triples. They developed several kinds of Semantic Web systems in order to validate their technique and showed some experimental results verifying the applicability of their method to the Semantic Web. Despite their efforts, however, there remained some limitations which they reported in their paper. First, their algorithm is useful only when a Semantic Web system represents most of the knowledge pertaining to a certain domain. In other words, the ratio of links to nodes should be high, or overall resources should be described in detail, to a certain degree for their algorithm to properly work. Second, a Tightly-Knit Community(TKC) effect, the phenomenon that pages which are less important but yet densely connected have higher scores than the ones that are more important but sparsely connected, remains as problematic. Third, a resource may have a high score, not because it is actually important, but simply because it is very common and as a consequence it has many links pointing to it. In this paper, we examine such ranking problems from a novel perspective and propose a new algorithm which can solve the problems under the previous studies. Our proposed method is based on a class-oriented approach. In contrast to the predicate-oriented approach entertained by the previous research, a user, under our approach, determines the weights of a property by comparing its relative significance to the other properties when evaluating the importance of resources in a specific class. This approach stems from the idea that most queries are supposed to find resources belonging to the same class in the Semantic Web, which consists of many heterogeneous classes in RDF Schema. This approach closely reflects the way that people, in the real world, evaluate something, and will turn out to be superior to the predicate-oriented approach for the Semantic Web. Our proposed algorithm can resolve the TKC(Tightly Knit Community) effect, and further can shed lights on other limitations posed by the previous research. In addition, we propose two ways to incorporate data-type properties which have not been employed even in the case when they have some significance on the resource importance. We designed an experiment to show the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm and the validity of ranking results, which was not tried ever in previous research. We also conducted a comprehensive mathematical analysis, which was overlooked in previous research. The mathematical analysis enabled us to simplify the calculation procedure. Finally, we summarize our experimental results and discuss further research issues.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the general characteristics, such as volume, pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the semen collected from Beagle dogs (age $24{\sim}48$ months, weight $10{\sim}15\;kg$) by using the method of digital manipulation of the penis, and the effect of preservation temperature and time on motility of fresh semen. Multiple ejaculates were collected from 4 male Beagles. The average volume, pH, motility and sperm concentration of the second fraction (contained with small volume of the third fraction) per ejaculation were $2.94{\pm}0.24(SD)\;ml$, $6.43{\pm}0.42(SD)$, $97.04{\pm}3.50(SD)%$ and $1.67{\pm}0.23(SD){\times}10^8\;cells/ml$, respectively. Average semen volume per ejaculate, semen pH, sperm motility and sperm concentration of the first fraction from the ejaculate were $1.24{\pm}0.20(SD)\;ml$, $6.03{\pm}0.26(SD)$, $1l.30{\pm}4.02(SD)%$ and $7.25{\pm}1.02(SD){\times}10^5\;cells/ml$. Those of second fraction were $2.52{\pm}0.32(SD)\;ml$, $6.32{\pm}0.31(SD)$, $96.25{\pm}3.52(SD)%$ and $2.35{\pm}0.35(SD){\times}10^8\;cells/ml$. Those of third fraction were $2.71{\pm}0.27\;(SD)\;ml$, $6.52{\pm}0.20(SD)$, $95.65{\pm}2.78(SD)%$ and $5.72{\pm}0.29(SD){\times}10^7\;cells/ml$. Motility of semen was higher at $17^{\circ}C$ preservation temperature than $5^{\circ}C$ or $36^{\circ}C$ during preservation period. When preservation temperature was $17^{\circ}C$, motility was $96.54{\pm}2.05(SD)%$ at 1 h, $90.20{\pm}3.90(SD)%$ at 6 h, $89.05{\pm}2.01(SD)%$ at 12 h, $78.21{\pm}3.50(SD)%$ at 18 h, $45.24{\pm}6.25\;(SD)%$ at 24 h and $30.75{\pm}17.24(SD)%$ at 30 h, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.250-258
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• 1988

Lipases are well known as the enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds combining aliphatic chains and glycerol on mono-, di- and triglycerides. Their reactions are characterized by be-ing heterogeneous and catalyzing the water-insoluble substrates. This property has been one of the Hurdles which delayed the application of lipases in fats and oils industry, However, with the development of biological reaction system of which organic solvent is introduced in part or whole as the reaction media, enzymatic manipulation of fats and oils is attracting increasing attention from the academic and industrial sectors. Trials in two-phase system and reversed micellar system to produce fatty acids through enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides preyed to be efficient in respect to volumetric productivity, fat hydrolysis rate, product separation, etc. In organic solvent system lipases have been found to have the ability to catalyze aminolysis, transesterification, esterification, thiotransesterification and oximolysis that are virtually impossible to catalyze in water. The organic solvent system is being extensively used in interesterifying glycerides to produce a fat with the modified physical and chemical nature.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.378-387
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• 2003

Digital watermarking is the technique that embeds invisible signalsincluding owner identification information, specific code, or pattern into multimedia data such as image, video and audio. Watermarking techniques can be classified into two groups; robust watermarking and fragile(semi-fragile) watermarking. The main purpose of the robust watermarking is the protection of copyright, whereas fragile(semi-fragile) watermarking prevents image or video data from illegal modifications. To achieve this goal watermark should survive from unintentional modifications such as random noise or compression, but it should be fragile for malicious manipulations. In this paper, an invertible semi-fragile watermarkingalgorithm for authentication and detection of manipulated location in MPEG-2 bit-stream is proposed. The proposed algorithm embeds two kinds of watermarks, which are embedded into quantized DCT coefficients. So it can be applied directly to the compressed bit-stream. The first watermark is used for authentication of video data. The second one is used for detection of malicious manipulations. It can distinguish transcodingin bit-stream domain from malicious manipulation and detect the block-wise locations of manipulations in video data. Also, since the proposed algorithm has an invertible property, recovering original video data is possible if the watermarked video is authentic.