• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1238-1245
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• 2012

The main purpose of this study was to identify the current awareness and preference on the promotions of products in Korean professional baseball teams. For this study, the subjects were randomly selected where they have experienced purchasing any products in the Korean professional baseball stadium. Totally, 520 subjects were asked to answer the questionnaire relevant to the current awareness and preference of promotion of products. There were 11 questions for the current awareness and 14 questions for the preference on the promotion of products. The data gathered was determined within a frequency analysis, an independent sample T-test and one-way ANOVA tests. The results were discussed when the p-value were lest than .05. There were a couple of results found throughout this study. Firstly, there were no significant differences of the current awareness between gender. Secondly, there were significant differences of the preference on the promotion between age(p<.05). Especially, there were significant differences on the value of products and price between 20's, 30's and 40's groups. Thirdly, there were significant differences of the preference on the promotion between level of earing per year statistically(p<.05). In addition, there were significant differences on the price of products between 2000-2500 million won, 2500-3000 million won and 4000 million won groups. Consequently, the product promotion by the Korean professional baseball teams has to be more variety and structured.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.309-316
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• 2017

In baseball, estimation of winning percentage is critical and many studies for this topic have been actively performed. Pairwise winning percentage estimation using Pythagorean winning percentages of individual teams against other individual teams has the property that the sum of estimated winning percentage totals must be a constant. In this paper, we consider two types of pairwise estimation including linear formula and Pythagorean formula to the Korean baseball data of seasons from 2013 to 2016 under the criterions of RMSE and MAD. In conclusion, pairwise Pythagorean methods have the smaller RMSE and MAD than traditional Pythagorean methods. We suggest the optimal pairwise Pythagorean formula with a fixed exponent. Also we show that there are very little differences of RMSE and MAD between variation in exponent values.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.608-616
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• 2018

The significance of leisure activities is highlighted, and professional baseball games, which featured the 2008 Beijing Olympics gold medal, are very popular. In recent years, along with the revenue from broadcasting, the club has been trying to gain revenue by developing various licensing products and merchandising products. However, sports related products are more advanced than Japanese professional baseball teams in Korea, and there is a lot of revenue from product sales. We want to compare the difference between the two countries sales of their products.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2014

In this research, we employed various data mining techniques to build predictive models for win-loss prediction in Korean professional baseball games. The historical data containing information about players and teams was obtained from the official materials that are provided by the KBO website. Using the collected raw data, we additionally prepared two more types of dataset, which are in ratio and binary format respectively. Dividing away-team's records by the records of the corresponding home-team generated the ratio dataset, while the binary dataset was obtained by comparing the record values. We applied seven classification techniques to three (raw, ratio, and binary) datasets. The employed data mining techniques are decision tree, random forest, logistic regression, neural network, support vector machine, linear discriminant analysis, and quadratic discriminant analysis. Among 21(= 3 datasets${\times}$7 techniques) prediction scenarios, the most accurate model was obtained from the random forest technique based on the binary dataset, which prediction accuracy was 84.14%. It was also observed that using the ratio and the binary dataset helped to build better prediction models than using the raw data. From the capability of variable selection in decision tree, random forest, and stepwise logistic regression, we found that annual salary, earned run, strikeout, pitcher's winning percentage, and four balls are important winning factors of a game. This research is distinct from existing studies in that we used three different types of data and various data mining techniques for win-loss prediction in Korean professional baseball games.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2016

Background: To investigate how many rookie pitchers suffered from injuries while playing in the amateur league without guidelines for prevention of excessive pitching, we analyzed their amateur pitching patterns based on the pitch count, use of breaking balls, and pitches during winter camp. Methods: Forty-one rookie pitchers who graduated from high school or university in 2013 and joined professional baseball teams. Participants were interviewed by a trainer using our questionnaire. Injury inclusion criteria were 1) history of shoulder surgery, 2) history of elbow surgery, 3) shoulder pain requiring treatment, and 4) elbow pain requiring treatment. Results: Mean number of pitches per game and warm-up pitches for practice was 84.5 pitches (range, 15 to 130 pitches) and 16.4 pitches (range, 2 to 210 pitches), respectively. Mean number of pitches during the last year was 906.9 (range, 80 to 2,000). Mean number of maximal pitches was 127 pitches (range, 50 to 210 pitches). Fourteen pitchers had pitched over 150 pitches. Twenty-seven pitchers (65.9%) had pitched in spite of enduring pain. During winter training (mean 1.8 months), mean number of pitches per day was 162.5 pitches, and 20 pitchers (48.8%) had practiced pitching excessively despite the cold weather. Twenty-six rookies (63.4%) had shoulder pain or history of shoulder surgery, and 31 pitchers (75.6%) had elbow pain or history of elbow surgery. Only four participants (9.8%) did not have pain and history of surgery. Conclusions: For young baseball pitchers, guidelines for prevention of excessive pitching and for regulating the winter training program may be needed.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1283-1294
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• 2016

We studied fielding indices to explain runs lost for Korean professional baseball teams, successively motivated by OPS and weighted OPS obtained by combining on-base percentage and slugging average that can adequately explain the run productivity of teams. We considered several combined indices made by combining fielding indices highly correlated with the runs lost of teams. Data analysis from all games in the regular seasons of 1982-2015 shows that weighted adjusted WPH 2 (defined as weighted average of adjusted WHIP and number of home runs allowed per inning) best explains runs lost. Weighted adjusted WPH 2 consisting of adjusted WHIP (with weight 34%) and number of home runs allowed per inning (with weight 66%) was found to be optimal weighted adjusted WPH 2 having correlation coefficient 0.95362 with average runs lost per game. This result is an improvement of the result of the index obtained in Kim and Kim (2015a). Analysis by chronological periods provides results that are not much different. Also we made a list of top 10 pitchers for each of the recent three years, based on the obtained index.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1003-1011
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• 2015

We studied indices to explain runs lost for Korean professional baseball teams. Kim and Kim (2014) studied batting indices to explain run productivity of teams; subsequently, we studied fielding indices to explain runs lost. We considered several combined indices made by combining fielding indices closely connected with the runs lost of teams. Data analysis from all games in the regular seasons of 1982~2014 show that weighted WPH (defined as weighted average of WHIP and number of home runs allowed per game) best explain runs lost. Weighted WPH consisting of WHIP (with weight 81%) and number of home runs allowed per game (with weight 19%) was found optimal weighted WPH having correlation coefficient 0.95033 with average runs lost per game. Analysis by chronological periods gave results not much different.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.1052-1065
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• 2020

This study analyzed the effects of professional baseball PPL advertising speed on brand awareness, brand attitude, and behavioral intention for professional baseball consumers. The purpose of this study is to present a method that can be used as a variety of marketing utilization strategies of professional baseball teams and parent companies. This study was conducted on 411 professional baseball consumers. For data processing, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, reliability analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 25.0 Window Version. Then, the average variance extraction index (AVE) and construct validity (CR) were calculated to verify convergent validity and discriminant validity. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using AMOS 25.0. As a result, first, it was found that entertainment, informativeness, and discomfort, which are sub-factors of PPL advertisement speed, have a significant effect on brand recognition. Second, entertainment, information, and discomfort, which are sub-factors of PPL advertising speed, have a significant effect on brand attitude. Third, entertainment, informativeness, and discomfort, which are sub-factors of PPL advertisement speed, have a significant effect on behavioral intention. Fourth, it was found that brand awareness and brand attitude have a significant effect on behavioral intention.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.113-139
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to establish evaluation model that can explain marginal effects of baseball players of Korean Baseball Organization (KBO) on their team winnings in terms of productivity. We proposed econometric model with using variables that are provided from official homepage of KBO to overcome the complexity of mainly used productivity index: wins above replacement (WAR). Also, compare to the previous studies such as Scully(1974) or Krautmann(1999) that using limited indices of baseball stats, this study included 61 indices that are provided from official homepage of KBO. We estimated regression based WAR(RBWAR) by conducting panel regression with each team's statistics data of 2002 to 2014. As a results, RBWAR shows 0.869 correlation coefficient for batters and 0.882 for pitchers with WAR in 2014 that can be concluded that two indices shows similar results. From the results of estimation, we analyze the relationship between productivity and actual contract of free agent players in 2015 and it showed that teams have contracted reasonably.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.15-21
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• 2002

We studied the relations between variables related to fan's preference in a area of pro-baseball which is the most popular one among pro-sports. The dependent variables are pro-baseball team fan's preference to both the team and the products of the company which has a pro-baseball team, while the independent variables are sex, age, and hometown of fans. Eight hypotheses are constructed with those variables. For testing them a questionnaire was used, whose reliability was checked using Kronbach Alpha. Subjects were 314 college students in a local city. For statistical analysis nonparametric tests like Mann Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, etc were used. Useful and significant results among variables were obtained. Since these results have important implications about management of pro-sports teams and fans and fans Preference to products in a view of sports marketing management, more researches should be done continuously in the future in this area.